Diurnal emission of herbivore-induced(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and allo-ocimene activates sweet potato defense responses to sweet potato weevils

The sweet potato weevil(Cylas formicarius(Fab.)(Coleoptera: Brentidae)) is a pest that feeds on sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.(Solanales: Convolvulaceae)), causing substantial economic losses annually. However, no safe and effective methods have been found to protect sweet potato from this pest. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles(HIPVs)promote various defensive bioactivities, but their formation and the defense mechanisms in sweet potato have not been investigated. To identify the defensive HIPVs in sweet potato, the release dynamics of volatiles was monitored.The biosynthetic pathways and regulatory factors of the candidate HIPVs were revealed via stable isotope tracing and analyses at the transcriptional and metabolic levels. Finally, the anti-insect activities and the defense mechanisms of the gaseous candidates were evaluated. The production of(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate(z3HAC) and allo-ocimene was induced by sweet potato weevil feeding, with a distinct circadian rhythm. Ipomoea batatas ocimene synthase(IbOS) is first reported here as a key gene in allo-ocimene synthesis. Insect-induced wounding promoted the production of the substrate,(Z)-3-hexenol, and upregulated the expression of IbOS, which resulted in higher contents of z3HAC and allo-ocimene,respectively. Gaseous z3HAC and allo-ocimene primed nearby plants to defend themselves against sweet potato weevils. These results provide important data regarding the formation, regulation, and signal transduction mechanisms of defensive volatiles in sweet potato, with potential implications for improving sweet potato weevil management strategies.

Effects of Agro-Ecological Practices on the Productivity of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) and Soil Fertility in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone of Burkina Faso

This study consisted to evaluate the effects of ecological practices on the yield performance of the JEWEL of orange-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). The study was conducted in a Sudano-Sahelian cropping system (Lantargou, eastern region of Burkina Faso). Agro-ecological practices consisted of the inputs of 3.20 t/ha of compost + 2.45 t/ha of wood ash (CO + WA);4.90 t/ha of wood ash (WA);6.40 t/ha of compost (CO) were compared to control with no inputs (T0). Each treatment was repeated four times. The crop management consisted of plowing, harrowing, raising of ridges with 40 cm height, burying of treatments, transplanting of cuttings, two weeding’s, and using of biopesticide called PIOL for crop protection. Composite soil samples per treatment were also collected at tuber harvest and analyzed to determine the effects of treatments on residual soil fertility. Results showed that the plant heights and diameters under the CO were significantly (P < 0.001) improved by 16% and 12% compared to T0. The WA treatment significantly increased the number of large tubers by 43% (P ≤ 0.01) compared to T0. Total tuber numbers, large tuber numbers and tuber yields of sweet potato under CO + WA were significantly (P < 0.001) and respectively improved by 27%, 50% and 31% compared to T0. All treatments increased soil organic matter, N, P and K contents, and reduced soil acidity compared with those obtained under T0. Soil K content was improved by 39% under CO + WA, and soil N content by 34% under WA compared to T0. Soil C/N ratio under CO + WA was reduced by 20% compared others treatments. But, the CO + WA treatment outperformed by improving residual soil N content by 38%, and the WA treatment by increasing soil K content by 50% compared to T0. In addition, soil pHH2O increased by 1.2 units under WA treatment compared to T0. As conclusion, the application of 6.4 t/ha of compost performed well to improve the vegetative growth of orange-fleshed sweet potato while the inputs of 3.2 t/ha of compost + 2.45 t/ha of wood ash were efficacy to significantly increase the tuber yields and improve the residual fertility of soil.

Study on Contents of Nutritional Ingredients and Reutilization of Sweet Potato Starch Residue

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the contents of nutriUonal ingredients and reutilization way of sweet potato starch residue. [Method] The starch residue of Shangshu 19 from four different processing sites was used as the test material, and the contents of main nutritional ingredients and moisture in the sweet potato starch residue were determined. [Result] In the sweet potato starch residue （calculated by fresh weight）, the average contents of moisture, starch, fat, protein, Zn, Fe, Se and Ca were 83.75%, 101.15 g/kg, 0255%, 0.497 3%, 11.18 mg/g, 1 219.00 mg/kg, 0.032 3 mg/kg and 6 460.00 mg/kg, respectively, but Vc, VA and chlorogenic acid were not detected. According to the characteristics of high starch content and abundant nutritional ingredients, the sweet potato starch residue can be used for producing edible alcohol and dietary fiber health food. [Coaclusio,] This study will provide certain reference for fully development and utilization of sweet potato starch residue.

