Extraction of Neodymium by Emulsion-Liquid-Membrane within Hollow-Fiber-contactor and Its Mass Transfer Properties

A non-dispersive extraction technique, using an emulsion liquid membrane within a hollow-fiber-contactor for the extraction and enrichment of Nd^3＋ from the dilute feed aqueous, was applied. The emulsion system is consisted of span80 [ sorbitian monooleate], paraffin oil, D2EHPA [ 2-（ 2-ethylhexyl- phosphonic acid）], kerosene as well as HCl solution. The extraction under various conditions such as the span80 concentrations, the flow rate of aqueous, the extraction time and HCl concentrations in receiving phase were studied. Results show that the lower the flow rates of aqueous are, the higher the extraction percentage and enrichment-fold are, and the extraction percentage increases with the increasing of HCl concentrations. When the initial Nd^3＋ concentration in feed is maintained at 1000 mg· L^-1 and the emulsion is recycled with 70 times by a counter-flow,

Mathematic Model of Unsteady Penetration Mass Transfer in Randomly Packed Hollow Fiber Membrane Module

Based on the membrane-based absorption experiment of CO2 into water, shell-side flow distribution and mass transfer in a randomly packed hollow fiber module have been analyzed using subchannel model and unsteady penetration mass transfer theory. The cross section of module is subdivided into many small cells which contains only one hollow-fiber. The cross sectional area distribution of these cells is presented by the normal probability density distribution function. It has been obtained that there was a most serious non-ideal flow in shell side at moderate mean packing density, and the large amount of fluid flowed and transferred mass through a small number of large voids. Thus mass transfer process is dominated by the fluid through the larger void area. The mass transfer process in each cell is described by the unsteady penetration theory. The overall mass transfer coefficient equals to the probability addition of the mean mass transfer coefficient in each cell. The comparisons of the values calculated by the model established with the empirical correlations and the experimental data of this work have been done.The predicted overall mass transfer coefficients are in good agreement with experimental data.

Effect of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Hollow Fiber Membranes on Mass Transfer of Samarium

The influence of swelling and stripping acidity on the mass transfer coefficient based on water phase and the inner diameters of membranes were studied with P507-HCl-Sm as working system in the two different kinds of hollow fiber membranes. Effects of extractant concentration, H+ concentration in aqueous phase and Sm3+ concentration on extraction rate were discussed and the corresponding reaction series were obtained. According to the investigations on the interfacial kinetics, the reaction kinetics equation and reaction rate constant were obtained.

Numerical Analysis of Conjugated Heat and Mass Transfer of Helical Hollow Fiber Membrane Tube Bank for Seawater Distillation

A numerical study on the conjugated heat-mass transfer of helical hollow fiber membrane tube bank(HFMTB)for seawater desalination was carried out.Physical and mathematical models of fluid flow,temperature and humidity distribution were constructed to investigate the influences of flow type,Reynolds number,and temperature on the conjugated heat-mass transfer performance of hollow fibers in the distillation membrane module.The conjugated heat-mass transfer characteristics of HFMTB were discussed by utilizing the friction coefficient,Nusselt number(Nu),and Sherwood number(Sh).Results demonstrate that a distillation efficiency enhancement of 29%compared to the straight HFMTB has been detected for four-helical HFMTB configuration,though the friction coefficient of such a module is about 4 times of their straight counterparts.The values of average Nu and Sh numbers are increasing with tube number,which improves distillation efficiency.The effect of flow type has been studied by employing the upstream and downstream flows to the double-helical HFMTB,demonstrating upstream flow type is more conducive to the heat-mass transfer process.Both the outlet air humidity(ω)and distillation efficiency(η)decrease with the air-side Reynolds number(Rea)and inlet air temperature in the helical HFMTB while increasing with the solution-side Reynolds number(Re_(S))and inlet solution temperature.Overall,the obtained results indicate that helical HFMTB applying upstream flow has great potential to achieve high-performance SGMD for seawater desalination.It is anticipated that the present work can assist in a better understanding of the membrane desalination process in HFMTB and thus provide theoretical suggestions for further optimization and development.

