Emission characteristics and combustion instabilities in an oxy-fuel swirl-stabilized combustor

This paper presents an experimental study on the emission characteristics and combustion instabilities of oxy-fuel combustions in a swirl-stabilized combustor. Different oxygen concentrations (Xoxy=25%～45%, where Xoxy is oxygen concentra- tion by volume), equivalence ratios (φ=0.75～1.15) and combustion powers (CP=1.08～2.02 kW) were investigated in the oxy-fuel (CH4/CO2/O2) combustions, and reference cases (Xoxy=25%～35%, CH4/N2/O2 flames) were covered. The results show that the oxygen concentration in the oxidant stream significantly affects the combustion delay in the oxy-fuel flames, and the equivalence ratio has a slight effect, whereas the combustion power shows no impact. The temperature levels of the oxy-fuel flames inside the combustion chamber are much higher (up to 38.7%) than those of the reference cases. Carbon monoxide was vastly produced when Xoxy>35% or φ>0.95 in the oxy-fuel flames, while no nitric oxide was found in the exhaust gases because no N2 participates in the combustion process. The combustion instability of the oxy-fuel combustion is very different from those of the reference cases with similar oxygen content. Oxy-fuel combustions excite strong oscillations in all cases studied Xoxy=25%～45%. However, no pressure fluctuations were detected in the reference cases when Xoxy>28.6% accomplished by heavily sooting flames which were not found in the oxy-fuel combustions. Spectrum analysis shows that the frequency of dynamic pressure oscillations exhibits randomness in the range of 50～250 Hz, therefore resulting in a very small resultant amplitude. Temporal oscillations are very strong with amplitudes larger than 200 Pa, even short time fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis (0.08 s) shows that the pressure amplitude can be larger than 40 Pa.

Comparison Between LES and RANS Modeling of Turbulent Swirling Flows and Swirling Diffusion Combustion

Turbulent swirling flows and methane-air swirling diffusion combustion are simulated by both large-eddy simulation (LES) using a Smagorinsky-Lilly subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence model, a second-order moment (SOM) subgrid-scale combustion model and an eddy break up (EBU) combustion model and Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes (RANS) modeling using the Reynolds stress equation model and a second-order moment (SOM) combustion model. For swirling flows, the LES statistical results give better agreement with the experimental results than the RANS modeling, indicating that the adopted subgrid-scale turbulence model is suitable for swirling flows. For swirling combustion, both the proposed SOM SGS combustion model and the RANS-SOM model give the results in good agreement with the experimental results, but the LES-EBU modeling results are not in agreement with the experimental results.

Large-eddy structures of turbulent swirling flows and methane-air swirling diffusion combustion

Turbulent swirling flows and methane-air swirling diffusion combustion are studied by large-eddy simulation （LES） using a Smagorinsky-Lilly subgrid scale turbulence model and a second-order moment （SOM） SGS combustion model, and also by RANS modeling using the Reynolds Stress equation model with the IPCM＋wall and IPCM pressure-strain models and SOM combustion model. The LES statistical results for swirling flows give good agreement with the experimental results, indicating that the adopted subgrid-scale turbulence model is suitable for swirling flows. The LES instantaneous results show the complex vortex shedding pattern in swirling flows. The initially formed large vortex structures soon break up in swirling flows. The LES statistical results of combustion modeling are near the experimental results and are as good as the RANS-SOM modeling results. The LES results show that the size and range of large vortex structures in swirling combustion are different from those of isothermal swirling flows, and the chemical reaction is intensified by the large-eddy vortex structures.

CFD study of non-premixed swirling burners: Effect of turbulence models

This research investigates a numerical simulation of swirling turbulent non-premixed combustion.The effects on the combustion characteristics are examined with three turbulence models:namely as the Reynolds stress model,spectral turbulence analysis and Re-Normalization Group.In addition,the P-1 and discrete ordinate(DO)models are used to simulate the radiative heat transfer in this model.The governing equations associated with the required boundary conditions are solved using the numerical model.The accuracy of this model is validated with the published experimental data and the comparison elucidates that there is a reasonable agreement between the obtained values from this model and the corresponding experimental quantities.Among different models proposed in this research,the Reynolds stress model with the Probability Density Function(PDF)approach is more accurate(nearly up to 50%)than other turbulent models for a swirling flow field.Regarding the effect of radiative heat transfer model,it is observed that the discrete ordinate model is more precise than the P-1 model in anticipating the experimental behavior.This model is able to simulate the subcritical nature of the isothermal flow as well as the size and shape of the internal recirculation induced by the swirl due to combustion.