Sweet potato and potato residual flours as potential nutritional and healthy food material

In this study, the proximate composition, mineral content and amino acid composition of starch processing residues from 10 cultivars of sweet potato and 10 cultivars of potato were determined, and the nutritional and health-related values of these residues were investigated. The residual flours contained 20.63-31.48 g and 17.14-28.57 g rich dietary fiber per 100 g dry weight for sweet potato and potato, respectively, as well as mineral elements, including potassium, ferrum, zinc and copper. The highest limiting amino acid score （AAS） of the almost balanced amino acid composition were observed to be 71.07 and 57.96 for sweet potato and potato residues, respectively. A grey relational analysis showed that the nutritional values of Jishu 4 at 0.7519 and LT-5 at 0.7281 were the highest among the sweet potato and potato residues, respectively. The evaluation of the sweet potato/potato residues, the by-products of the starch industry, based on recommended daily intake （RDI） standards, indicated that the residues have potential nutritional and health-related food values.

甘薯中调环酸钙残留量的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法

为建立甘薯中调环酸钙残留量的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法,采用QuEChERS前处理方法,用0.5%甲酸乙腈溶液提取甘薯样品,经氯化钠盐析分层后,取上层有机相浓缩至干,最后用乙腈-0.1%甲酸水(1∶1,V/V)溶液复容后上机检测。结果表明,调环酸钙的最小检出量为1×10-11 g,定量限为0.01 mg·kg^(-1),平均回收率范围为89%~91%,相对标准偏差范围为1%~3%,调环酸钙在0.005~0.500 mg·L^(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.99,基质效应可忽略不计。在陕西和天津等8个地点进行田间试验,甘薯样品中调环酸钙的残留量均小于0.01 mg·kg^(-1),通过膳食风险评估,调环酸钙的国家估算每日摄入量(NEDI)为0.19614 mg。综上所述,该方法能够方便快捷地检测出调环酸钙在甘薯中的残留量,准确度和精密度均能满足要求,按照推荐剂量和方法施用12%S-诱抗素·调环酸钙可溶粉剂,安全性良好,符合我国相关残留限量的标准。

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测甘薯和土壤中烯效唑残留的方法研究

采用改良的QuEChERS方法进行前处理,建立了甘薯和土壤中烯效唑残留的QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品用含0.1%乙酸的乙腈振荡提取,经C18净化剂进行基质净化,采用C18反相色谱柱分离,进行LC-MS/MS检测。结果表明:烯效唑在0.0005~1.0 mg/L浓度范围内,质量浓度与对应的峰面积间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9951~0.9959;在0.002、0.02、0.20 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,烯效唑在甘薯和土壤中的平均回收率为90.3%~106.7%,相对标准偏差为0.6%~3.6%,方法定量限为0.002 mg/kg。该方法方便快捷、精准定量、检测灵敏,适用于甘薯和土壤样品中烯效唑的检测。

红薯渣的发酵工艺及饲料化利用的价值研究

文章旨在优化益生菌固态发酵红薯渣提升蛋白含量的发酵工艺,并探究发酵红薯渣作为动物饲料的价值。试验以红薯渣为原料,发酵产物中粗蛋白提升率为评价指标,对6株单一菌株的发酵效果进行评价,确定最佳复合菌组合,随后进行最佳比例、接种量、发酵时间和发酵温度的试验,确定最优化的发酵条件,最后在肉鸡日粮中添加不同比例的发酵红薯渣进行生长性能试验。试验结果表明,米曲霉、巨大芽孢杆菌和产朊假丝酵母3种单一菌株最有利于粗蛋白含量的提升,米曲霉巨大芽孢杆菌产朊假丝酵母以321比例混合发酵后粗蛋白的提升率最高,以此复合菌比例进行后续发酵试验发现在31℃条件下接种7%(V/m)发酵4 d后粗蛋白含量最高,比对照组显著提高了1.8倍;以此发酵红薯渣等量替代玉米对肉鸡进行饲喂,添加1%、5%和10%发酵红薯渣处理的肉鸡的日均增重比对照组分别提高了8%、15%和17%,提高了饲料转化率,肉鸡料重比较对照组降低了9%~13%,最佳的添加比例为5%~10%。综上所述,复合微生物固态发酵可以高效提高红薯渣中粗蛋白含量,发酵红薯渣可以作为菌体蛋白饲料提升肉鸡的生长性能。

