Review:Wearable Sweat Sensors for Diseases Prevention and Monitoring

Advanced in wireless technologies and flexible materials with great biocompatibility,wearable devices have been utilized in the field of healthcare,sports management,and diseases prevention,which have been widely applied in current electronic equipment.Sweat,as a common metabolite on the skin surface,contains a wealth of biomarkers for disease detection and diagnosis.Therefore,developing wearable sweat sensors can provide a non⁃invasive method for health data collecting,sports monitoring,and clinical diagnosis in a convenient way.Recent research in sweat metabolomics has offered a lot of information for sweat analysis and the wearable sweat sensors with small size,various sensing,and transmission units,and good skin contact has exhibited dynamic multi⁃signal detection.This article introduces the biomarkers in sweat related to different diseases and the current development of sweat sensors for user􀆳s activation monitoring and diseases detection.The barriers and difficulties in the future are also discussed and perspectives in the next generation sweat sensors are proposed.

Wearable Sweat Sensors

Sweat, like blood, contains electrolytes and biomolecules that can reveal aspects of a person’s physiology, from hydration to kidney function. Though scientists have long recognized sweat’s potential use as a medical diagnostic tool, only recently have engineering advances allowed them to explore the possibility in earnest.

Emerging wearable flexible sensors for sweat analysis

Sweat,as a biofluid with the potential for noninvasive collection,provides profound insights into human health conditions,because it contains various chemicals and information to be utilized for the monitoring of well-being,stress levels,exercise,and nutrition.Recently,wearable sweat sensors have been developed as a promising substitute to conventional laboratory sweat detection methods.Such sensors are promising to realize low-cost,real-time,in situ sweat measurements,and provide great opportunities for health status evaluation analysis based on personalized big data.This review first presents an overview of wearable sweat sensors from the perspective of basic components,including materials and structures for specific sensing applications and modalities.Current strategies and specific methods of the fabrication of wearable power management are also summarized.Finally,current challenges and future directions of wearable sweat sensors are discussed.

Epidermal self-powered sweat sensors for glucose and lactate monitoring

Sweat could be a carrier of informative biomarkers for health status identification;therefore,wearable sweat sensors have attracted significant attention for research.An external power source is an important component of wearable sensors,however,the current power supplies,i.e.,batteries,limit further shrinking down the size of these devices and thus limit their application areas and scenarios.Herein,we report a stretchable self-powered biosensor with epidermal electronic format that enables the in situ detec-tion of lactate and glucose concentration in sweat.Enzymatic biofuel cells serve as self-powered sensing modules allowing the sweat sensor to exhibit a determination coefficient(R2)of 0.98 with a sensitivity of 2.48 mV/mM for lactate detection,and R2 of 0.96 with a sensitivity of 0.11 mV/μM for glucose detection.The microfluidic channels developed in an ultra-thin soft flexible polydimethylsiloxane layer not only enable the effective collection of sweat,but also provide excellent mechanical properties with stable performance output even under 30%stretching.The presented soft sweat sensors can be integrated at nearly any location of the body for the continuous monitoring of lactate and glucose changes during normal daily activities such as exercise.Our results provide a promising approach to develop next-generation sweat sensors for real-time and in situ sweat analysis.

可穿戴汗液传感器系统的研究进展

在新材料和新技术广泛应用的背景下,柔性可穿戴汗液监测设备成为当前国内外研究的热点。目前,基于柔性可穿戴设备的汗液检测一般需要3个环节:汗液的取样、目标分析物的选择性检测以及系统的集成与控制。本文主要从汗液原位检测的优势出发,总结了汗液的刺激和提取的方法,并对电化学类的汗液传感器的研究进展进行多角度的分析与评价。最后讨论了可穿戴的汗液传感器存在的不足,以及未来系统的发展方向。

柔性汗液传感器的研究及其应用进展

可穿戴传感器以独特的监测模式(实时、连续、非侵入性)在医疗、体育、健康监测等领域得到了迅速发展。汗液中含有多种生物标记物,如代谢物、电解质和各种激素等。汗液可以反映人体的劳累程度、疾病、压力水平、运动情况等,与可穿戴技术相结合,汗液传感器有望实现低成本、实时、原位的汗液监测。本文从柔性汗液传感器的基底材料种类入手,介绍了近年来汗液传感器常用的基底材料,并概述了柔性汗液传感器在监测方面的应用。最后,总结了目前存在的局限性及对未来发展的展望。