PREDICTIONS OF 3-D STRONGLY SWIRLING GAS-SOLID TWO-PHASE FLOW WITH GAS COMBUSTION

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The Effect of Swirl Intensity on the Flow Behavior and Combustion Characteristics of a Lean Propane-Air Flame

The effect of swirl number(Sn)on the flow behavior and combustion characteristics of a lean premixed propane FlameФ=0.5 in a swirl burner configuration was numerically verified in this study.Two-dimensional numerical simulations were performed using ANSYS-Fluent software.For turbulence closure,a standard K-εturbulence model was applied.The turbulence-chemistry interaction scheme was modeled using the Finite Rate-Eddy Dissipation hybrid model(FR/EDM)with a reduced three-step reaction mechanism.The P1 radiation model was used for the flame radiation inside the combustion chamber.Four different swirl numbers were selected(0,0.72,1.05,and 1.4)corresponding to different angles(0°,39°,50°,and 57.8°).The results show that the predicted model agrees very well with the experimental data,especially with respect to the axial and radial velocity and temperature profiles.An outer recirculation zone(ORZ)is present in the combustor corner at Sn=0 and an inner recirculation zone(IRZ)appears at the combustor centerline inlet at a critical Sn=0.72.When the Sn reaches an excessive value,the IRZ moves toward the premixing tube,leading to a flame flashback.The flame structure and its length are strongly affected by changes in the Sn as well as the formation of NOx and CO at the combustor exit.

Numerical calculation of flow and heat transfer process in the new-type external combustion swirl-flowing hot stove

It is clarified that the important method to improve the blast temperature ofthe small and the middle blast furnaces whose production is about two-thirds of total sum of Chinafrom 1000℃ to 1250-1300℃ is to preheat both their combustion-supporting air and coal gas. The airtemperature of blast furnaces can be reached to 1250-1300℃ by burning single blast furnace coal gasif high speed burner is applied to blast furnaces and new-type external combustion swirl-flowinghot stove is used to preheat their combustion-supporting air. The computational results of the flowand heat transfer processions in the hot stove prove that the surface of the bed of the thermalstorage balls there have not eccentric flow and the flow field and temperature field distribution iseven. The computational results of the blast temperature distribution are similar to thosedetermination experiment data. The numerical results also provide references for developing anddesigning the new-type external combustion swirl-flowing hot stoves.

Investigation on the Optimizing Range of CombustionChamber Configuration Parameters of DSCS

Aim To obtain an optimizing range of the main configuration parameters of double swirls combustion system (DSCS) Methods To analyze the influence of DS combustion cham-ber configuration parameters on fuel spray and mixing by means of the fuel jet developmentperiphery charts obtained by the high speed photography with a modeling test device deve-loped by authors,and to examine it by the tests on a single cylinder diesel engine.Resultsand Conclusion The mixing process can be divided into four phases.The optimizing range of the ration of the inner chamber diameter to the cylinder bore,d2/D,is 0.4-0.7; and the outerchamber diameter,d1 the height of the circular ridge to the piston top face,h1,the radius of outer/inner chamber circle,R1,R2 ,the max depth of outer/inner chamber bowl,H1,H2,etc. are also important

Experimental and numerical study of combustion characteristics of ammonia-hydrogen-air swirling flame with/without secondary air injection