THE MASS TRANSFER BEHAVIORS OF FE(Ⅲ), CO(Ⅱ) AND NI(Ⅱ) IN SULFURIC ACID WITH CYANEX302 BY USINGMICROPOROUS HOLLOW FIBER

In this paper the mass transfer behaviors of Fe(Ⅲ), Co(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) with Cyanex302(bis(2,4,4- trimethylpentyl)monothiophosphinic acid) from sulfate medium by using hollow fiber membrane in counter-currently circulating operation were studied. The effect of acidity in aqueous solution and the extractant concentration on the mass transfer coefficient (Kw) was discussed. The reaction mechanism of membrane extraction was considered as a false one series reaCtion and the rate controlling step was membrane resistance. When the value of Kw arrived at 1.0 × 10-6 m/s, △pH:CoFe equaled tO 6.225, and △pH:NiFe was bigger than △p HCoFe.

MASS TRANSFER IN MEMBRANE ABSORPTIONDESORPTION OF AMMONIA FROM AMMONIA WATER

Hydrophobic membrane can provide fast mass transfer for absorption-desorption of gasesform liquid to absorbent.The removal of ammonia from ammonia water and absorption with dilutesulphuric acid was studied in a pilot plant with polypropylene hollow fiber column,The removalrate and influences of operation temperature,flow rate and concentration on mass transferperformances were discussed mathematically.Experimental results and computer calculation show thatthe ammonia removal rate is not affected by the feed concentration for a given system.Both partialand overall mass transfer coefficients vary along the axis of the fiber,and the mass transfer for themembrane process is controlled by membrane resistance.

Removal of Aniline from Wastewater Using Hollow Fiber Renewal Liquid Membrane

Hollow fiber renewal liquid membrane(HFRLM) method was proposed based on the surface renewal theory for removal of aniline from waste water. The system of aniline + D2 EHPA in kerosene + HCl was used. Aqueous layer diffusion in the feed phase is the rate-control step, and the influence of lumen side flow rate on the mass transfer is more significant than that on the shell side. The resistance of overall mass transfer is greatly reduced because of the mass transfer intensification in the renewal of liquid membrane on the lumen side. The driving force of mass transfer can be considered as a function of distribution equilibrium, and the overall mass transfer coefficient increases with the increase of p H in the feed solution, HCl concentration and D2 EHPA concentration, and decreases with the increase of initial aniline concentration. A mass transfer model is developed for HFRLM based on the surface renewal theory. The calculated results agree well with experimental results. The HFRLM process is a promising method for aniline wastewater treatment.

Membranes for extracorporeal membrane oxygenator(ECMO): History,preparation, modification and mass transfer

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator(ECMO) has been in development for nearly 70 years, and the oxygenator has gone through several generations of optimizations, with advances from bubble oxygenators to membrane oxygenators leading to more and more widespread use of ECMO. Membrane is the core of a ECMO system and the working mechanism of membrane oxygenator depends on the membrane material,from PDMS flat membrane to PMP hollow fiber membrane, which have experienced three generations.Blood compatibility on the surface of the membrane material is very vital, which directly determines the use duration of the oxygenator and can reduce the occurrence of complications. The mechanism of mass transfer is the basis of oxygenator operation and optimization. This review summarizes the membrane development history and preparation technology, modification approaches and mass transfer theory in the process of oxygen and blood exchange. We hoped that this review will provide more ideas for the study of gas blood exchange membrane.

Study on Transfer and Interfacial Kinetics of Neodymium and Samarium in Membrane Based Extraction

Extraction and interfacial kinetics of Nd 3+ and Sm 3+ with HEH/EHP kerosene in a hollow fiber membrane extractor were studied. The results show that the extraction reactions in the hollow fiber membrane extractor are the same as those in the liquid liquid extraction, which can be expressed as a quasi first order reaction. The effect of acidity in aqueous phase, concentrations of extractant, Nd 3+ and Sm 3+ on extraction rate were discussed and the corresponding reaction series were obtained. The reaction equations, reaction rate constants and the separation constant were obtained.