发酵红薯渣对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

本文旨在研究日粮添加不同水平发酵红薯渣对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响。先应用强迫饲喂代谢试验测定黄羽肉鸡对红薯渣发酵饲料营养物质的表观代谢率。再选用360羽1日龄黄羽肉鸡随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ4个处理组,每组6个重复,每重复15羽。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组1~21日龄分别饲喂基础日粮+10、30和50 g·kg^(-1)的发酵干红薯渣(等量代替玉米),22~42、43~70日龄分别饲喂基础日粮+50、80和100 g·kg^(-1)的发酵干红薯渣(等量替代玉米),试验期为70 d。结果显示:黄羽肉鸡对发酵红薯渣营养物质粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、粗纤维和总能的表观代谢率分别为63.67%、65.72%、70.85%、72.45%和87.93%;日粮中添加发酵干红薯渣等量替代玉米对黄羽肉鸡的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比的影响不显著(P>0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组胸肌和腿肌的pH值及红度(a^(*))值提高(P>0.05),滴水损失率和剪切力降低(P>0.05),蒸煮损失率显著降低(P<0.05)。在日粮中添加50~100 g·kg^(-1)发酵干红薯渣等量替代玉米可改善黄羽肉鸡肌肉品质。

甘薯渣与毛蛋复配对黑水虻生长发育的影响

[目的]了解甘薯渣和毛蛋饲喂对黑水虻生长发育的影响,确定甘薯渣和毛蛋的最佳配比。[方法]在温度25℃、湿度70%~80%、光周期L∶D=16∶8的饲养条件下,甘薯渣和毛蛋按不同的比例进行复配,分析不同处理黑水虻的生长差异。[结果]10%带壳毛蛋+90%甘薯渣饲喂对黑水虻老熟幼虫体重、预蛹体重、预蛹体长、死亡率、化蛹率、饲料系数等都有显著影响(P<0.05),但对预蛹历期、蛹历期和成虫历期均无显著影响(P>0.05)。[结论]10%带壳毛蛋+90%甘薯渣能够显著促进黑水虻的生长发育(P<0.05)。在实际生产中,建议采用此配比进行饲喂。

甘薯渣与不同辅料混配对黑水虻生长发育的影响

[目的]研究甘薯渣和不同辅料混配对黑水虻生长发育的影响。[方法]以甘薯渣为主要饲料,与麦麸、秸秆、干鸡粪和菌糠等8种辅料分别按照9∶1的质量比进行混配,测定黑水虻的生长发育指标。[结果]甘薯渣和麦麸混配处理黑水虻老熟幼虫、预蛹体重最大,老熟幼虫体长最长,幼虫、预蛹历期最短,幼虫干重最大。[结论]利用甘薯渣饲喂黑水虻时,辅料宜优先选择麦麸、玉米秸秆、干鸡粪、菌糠。

鲜湿甘薯渣水分相态分布测定及其束水机制分析

为探究鲜湿甘薯渣的束水机理,以10种不同品种鲜湿甘薯渣为研究对象,采用低场核磁共振仪测定鲜湿甘薯渣中水分的相态分布,分析甘薯渣各相态水分与主要有机非水组分之间的相关性,再结合酶解实验进行因果关系验证。结果表明:10种鲜湿甘薯渣中存在3~4种相态的水分,分别命名为组成水(T_(21),0.658~2.310 ms)、固定化水(T_(22),7.055~21.550 ms)、滞化水(T_(23),377.410~705.480 ms)和自由流动水(T_(24),705.480~3764.936 ms);鲜湿甘薯渣中滞化水含量最高,平均占比93.59%,固定化水含量次之,平均占比5.15%,组成水和自由流动水含量较少,分别占比0.85%、0.41%;鲜湿甘薯渣中主要相态水分滞化水与果胶、膳食纤维和不溶性膳食纤维含量呈显著正相关;鲜湿薯渣经果胶酶水解后可排出水量显著增加,而经纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和木质素过氧化物酶酶解后的薯渣可排出水量无明显变化;扫描电子显微镜观察到大部分淀粉颗粒被包裹或束缚于细胞壁碎片中。此研究可为甘薯渣高效脱水技术的开发提供理论依据。

QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS同时检测红薯中11种地下杀虫剂残留

利用QuEChERS前处理结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）,建立同时检测红薯中11种地下杀虫剂的痕量残留分析方法.通过优化确定了乙腈提取、乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷（PSA）为净化剂的QuEChERS前处理方法;采用水（含0.1%甲酸,5%乙腈）和乙腈（含0.1%甲酸,5%水）梯度洗脱,Venusil MP C18色谱柱分离,电喷雾电离正离子（ESI＋）模式、多反应监测方式（MRM）测定,以及空白基质外标法定量.结果显示,11种地下杀虫剂的保留时间≤10min,在各自的范围内线性关系良好,R2〉0.999 0;方法的检出限（LOD）为0.007-4.000μg/kg,定量限（LOQ）为0.023-13.333μg/kg;空白红薯分别添加5,10,20和50μg/kg 4个含量水平,11种地下杀虫剂的平均回收率为81.7%-117.2%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.4%-8.3%.结果表明,本研究建立的QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS方法简单、快速,灵敏度、准确度符合要求,适用于红薯中多种地下杀虫剂痕量残留的同时检测.

酶改性甘薯渣膳食纤维对酥性饼干品质的影响

该文对甘薯渣中膳食纤维进行提取及酶改性,将改性后的膳食纤维用于制作酥性饼干,通过单因素试验和正交分析得到饼干的最优工艺参数。结果表明,酥性饼干最优制作参数为主料94%低筋面粉、6%酶改性甘薯渣膳食纤维粉,辅料(以主料质量百分比计)0.65%小苏打、1.2%泡打粉、20%鸡蛋液、45%黄油及45%白砂糖。相同条件下,对未添加膳食纤维、添加改性膳食纤维及添加未改性膳食纤维3种酥性饼干进行品质特性分析,结果表明,添加改性膳食纤维会使酥性饼干内部结构更疏松,同时改性膳食纤维对酥性饼干直径和厚度、色度、出品率及质构均有一定影响。

发酵红薯渣对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及消化酶活性的研究

文章旨在研究不同水平的发酵红薯渣对肉鸡生长性能、肉品质和血清免疫指标的影响。试验将180只40日龄肉鸡平均分为4组,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组(2.5%发酵红薯渣添加组)、试验Ⅱ组(5.0%发酵红薯渣添加组)和试验Ⅲ组(10.0%发酵红薯渣添加组),每组5个重复,每个重复9只。试验为期30 d,期间肉鸡自由采食。结果发现,与对照组相比,在日粮中添加不同水平的发酵红薯渣对肉鸡末重、平均日增重及料重比均有显著影响(P<0.05),其中试验Ⅱ组的效果最显著(P<0.05),肉鸡平均日增重比对照组显著提高11.61%,料重比显著降低15.71%(P<0.05);其次,在日粮中添加不同水平的发酵红薯渣对肉鸡血清中的Ig A、Ig G、Ig M等免疫指标均有显著影响(P<0.05),其中试验Ⅱ组的免疫指标与对照组相比差异最显著(P<0.05),Ig A、Ig G、Ig M分别显著提高15.86%、20.11%和42.11%(P<0.05)。最后,在日粮中添加不同水平的发酵红薯渣对肉鸡肠道中的胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶等消化酶活性均有显著影响(P<0.05),其中试验Ⅱ组的消化酶活性指标与对照组相比差异性最显著(P<0.05),胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性分别显著提高21.14%和23.71%(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,在日粮中添加5.0%的发酵红薯渣对肉鸡生长的促进效果最明显,可使肉鸡的饲料效率最佳。

QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定甘薯中苦参碱等4种农药残留

本文建立了QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)方法测定甘薯中苦参碱、抑霉唑、咪鲜胺、吡唑醚菌酯的残留量,样品经乙腈提取后,加入PSA(N-丙基乙二胺)、GCB(石墨化炭黑)等进行净化,用液相色谱分离,电喷雾正离子多反应监测模式质谱检测。苦参碱等4种农药同时进行测定,在3个添加水平下平均回收率为83%~95%,定量限为0.001~0.003mg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.95%~2.9%。该方法操作快速、简单、精确度高,适合甘薯中苦参碱等4种农药的同时检测。