Ammonia (NH_(3)) is currently considered to be a potential carbon-free alternative fuel,and its large-scale use as such would certainly decrease greenhouse gas emissions and meet increasingly stringent emission requirements.Although the low flame propagation speed and high NO production of NH_(3) hinder its direct application as a renewable fuel,co-combustion of NH_(3)–H_(2)is an effective way to overcome these challenges.In this study,the combustion characteristics of NH_(3)–H_(2)swirling flames under different equivalence ratios and H_2blending ratios conditions are both numerically and experimentally investigated.Numerically,the One-Dimensional (1D) laminar flame computation presents a comparison base and the Three-Dimensional (3D) numerical simulation yields detailed flame property distributions.Experimentally,the high-speed camera takes instantaneous swirl flame images and the gas analyzer measures the NO emission at the exit plane of the flame chamber.Qualitative and quantitative analysis is performed on the flame structure and NO emission for a series of NH_(3)–H_(2)swirl flames.The variation trends of the NO emission calculated using different techniques agree very well.The quantitative results show that the NO emissions are much higher at lean equivalence ratios than those at rich equivalence ratios,and such difference is closely related to the combustion flame structure.Moreover,it is shown that the utilization of secondary air injection can achieve a significant reduction in NO emissions at the exit of the combustion chamber at equivalence ratios less than or equal to 0.9.

Flow characterization and dilution effects of N_2 and CO_2 on premixed CH_4/air flames in a swirl-stabilized combustor

Numerically-aided experimental studies are conducted on a swirl-stabilized combustor to investigate the dilution effects on flame stability, flame structure, and pollutant emissions of premixed CH4/air flames. Our goal is to provide a systematic assessment on combustion characteristics in diluted regimes for its application to environmentally-friendly approaches such as biogas combustion and exhanst-gas recirculation technology. Two main diluting species, N2 and CO2, are tested at various dilution rates. The results obtained by means of optical diagnostics show that five main flame regimes can be observed for Nz-diluted flames by changing excess air and dilution rate. CO2-diluted flames follow the same pattern evolution except that all the domains are shifted to lower excess air. Both N2 and CO2 dilution affect the lean blow- out （LBO） limits negatively. This behavior can be counter-balanced by reactant preheating which is able to broaden the flammability domain of the diluted flames. Flame reactivity is degraded by increasing dilution rate. Meanwhile, flames are thickened in the presence of both diluting species. NOx emissions are significantly reduced with dilution and proved to be relevant to flame stability diagrams： slight augmentation in NOx emission profiles is related to transitional flame states where instability occurs. Although dilution results in increase in CO emissions at certain levels, optimal dilution rates can still be proposed to achieve an ideal compromise.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF TURBULENT SWIRLING FLOW IN COMBUSTOR

Numerical computation of turbulent strongly-swirling flows in combustors is presented. Turbulence models examined are based on the transport equations of the Reynolds stresses, i.e., the second moment closures. The particular flows in question include confined as well as free swirling situations where the swirl number is large. It is indicated that the second-moment closure models offer an effective means for predicting strongly swirling flows. In particular, the isotropization of production and convection (IPC) model gives the best overall performance. The study directly serves for the improvement of combustor design.

Turbulence Characteristics of Swirling Reacting Flow in a Combustor with Staged Air Injection

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the turbulent reacting flow in a swirl combustor with staged air injection. The air injected into the combustor is composed of the primary swirling jet and the secon-dary non-swirling jet. A three dimension-laser particle dynamic analyzer (PDA) was employed to measure the in-stantaneous gas velocity. The probability density functions (PDF) for the instantaneous gas axial and tangential ve-locities at each measuring location, as well as the radial profiles of the root mean square of fluctuating gas axial and tangential velocities and the second-order moment for the fluctuating gas axial and tangential velocities are ob-tained. The measured results delineate the turbulence properties of the swirling reacting flow under the conditions of staged combustion.

Combustion of Renewable Biogas Fuels

Biogas fuel is a sustainable and renewable fuel produced from anaerobic digestion of organic matter. The biogas fuel is a flammable mixture of methane and carbon dioxide with low to medium calorific values. Biogas is an alternative to conventional fossil fuels and can be used for beating, transportation and power generation. CFD （computational fluid dynamic） analysis of the combustion performance and emissions of biogas fuel in gas turbine engines is presented in this study. The main objective of this study is to understand the impact of the variability in the biogas fuel compositions and lower heating values on the combustion process. Natural gas, biogas from anaerobic digester, landfill biogas, and natural gas/biogas mixture fuels combustion were investigated in this study. The CFD results show lower peak flame temperature and CO mole fractions inside the combustor and lower NOx emissions at the combustor exit for the biogas compared to natural gas fuel. The peak flame temperature decreases by 37% for the biogas landfill （COJCH4 = 0.89） and by 22% for the biogas anaerobic digester （CO2/CH4 = 0.54） compared to natural gas fuel combustion. The peak CO mole fraction inside the combustor decreases from 9.8 × 10-2 for natural gas fuel to 2.22 × 10-4 for biogas anaerobic digester and 1.32 × 10-7 for biogas landfill. The average NOx mole fraction at the combustor exit decreases from 1.13 × 10-5 for natural gas fuel to 0.40 × 10-6 for biogas anaerobic digester and 1.06 × 10-6 for biogas landfill. The presence of non-combustible constituents in the biogas reduces the temperature of the flame and consequently the NOx emissions.