中空纤维膜臭氧接触式反应器传质机理分析

将疏水性聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)中空纤维膜组装成膜接触器,开发了膜接触式臭氧(O_(3))传质技术。对比了气泡传质和膜接触传质的差异,通过O_(3)传质模型和阻力模型对该技术的主要影响因素和传质机理进行了研究。结果表明,O_(3)可以有效地通过疏水性PTFE膜进行传质,当搅拌速度达到1500r/min时,膜传质的表观传质系数(0.3049min-1)与气泡传质(0.3109min-1)相当。同时,膜表面的疏水结构将尾气的湿度降低到0.8g/m^(3)以下,远低于气泡传质(>11.5g/m^(3)),符合进入臭氧发生器的标准,具备回收氧气的可行性。O_(3)的传质通量受液体流速、p H、污染物浓度、气体流量以及进气O_(3)浓度的影响。在pH=11、苯酚浓度为0或pH=7、苯酚浓度为20mg/L时,传质通量达到了0.16g/(m^(2)·h)。O_(3)传质过程的传质阻力主要由膜阻力和液相阻力组成,而通过液相条件控制可以有效减小液相阻力,因此进一步降低传质阻力需要膜技术的发展。

溶胀对中空纤维膜萃取器传质性能的影响

由于溶剂对中空纤维膜的溶胀，使得溶胀对传质性能产生一定的影响以３０％ＴＢＰ（煤油）－苯酚－水为实验体系，在聚砜中空纤维膜器中系统地研究了溶胀性能对总传质系数、中空纤维膜厚度、内径以及壳程流动状况的影响结果表明，中空纤维膜在溶剂作用下发生溶胀后其膜厚度和膜的内径并未发生明显的变化，而中空纤维膜的长度会因此增大由于溶胀的影响，造成中空纤维膜器壳程溶剂的流动偏离柱塞流模型。

膜接触器分离混合气中二氧化碳的研究

研究了聚丙烯纤维微孔膜 (HFPPM )膜接触器分离CO2 /N2 混合气中CO2 技术 ,考察了吸收剂的种类、HFPPM的透气率和流程等因素对CO2 分离效率的影响 .结果表明 ,液相中传质在分离过程中占主导作用 ;3种吸收剂的性能依次为单乙醇胺 (MEA) >NaOH >二乙醇胺 (DEA) .以浓度 2 5mol·L- 1、流速 4 0～ 1 6 0L·h- 1的MEA水溶液处理浓度 2 0 %、流速 0 5～ 1 0m3 ·h- 1的CO2 /N2 混合气时 ,CO2 的脱除率为 95 %～ 99 5 %,CO2 的传质系数为 4 5～ 6 8× 1 0 - 4m·s- 1;透气率大的膜组件传质系数大 ,腔流程中CO2 的脱除率比壳流程高 30 %以上 .

中空纤维致密膜基吸收CO_2传质机理分析

研究了硅橡胶/聚砜中空纤维致密膜基吸收CO2的传质机理,考察了吸收剂种类(NaOH、MEA、DEA、TEA)、NaOH浓度、吸收剂流速、吸收剂压力和气相压力对CO2传质系数的影响,并采用数学模型对实验结果进行了分析。其中,用2×103mol·m·3NaOH溶液作吸收剂时,聚合物膜传质为控制步骤,总传质系数与CO2在膜中的传质系数相近,且实验过程中无漏液、鼓泡等现象发生。

气态膜过程中的热效应

实验表明提高温度（Ｔ）能大幅度增加挥发性物质在气态膜过程中的传质系数（Ｋ），Ｋ和Ｔ间的关系符合Ａｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ方程Ｋ＝Ｋｏｅｘｐ（－Ｅ／ＲＴ）．用Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ－Ｅｉｎｔｅｉｎｓ和Ｌｅｖｅｑｅ方程，从理论上证实：（１）对于易挥发性物质（如ＨＣＮ），温度主要是通过降低进水边界层中水溶液的粘度或提高扩散系数，而使传质系数大幅度升高；（２）对于挥发性较小的物质（如苯酚），温度主要是通过提高其蒸汽压或进水边界层和膜微孔中气相间的分配系数（Ｈ）而使传质系数大幅度的提高．