面向汗液的可穿戴柔性电化学传感器研究进展

汗液中含有人体诸多生理信息,如电解质、代谢物、激素、温度等。基于汗液的可穿戴式传感器可对多模态生物指标实现分子层面上的实时、连续、非侵入式监测,在运动感知、疾病预防以及健康管理等领域具有重大发展潜力,而被广泛研究。本文阐述了可穿戴汗液传感器集成结构中基底、集汗、传感、电源和决策五大模块,着重强调了纳米结构(如金属基、碳基等材料)在电化学传感敏感材料中表现出的优异性能及应用,最后讨论了可穿戴汗液传感器在微量汗液收集及多参数传感中物理化学变量的可变性等方面存在的挑战。针对汗液收集和实时校准两个关键问题,提出可穿戴汗液传感未来发展方向包括仿生微流控技术和多参数反馈调控方法,实现微量汗液高效收集及精确检测,将有效推动汗液传感在慢性重大疾病实时预警的应用和发展。

基于柔性薄膜的多参数高灵敏汗液传感器研究

提出一种全新的基于柔性薄膜材料的高灵敏度、多参数汗液成分分析传感器,对敏感材料的特性及高灵敏度捕获机理进行了研究分析,设计了一种抗干扰信号采集电路,最终完成传感器样品制备,并搭建测试环境,对其关键性能指标进行了测试。结果表明,汗液传感器可实现对钾离子、钠离子、葡萄糖3种汗液成分的实时监测,在检测灵敏度和抗干扰性能上达到较好水平,与传统的检测仪器或单参数汗液传感器检测方法相比,在实用性上有很大的提升。

可穿戴式汗液传感器在运动监测中的研究进展

可穿戴式汗液传感器可以解决运动监测中送检周期长、汗液收集分析程序繁杂、难以连续监测等难题。能够在不同的运动环境中对运动员的汗液进行实时监测,可动态了解运动员身体机能和训练效果。依据技术原理将可穿戴式汗液传感器进行了分类,梳理分析了可穿戴式汗液传感器在运动监测中的研究进展,讨论了在运动监测应用中面临的挑战,展望了未来在运动监测领域的发展的方向。具有高灵敏度、多功能集成、快速响应等功能的可穿戴式汗液传感器在运动监测领域具有广阔的应用前景。

基于全固态选择性电极的汗液K^+传感器设计与性能分析

设计并制备了一种基于全固态选择性电极的汗液K^+传感器,采用微系统(MEMS)微加工工艺制作了微型化柔性电极,实现了传感器的可穿戴;采用电化学原理设计制备了离子选择电极,采用高分子材料包覆K^+离子载体制备了固态选择性敏感膜,实现了传感器对K^+的选择性识别。实验采用电化学工作站对传感器的响应特性进行分析,结果表明:传感器检测限为1 mmol/L,传感器检测范围为1~10 mmol/L,精度优于1.9%FS。设计制作的基于全固态选择性电极的汗液K^+传感器具有微型化、选择性好、检测限低、线性好、可穿戴的特点。

检测汗液用可穿戴电化学传感器的研究进展

为探究可穿戴电化学传感器在分析汗液中常见的内源性分析物和外源性分析物方面的应用,首先介绍了汗液和电化学传感器的概念以及汗液传统提取方法和新型提取策略,详细分析了2种汗液提取方式的优势与不足。其次阐述了不同分析物和传感器基材材料的研究及其应用现状。从最基础的汗液收集和储备出发,总结了汗液中各种可能存在物质的电化学传感器的检测意义和构建策略,概述了从刚性可穿戴到柔性可穿戴电子设备的发展,并指出可穿戴电化学传感器在纺织行业中发展存在的问题以及对其在纺织行业中的未来发展方向进行了展望。

汗液乳酸传感器设计与性能分析

设计并制备了一种生物电化学型汗液乳酸传感器。传感器整体采用柔性材料制造,在聚酰亚胺柔性金电极基底上,通过电化学沉积制备电子酶介体层与敏感酶膜,使用柔性电路板实现传感器可穿戴。汗液中乳酸的检测采用生物催化原理,酶生物电极对基底物具有特异性催化能力,酶传感器可以实现对待测样品的选择性分析。实验采用电化学工作站对传感器的响应特性进行分析,结果表明:传感器检测限为小于5 mmol/L,检测范围(5~25)mmol/L,精度1.85%FS。

基于电化学及光学法汗液可穿戴传感器的研究进展

对可穿戴汗液传感器进行了简单的阐述,介绍了汗液传感器所需具备的物理化学性能。简述了汗液产生与采集的方式,并根据转换后得到的信号类型(电信号和光信号)将汗液传感器划分为电化学汗液传感器和光学法汗液传感器。根据不同的传感原理将电化学汗液传感器和光学法汗液传感器进一步细分,重点介绍其传感原理及国内外的研究现状,并对不同类型汗液传感器的优缺点进行分析。最后,对当前可穿戴汗液传感器面临的挑战以及未来的发展方向进行了展望。