部分旋流对加力燃烧室流动和燃烧性能的影响

为改善先进加力/冲压燃烧室燃烧组织困难等问题,采用设置进口部分旋流,在燃烧室中产生局部离心力来增强油气掺混和加速火焰传播。通过数值模拟和试验的方法,研究了不同旋流进口位置及角度下部分旋流加力/冲压燃烧室的流动特性、燃烧效率及值班点火火焰发展过程。研究发现:多区域旋流进口与不同旋流角度的组合会使流动损失增大,但可以在燃烧室建立一个局部超重力场,增强油气掺混和加速点火过程火焰传播。相比于无旋流,旋流进口可以提高值班火焰传播速度;旋流进口最高可提升2.35%的燃烧效率。

侧卷流和复合卷流燃烧系统混合燃烧特性

为研究侧卷流燃烧系统(LSCS)和复合卷流燃烧系统(MSCS)对直喷式柴油机性能的影响,通过单缸柴油机台架开展了LSCS和MSCS的燃烧性能试验,结合仿真分析,揭示了LSCS和MSCS的缸内油、气混合特性.结果表明:在小负荷和高过量空气系数φ_(a)下,MSCS体现出较好的燃烧性能,相比于LSCS,其燃油消耗率最大降幅为3.6 g/(kW·h),碳烟排放最大降幅为0.13 g/(kW·h),燃烧持续期最大降幅为2.6°CA;但在大负荷和低φ_(a)下,LSCS体现出更好的燃烧性能,相比于MSCS,其燃油消耗率最大降幅为2.6 g/(kW·h),碳烟排放最大降幅为0.56 g/(kW·h),燃烧持续期最大降幅为2.8°CA.仿真结果表明:随负荷减小或φ_(a)增大,燃油射流贯穿能力减弱,复合卷流燃烧室的弧脊能更有效地提升油、气混合质量;随负荷增大或φ_(a)减小,燃油射流贯穿能力增强,复合卷流燃烧室的弧脊阻碍了燃油射流扩散,侧卷流燃烧室的分流造型能更显著地改善油、气混合过程.

空气射流特征对纯氨旋流燃烧火焰影响规律

氨是理想能源,为更好利用纯氨燃料,开发适用纯氨燃料的燃烧器,通过数值模拟对某10 kWth天然气旋流燃烧器进行三维建模,并对其纯氨燃烧和氮氧化物排放性能进行计算及仿真分析,探讨空气射流特性对火焰形态、温度分布、NO生成及排放的影响规律,以优化燃烧器纯氨燃烧能力。燃烧早期,旋流对燃料和空气混合影响大,而燃烧后期湍流强度对该过程影响大。发现通过增大空气射流孔面积(由12.8 mm^(2)增至19.2 mm^(2))、增加空气射流角度(由15°增至30°)均可增强旋流强度,促进燃料和空气混合,促进氨燃料快速着火和稳定燃烧,缩短着火距离。但过大的射流角度可能导致空气和燃料出现短暂分离,推迟混合过程,延长着火距离。此外,减小射流孔面积、增大射流角度还将增强燃烧器喷嘴附近湍流强度,促进氨燃料和空气混合燃耗,产生局部高温区,导致NO生成浓度升高。经对比优化,空气射流孔面积19.2 mm^(2)、射流角度15°、射流速度19.83 m/s时纯氨燃烧器实现稳定低NO燃烧,着火距离0.024 m、火焰长度0.446 m,NO生成峰值浓度和排放浓度分别降至443×10^(-6)和37.7×10^(-6)。

有机固体废弃物热解气掺氨预混旋流火焰结构研究

由于有机固废热解产生的热解气热值较低,在一些燃烧器中无法燃烧,故采用旋流和掺混无碳燃料氨气的燃烧方式,以增强热解气燃烧的稳定性并减少碳排放.采用化学发光法对火焰结构进行了实验研究,基于CCD摄像系统,获得了不同当量比和掺氨比下热解气/氨气/空气预混旋流火焰中OH^(*)的化学发光分布.结果表明,不同类型热解气的旋流火焰形态结构差异较大;当量比增加到φ≥1时,OH^(*)辐射强度增强;掺氨使得热解气燃烧极限范围变窄,氨气的添加不仅会抑制OH^(*)自由基的产生,且会对火焰结构产生影响.

