基于Swales的语步-文步体裁分析法的英语专业阅读教学的研究

在英语教育国际化的大背景下,如何培养大学生特别是英语专业大学生的英语阅读能力是新课程改革后,大学英语大纲提出的基本要求。美国学者Swales提出的语步-文步体裁分析法受到国内英语教育学界的普遍重视。本研究宗旨是通过Swales的语步-文步分析法为学生提供一系列的体裁分析方法,发展学生的主体作用,帮助他们能够在一定的社会和文化语境下培养体裁意识,发展英语解决实际问题的能力,提高他们的阅读能力和交际能力。

Bill Swales加盟希捷

全球领先的存储解决方案提供商希捷科技公司日前宣布Bill Swales于9月30日加盟希捷,担任云系统和解决方案部门全球销售高级副总裁,向希捷总裁Jamie Lerner汇报。希捷公司云系统和解决方案总裁Jamie Lerner表示:"通过为原始设备制造商(OEM)、‘DIY’及其它企业提供云系统和解决方案,希捷公司进一步巩固了其作为值得信赖的存储解决方案领先企业的地位。Swales将与全球客户密切合作,利用希捷智能信息基础设施的开放式实施途径,处理不同规模及强度的工作量"。

Strategies for Enhancing the Efficiency of Bioretention Swales and Basins for Urban Stormwater Management in Temperate Region

Among various schemes to reuse and recycle the limited urban fresh water resources, sustainable urban stormwater management, such as water sensitive urban design and rainwater harvesting, has been recognized as one of the most efficient and economically viable approaches. Storm runoff shall be treated as close as possible to its source before it is reused or discharged into public drainage network or receiving waters to enhance the water environment quality. Bioretention swale/basin, which has been commonly applied to treat runoff from roads, car parks, cyclist and pedestrian paths, rooftops, etc., is recognized to be the most efficient and aesthetic pleasing way to harvest rainwater in urban settings, and other longish shape runoff catchment area. This paper studied over 10 bioretention swales/basins applications in temperate region worldwide covering China, Germany, Norway, Austria, USA, and Australia. Key steps in bioretention swale/basin design and implementation in temperate region were investigated, such as strategic bioretention scheme selection, flow conveyance and hydraulic capacity design, filtering media profile, vegetation scheme selection and maintenance scheme, and suggestion and key design parameters. The critical path and parameters of bioretention swale/basin design which enhanced the effectiveness and efficiency of its application for rainwater harvesting in temperate regions were derived.

The development of roadside green swales in the Chinese Sponge City Program:Challenges and opportunities

Roadside green swales have emerged as popular stormwater management infrastructure in urban areas,serving to mitigate stormwater pollution and reduce urban surface water discharge.However,there is a limited understanding of the various types,structures,and functions of swales,as well as the potential challenges they may face in the future.In recent years,China has witnessed a surge in the adoption of roadside green swales,especially as part of the prestigious Sponge City Program(SCP).These green swales play a crucial role in controlling stormwater pollution and conserving urban water resources by effectively removing runoff pollutants,including suspended solids,nitrogen,and phosphorus.This review critically examines recent research findings,identifies key knowledge gaps,and presents future recommendations for designing green swales for effective stormwater management,with a particular emphasis on ongoing major Chinese infrastructure projects.Despite the growing global interest in bioswales and their significance in urban development,China's current classification of such features lacks a clear definition or specific consideration of bioswales.Furthermore,policymakers have often underestimated the adverse environmental effects of road networks,as reflected in existing laws and planning documents.This review argues that the construction and maintenance of roadside green swales should be primarily based on three critical factors:Wellthought-out road planning,suitable construction conditions,and sustainable long-term funding.The integration of quantitative environmental standards into road planning is essential to effectively address the challenge of pollution from rainfall runoff.To combat pollution associated with roads,a comprehensive assessment of potential pollution loadings should be carried out,guiding the appropriate design and construction of green swales,with a particular focus on addressing the phenomenon of first flush.One of the major challenges faced in sustaining funds for ongoing maintenance after swale construction.To address this issue,the implementation of a green finance platform is proposed.Such a platform would help ensure the availability of funds for continuous maintenance,thus maximizing the long-term effectiveness of green swales in stormwater management.Ultimately,the findings of this review aim to assist municipal governments in enhancing and implementing future urban road designs and SCP developments,incorporating effective green swale strategies.

Effect of Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Pineapple Grown on BRIS Soil

The physical and chemical properties of BRIS （beach ridges interspersed with swales） soil are unsuitable for agricultural purposes. A proper fertilizer and crop management practices are required. The relationship between different level of nitrogen fertilizer, growth and pineapple fruit yield vary N36 were studied. The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design of seven treatments with four replicates, Prior to artificial flower induction, seven different rates of nitrogen fertilizer at 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1,000 and 1,200 kg-ha^-1 were applied in four equal split doses. As the level of nitrogen fertilizer was increased, a decrease in acidity of fruits and an increase in crown weight were observed. However an increase in mean length of D leaf, mean fruit length, mean fruit weight, mean fruit to crown ratio were obtained as the rate of nitrogen fertilizer was increased from 0-600 kg.N-ha^-1. Further increase however led to a decrease in the same parameters.