可穿戴式汗液传感器的研究及其在体育领域的应用

汗液是一种含有多种重要生物标志物的生物流体,通过可穿戴式汗液传感器的实时监测,可以获得代谢过程的实时信息,进而帮助教练员和体育科研人员分析运动员运动过程的机能变化、能量代谢等生理信息。本文意图通过综述可穿戴式汗液传感器的最新进展,说明其在体育领域的应用前景,为教练员、运动员、体育科研人员提供参考。

A crosstalk-free dual-mode sweat sensing system for naked-eye sweat loss quantification via changes in structural reflectance

Sweat loss monitoring is important for understanding the body’s thermoregulation and hydration status,as well as for comprehensive sweat analysis.Despite recent advances,developing a low-cost,scalable,and universal method for the fabrication of colorimetric microfluidics designed for sweat loss monitoring remains challenging.In this study,we propose a novel laserengraved surface roughening strategy for various flexible substrates.This process permits the construction of microchannels that show distinct structural reflectance changes before and after sweat filling.By leveraging these unique optical properties,we have developed a fully laser-engraved microfluidic device for the quantification of naked-eye sweat loss.This sweat loss sensor is capable of a volume resolution of 0.5µL and a total volume capacity of 11µL,and can be customized to meet different performance requirements.Moreover,we report the development of a crosstalk-free dual-mode sweat microfluidic system that integrates an Ag/AgCl chloride sensor and a matching wireless measurement flexible printed circuit board.This integrated system enables the real-time monitoring of colorimetric sweat loss signals and potential ion concentration signals without crosstalk.Finally,we demonstrate the potential practical use of this microfluidic sweat loss sensor and its integrated system for sports medicine via on-body studies.

计算机监控系统在卫星地面站中的应用

采用以ＰＣ ５５０型工业控制计算机为核心的卫星地面站计算机监控系统，可以通过卫星传送系统，对各卫星地面站设备的运行情况进行远程监控，提高了管理和控制的自动化程度。

运动人体汗液收集与分析方法的研究进展

通过在PubMed、Web of Science和CNKI电子文献数据库搜索,获取并梳理近年来国内外运动人群、汗液收集方法和汗液成分分析技术的相关文献,发现贴片和微流控等技术的发展使汗液收集方式日益高效和准确,可穿戴汗液传感器的出现极大程度地改善了传统汗液收集、分析方式的实时性和连续性较差的问题。因此,研究通过比多种汗液收集、处理和分析的方法,全面分析各种检测技术的特点、优势及不足,认为可穿戴汗液传感器在竞技体育和群众体育中有极强的应用前景和价值。

柔性可穿戴传感器在汗液监测中的应用综述

介绍了柔性可穿戴传感器应用于汗液监测的优势,综述了柔性可穿戴传感器在监测汗液中的葡萄糖、乳酸、pH值及多种标志物中的研究进展,分析了柔性可穿戴汗液传感器目前存在的不足和局限性,指出了未来柔性可穿戴汗液传感器应向低成本、制造简便、高选择性和灵敏度方向发展。

可穿戴汗液传感器研究进展

对可穿戴汗液传感器研究现状进行了总结,介绍了电化学法和比色法两种主要汗液成分检测方法。其中,电化学方法是通过制作离子选择性薄膜或生物分子酶膜实现对汗液中的生理标记物的选择性识别,通过对传感器输出电势差或电流的检测,实现对被测物质浓度的检测。电化学方法的优点是可对汗液成分及浓度进行准确检测。比色法是依靠显色指示剂对汗液中的待测物质进行显色,在对检测精度要求不高的情况下,比色法汗液传感器结构更简单,易于制成汗液贴纸,实用性强,应用范围更广。分析了汗液传感器集取结构,并对汗液传感器未来发展趋势进行了展望。汗液传感器在未来的生理健康监测方面具有广阔的应用前景。

Thin,soft,skin-integrated electronics for real-time and wireless detectionof uricacid in sweat

Wearable sweat sensors are gaining significant attention due to their unparalleled potential for noninvasive health monitoring.Sweat,as a kind of body fluid,contains informative physiological indicators that are related to personalized health status.Advances in wearable sweat sampling and routing technologies,flexible,and stretchable materials,and wireless digital technologies have led to the development of integrated sweat sensors that are comfortable,flexible,light,and intelligent.Herein,we report a flexible and integrated wearable device via incorporating a microfluidic system and a sensing chip with skin-integrated electronic format toward in-situ monitoring of uric acid(UA)in sweat that associates with gout,cardiovascular,and renal diseases.The microfluidic system validly realizes the real-time capture perspiration from human skin.The obtained detection range is 5-200μM and the detection limit is 1.79μM,which offers an importance diagnostic method for clinical relevant lab test.The soft and flexible features of the constructed device allows it to be mounted onto nearly anywhere on the body.We tested the sweat UA in diverse subjects and various body locations during exercise,and similar trends were also observed by using a commercial UA assay kit.