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定甘薯中三唑磷的残留量

建立了三唑磷在甘薯及甘薯植株的残留分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,分散固相萃取(d-SPE)净化后用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪检测。结果表明,在0.002~0.2mg/kg添加水平范围内,三唑磷的平均添加回收率在81.5%~97.4%之间,相对标准偏差在2.0%~4.4%之间,其灵敏度、回收率和精密度均符合农药残留试验准则要求。

自动石墨消解-ICP-MS法检测红薯淀粉及其制品中5种有害金属残留量

目的建立自动石墨消解红薯淀粉及其制品,电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测铅、铬、镉、铝、锡5种有害金属残留量的分析方法。方法采用自动石墨消解法处理样品,消解完毕后,消解液上电感耦合等离子体质谱仪检测,内标法定量分析。结果铅、铬、镉、铝、锡质量浓度在0.2~50μg/L范围内,具有良好的线性,相关系数(R2)均在0.995以上;检测限:铅0.005 mg/kg、铬0.006 mg/kg、镉0.011 mg/kg、铝0.013 mg/kg、锡0.006 mg/kg;5种元素加标回收在84.8%~102.5%之间;精密度和重复性(n=6)RSD均在5.0%以内。结论该方法具有简单、快速、污染小、检测结果准确等优点。

甘薯渣发酵及其他应用研究进展

我国每年甘薯产量约为5200万t。在甘薯淀粉的加工过程中会产生大量甘薯渣,这些甘薯渣常被作为廉价的动物饲料或直接丢弃,造成资源浪费和严重的环境污染。甘薯渣中含有较为丰富的淀粉、果胶、纤维素等成分。通过微生物发酵或改性等方法可实现甘薯渣的高值化利用,对提升甘薯经济价值、改善甘薯产业结构和减少环境污染具有重大意义。该文综述了目前国内外关于甘薯渣在生物发酵、食品加工、废水处理、能源制备等领域的研究进展。着重介绍了甘薯渣发酵生产各种产品的最新进展,并对存在的问题与未来的发展进行了分析与展望,有望为相关的研究人员提供一定的参考和借鉴。

不同粒度甘薯渣纤维对面包品质的影响

将3种粒径分别为129、64、25μm的甘薯渣纤维(SPRC)回添至小麦粉中制作面包,探究不同粒度SPRC对面包品质的影响。结果表明,添加SPRC使面包发酵体积减小,粒径越大,面包比容越小;粒径为129μm的SPRC可以显著减少烘焙水分损失;面包硬度和咀嚼性与SPRC粒径呈正比,弹性、内聚性与SPRC粒径呈反比;随着SPRC的粒度的减小,面包内部结构由紧实逐渐变疏松多孔。在面包储藏实验中,SPRC可以显著提高面包的含水率,面包硬度随储藏时间的延长逐渐增大;129μm的SPRC更易增强面包的老化和抗酶解能力。说明SPRC的粒度大小会影响面包的发酵特性、烘焙品质和储藏特性。

发酵红薯渣对鲤鱼生长性能、消化酶活性及肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在研究发酵红薯渣(FSP)对鲤鱼生长性能、消化酶活性及肠道菌群的影响。选取120尾健康无病、初始体重为(408.36±26.12)g的鲤鱼,随机分为4组,FSP0组、FSP10组、FSP20组、FSP30组分别在基础饵料中添加0、10%、20%、30%FSP,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾鲤鱼。试验期42 d。结果显示,FSP20组鲤鱼特定生长率最高。FSP30组鲤鱼肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性显著高于FSP0组(P<0.05)。随着发酵红薯渣添加量的提高,鲤鱼肠道变形菌门相对丰度从68.77%提高至98.55%(P<0.05),厚壁菌门相对丰度从20.58%降低至0.60%(P<0.05)。研究表明,发酵红薯渣可提高鲤鱼的生长性能和消化酶活性,调节肠道菌群结构,添加20%发酵红薯渣饲喂鲤鱼较为适宜。