添加H_(2)对NH_(3)/空气旋流火焰OH^(*)化学发光的影响

火焰的化学发光特性是了解氨作为无碳替代燃料时的火焰结构和反应机理的基本方法.本研究通过实验获得了不同当量比和H_(2)添加量的NH_(3)/空气旋流火焰中的OH^(*)化学发光分布和形成特征,比较了不同条件下OH^(*)层分布特性及火焰燃烧现象的影响.结果表明,随着当量比的增加,OH^(*)辐射峰增加,且当量比的增加显著增强了OH^(*)的整体化学发光强度.在贫燃料火焰中,当量比效应大于NH_(3)稀释效应,而在当量和富燃料条件下,这两种效应相当.随着掺氢比例的增加,OH^(*)化学发光强度逐渐增加,OH^(*)峰值位置逐渐从下游火焰向上游移动.

燃烧室结构对中负荷反应活性控制压燃发动机影响的模拟研究

通过机理耦合和自动优化构建了包含重质柴油成分的多组分汽油/柴油替代物反应机理。将机理与CONVERGE耦合,构建了包含原机omega型燃烧室系统(omega combustion system,OMECS)、分离式涡流燃烧室系统(separated swirl combustion system,SSCS)和横向涡流燃烧室系统(lateral swirl combustion system,LSCS)的三维计算模型,以研究不同燃烧室对中负荷大预混比例条件下反应活性控制压燃(reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)发动机的影响。结果表明,与OMECS燃烧室相比,SSCS和LSCS燃烧室的指示热效率分别提高了4.65%和3.51%,除NO_(x)外,其他排放物均有所降低。能量平衡分析和传热分析显示,传热损失、燃烧损失和排气损失降低;这表明新型燃烧室对RCCI燃烧模式的优化机制与对纯柴油燃烧模式不同。活塞壁面对柴油喷雾的引导效应不明显,但新型燃烧室独特的结构和缸内气流运动(例如SSCS燃烧室的分离燃烧室和LSCS燃烧室凸边两侧的小尺寸涡流等)对传热的削弱效应大于面容比和缸内温度增加对传热的增强效应。在所有的第二次喷射正时(start of injection,SOI)下,新型燃烧室的指示热效率均高于原机。

壁面冷却空气对贫油吹熄特性影响的激光诊断研究

针对燃烧室中冷却壁面的冷却气膜会影响燃烧室内的流场、改变回流区结构,从而影响贫油吹熄特性这一问题,在一带有气膜冷却的旋流燃烧室上开展了不同壁面空气占比下的贫油吹熄极限测量。结果表明:壁面冷却空气占比达到0.2时,不同燃油流量下,以全局空气流量计算,燃烧室吹熄当量比降低的范围在0.09~0.1之间;以主流空气计算,吹熄当量比降低范围在0.01~0.028之间。为了更加深入研究这一规律的原因,开展了平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)激光诊断测量,可知引入壁面冷却空气后,OH基更集中分布在靠近燃烧室底部的火焰根部。在稳定火焰工况中,与近吹熄火焰相比,在燃烧室底部附近的火焰中央有大量OH基分布,这将有助于火焰的稳定,并拓宽贫油吹熄极限。米氏散射实验结果表明,引入壁面冷却空气后可使燃油液滴更集中分布在燃烧室底部附近,这将导致根部火焰局部当量比提高,易于形成稳定的火焰。结合所得实验结果,在所使用的旋流模型燃烧室内,加入占比为0.2的壁面冷却空气,可以拓宽燃烧室的贫油吹熄极限,有助于火焰的稳定。研究结果有望对带有冷却气膜的燃烧室的燃烧稳定性调控问题提供一定的理论指导。