Assessing ability of a wet swale to manage road runoff：A case study in Hefei, China

The ability of a wet swale,constructed in an area of poor soil permeability,to manage runoff from a roadway was monitored through 27 storm events over a period of 8 months.During the monitoring period,the wet swale reduced the total runoff volume by 50.4%through exfiltration and evapotranspiration.The wet swale significantly decreased the influent pollutant concentrations,and the effluent mean concentrations of total suspended solids,total phosphorus,chemical oxygen demand,ammonium,oxidized nitrogen,and total nitrogen in the effluent were 31 mg/L,0.10 mg/L,29 mg/L,0.52 mg/L,0.35 mg/L and1.28 mg/L,respectively.Pollutant loads were also substantially reduced from 70%to 85%.Plant uptake played an important role in nutrient removal in the wet swale.Approximately half of the nitrogen(53.8%)and phosphorus(51.5%)that entered the wet swale was incorporated in above-ground plants.It is shown that wet swales are useful for managing runoff from roads in areas of poor soil permeability.

Applying the Parameter“Irreducible Concentration”in Modelling of Stormwater Treatment Facilities

To design stormwater treatment facilities (STFs), we recommend the use of a model that should include the calculation of runoff quality, to be based on a detailed land use specification, include site-specific design parameters, calculated outflow concentrations and loads of specified pollutants of relevance for the receiving water. This study compiles minimum outflow concentrations from stormwater databases of different types of STFs (e.g. swales, wet ponds, wetlands, biofilters and underground retention basins with filters). These data are used for the suggested values of specific “irreducible concentrations” (Cirr). Suggested Cirr for phosphorus (P) varies from 20-82 μg/L depending on facility type, for copper (Cu) 1.1-3.7 g/L, for zinc (Zn) 2.0-17 μg/L and for total suspended solids (TSS) 2,900-5,700 μg/L. Corresponding data for 70 substances are compiled in the StormTac database and employed in the model StormTac Web. Cirr has significant impact regarding the choice of facility type and its calculated dimensions. This design parameter and the calculated outflow concentrations can be used to investigate the need for combined serial facilities or complemented design elements with more planted vegetation or installed filters. Such elements can be required to decrease Cirr and thereby reach project specific limit outflow concentrations and loads.

RESIDENTIAL STORMWATER:METHODS FOR DECREASING RUNOFF AND INCREASING STORMWATER INFILTRATION

INTRODUCTION Humans and plants depend on an adequate supply of clean water for numerous reasons,from food production to sustaining terrestrial and aquatic life.The average Virginia resident uses about 47 gallons(178 L)of fresh water daily(VDEQ 2008).While a majority of Virginians are provided water from a centralized,public utility,there are nearly two million Virginia residents who depend on well water as their main source(VDH 2008).Replenishing groundwater withdrawals depends on recharge(water moving from the surface to groundwater)from infiltration of precipitation through permeable surfaces in the environment;an important part of the hydrologic,or water,cycle(VDEQ 2010).Forests and grasslands provide much of the available recharge area due to their high capacities to infiltrate precipitation.However,the urbanization process is rapidly converting forested areas and grasslands to commercial,residential,or industrial developments.This conversion creates a significant increase in impervious surfaces such as concrete,asphalt,building roofs,and even compacted vegetated sites(U.S.EPA 2003).Impervious surfaces decrease infiltration and groundwater recharge.They also generate increases in stormwater runoff;defined as any precipitation from a rain or snow event that flows off of an impervious surface.As water runs off urban impervious surfaces,it picks up sediment,oils,debris,nutrients,chemicals,and bacteria.The runoff is then collected in a conveyance system,transported,and discharged to surface waters such as creeks and rivers;most of the time without any type of water quality treatment(U.S.EPA 2003;Paul and Meyer 2001).In addition to carrying pollutants,the runoff is also typically warmer than the receiving surface waters.The increased volume and velocity of the stormwater runoff erodes soil and stream channels and can lead to stream“blow out.”Water quality is degraded and aquatic habitats are adversely altered(Meyer,et al.2005,Booth and Jackson 1997).Due to the interconnected nature of watersheds,the degraded water travels downstream causing subsequent problems.The effect of increased development is an increase in stormwater runoff and associated pollutants into surface waters and a decrease in infiltration for groundwater recharge and stream base flows.Traditional practices for mitigating stormwater runoff impacts have targeted the management of peak runoff by using storage facilities such as detention and retention ponds.Mounting evidence that these methods are inadequate prompted the National Research Council in 2008 to advocate a shift to Low Impact Development(LID)practices to better meet stormwater quality and quantity management goals.LID is based on a set of techniques used in Prince Georges County,Maryland(Prince Georges County 1999).LID seeks to restore the natural hydrology of a site by minimizing the creation of impervious surfaces and increasing infiltration of runoff volume.The ineffectiveness of conventional management approaches and the implementation of the Chesapeake Bay and other critical watershed Total Maximum Daily Loads(TMDLs)caused Virginia to revise its entire process for regulating stormwater.LID and Environmental Site Design(ESD)practices are now used to design sites to meet hydrologic goals and to treat runoff to meet a net site nutrient export standard(Battiata et al.2010).As of the date of this paper,15 of these best management practices,or BMPs,have been approved for use by Virginia(Virginia Stormwater BMP Clearinghouse 2011).Similar approaches are being considered and adopted in other Chesapeake Bay jurisdictions,as well as nationally.The responsibility of stormwater management can be fragmented between state,local,and municipal government(Roy,et al.2008),often differing from watershed to watershed.Because LID is decentralized,it changes the management focus from a large,regional scale to a site scale.Changes at the residential lot level can generate much greater infiltration over the watershed.Each homeowner can significantly reduce the stormwater load leaving their property,thereby improving surface water quality and helping to recharge groundwater reserves.From a green building perspective,LID techniques can provide a substantial credit under the LEEDS-ND(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design-Neighborhood Development)program.The objective of this paper is to provide a relative context for runoff at the site scale,and an overview of the available BMPs that may be applicable.