氨化HEH/EHP膜基萃取钕、钐及传质研究

本文采用自制聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜器，在氨化ＨＥＨ／ＥＨＰ煤油体系中对钕、钐的萃取及传质性能进行了研究。结果表明，无论萃取剂氨化与否，膜器中的萃取反应均可视为准一级反应；探讨了氨化ＨＥＨ／ＥＨＰ对膜阻的影响及其在膜萃取过程和同级萃取反萃中，稀土离子。

中空纤维更新液膜传质性能的研究

研究了中空纤维更新液膜(HFRLM)技术的传质性能。以CuCl2水溶液-10%P204+煤油-盐酸为实验体系,研究结果表明,中空纤维更新液膜技术可以实现同级萃取-反萃,且总传质系数随料液相流速的增大而增大,在实验条件下,总传质系数受反萃相流速的影响较小。实验研究探讨了混合方式(料液与萃取剂混合和反萃剂与萃取剂混合)和体系分配系数对传质性能的影响。实验结果表明,由于相间分配系数的不同,总传质系数受混合方式的影响较大,以分配系数较大的一相与萃取相混合流经管程的方式对传质过程有利。

中空纤维膜无泡供氧过程的传质性能研究

使用中空纤维膜向液相系统中供氧时,无肉眼可见的气泡产生.与传统的泡式供氧相比,这种新颖的膜式无泡供氧具有传氧效率高、无泡沫产生和能耗低等优点,特别适宜应用于发酵、活性污泥废水处理和动物细胞培养等生物反应和人工控制的生命过程中.本文对中空纤维膜无泡供氧过程的传质机理、传质阻力、传质方程和影响传质系数的操作参数等传质性能进行深入探讨,并提出了"边界层压缩"模型,以解释在无泡供养中传质系数随压力变化的原因.

中空纤维封闭液膜技术的传质强化研究

以３０％ＴＢＰ（煤油）为萃取剂，ＮａＯＨ水溶液为反萃剂，对聚砜中空纤维封闭液膜萃取苯酚的传质性能进行了实验研究，并在膜器的壳程鼓入空气以期强化过程传质性能研究结果表明，在中空封闭液膜萃取过程中总传质系数与料液相流速的１／３次方成正比因为反应速度很快反萃相的传质阻力可以忽略在鼓入空气的情况下，总传质系数较无气泡鼓入时明显增大总传质系数仍与料液相流速的１／３次方成正比，而与反萃相的流速基本无关气泡的鼓入不仅可使传质过程达到稳定的时间缩短。

气态膜吸收法脱除水中氨的传质效果

利用聚丙烯中空纤维气态膜对氨/水分离过程及影响因素进行研究,考察膜两侧液体流速、浓度、温度等工艺条件对传质系数和氨脱除率的影响。研究结果表明:气态膜-化学吸收法对氨/水有很好分离效果;原料液温度和流速的影响较为显著,传质系数随温度升高而升高,而提高原料液的流速,膜通量增加,氨的脱除率却下降,压力降升高;氨的初始浓度对膜通量影响较大,膜通量随初始浓度升高而增大;吸收液中反应物浓度相对于透过氨浓度过量时,吸收液的浓度、流速对传质过程影响较小。

对中空纤维膜接触器空间结构的分析与探讨

介绍了中空纤维膜接触器在气体分离、净化以及精馏结构填料替代等方面研究的最新进展,并结合笔者所进行的实验工作,从膜接触器中体系的流动方式、壳程挡板、纤维膜组器的填充密度等方面详细探讨了中空纤维膜接触器的空间结构对于过程传质和分离效果的影响.分析结果表明,在气液接触分离过程中,为有效提高膜接触分离过程的传质系数,大多数研究采用了平流中的逆流方式;壳程挡板的增设可以促进过程的分离效果,但其作用并非始终随挡板数量的增加而增强;膜组器填充密度对壳程传质的影响明显,且大多数实验结果表明,过程分离的总传质系数随填充密度的增加而减小.