An All Solid-State Pulsed Power Generator for Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PⅢ)

An all solid-state pulsed power generator for plasma immersion ion implantation （PIII） is described. The pulsed power system is based on a Marx circuit configuration and semi- conductor switches, which have many advantages in adjustable repetition frequency, pulse width modulation and long serving life compared with the conventional circuit category, tube-based technologies such as gridded vacuum tubes, thyratrons, pulse forming networks and transformers. The operation of PIII with pulse repetition frequencies up to 500 Hz has been achieved at a pulse voltage amplitude from 2 kV to 60 kV, with an adjustable pulse duration from 1 μs to 100 μs. The proposed system and its performance, as used to drive a plasma ion implantation chamber, are described in detail on the basis of the experimental results.

Dielectric barrier discharge plasma-assisted catalytic ammonia synthesis:synergistic effect of Ni-MOF-74 catalyst and nanosecond pulsed plasma

Ammonia is one of the most important chemical raw materials in both manufacture and life of human.Traditionally Haber-Bosch method for ammonia synthesis involves high temperature and high pressure conditions,leading to significant energy consumption and environmental pollution.Non-thermal plasma(NTP) is a promising alternative approach to ammonia synthesis at low temperature and atmospheric pressure.In this study,the synergistic effect of nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge(np-DBD) and Ni-MOF-74 catalyst was investigated in ammonia synthesis by utilizing nitrogen and hydrogen as feedstock.The results demonstrated that the plasma catalytic-synthesis process parameters play a crucial role in the synthesis process of ammonia.The highest ammonia synthesis rate of 5145.16 μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)with an energy efficiency of 1.27 g·kWh^(-1)was observed in the presence of the Ni-MOF-74 catalyst,which was3.7 times higher than that without Ni-MOF-74 catalyst.The synergistic effect of Ni-MOF-74catalyst and nanosecond pulsed plasma was explored by in-situ plasma discharge diagnostics.

Pulsed plasma arc cladding

A prototype of Pulsed Plasma Arc Cladding system was developed, in which single power source supplies both transferred plasma arc (TPA) and non-transferred plasma arc (N-TPA). Both plasmas work in turn in a high frequency controlled by an IGBT connecting nozzle and workpiece. The working frequency of IGBT ranges from 50 ～ 7 000 Hz, in which the plasmas can work in turn smoothly. Higher than 500 Hz of working frequency is suggested for promotion of cladding quality and protection of IGBT. Drag phenomenon of TPA intensifies as the frequency goes up, which tends to increase the current proportion of TPA and suppress N-TPA. The occupation ratio of IGBT can be regulated from 5% ～ 95%, which balances the power supplies of both plasmas. An occupation ratio higher than 50% gives adequate proportion of arc current for N-TPA to preheat powder.

Pulse Power Supply for Plasma Dynamic Accelerator

A new concept of a coaxial plasma dynamic accelerator with a self-energized magnetic compressor coil to simulate the effects of space debris impact is demonstrated. A brief description is presented about the pulse power supply system including the charging circuit, start switch and current transfer system along with some of the key techniques for this kind of accelerator. Using this accelerator configuration, ceramic beads of 100 μm in diameter were accelerated to a speed as high as 18 km/sec. The facility can be used in a laboratory setting to study impact phenomena on solar array materials, potential structural materials for use in space.

A High Power Semiconductor Switch RSD for Pulsed Power Applications

High power switch is one of the most important components in pulsed power technology. The RSD （Reversely Switched Dynistor）, turned on by a thin layer of an electron-hole plasma, is a high power semiconductor switch. In this study, the RSD turn-on conditions were investigated by numerical analysis and device simulation as well as the experiments conducted to validate the turn-on conditions. A design of a triggering high-voltage RSD is presented based on a saturable transformer.

Influence of high-voltage pulse parameters on the propagation of a plasma synthetic jet

In this work, a typical pin-to-pin plasma synthetic jet in static air is excited by a pulsed DC power supply. The influences of the pulse rising time, the amplitude and the repetition frequency of the pulse voltage on the jet flow have been investigated. First, using a high-speed Schlieren imaging technique, the induced shock waves and the fast jet flow generated by the plasma synthetic jet are characterized. With a deposited energy of 44 m J per pulse, the velocity of the shock wave and the maximum velocity of the jet flow reach 320 m s-1 and 100 m s-1,respectively. Second, when the applied voltage increases from 12.8 kV to 16 kV, the maximum jet velocity increases from 66 m s-1 to 93 m s-1. On the other hand, as the pulse rising time varies from 50 ns to 500 ns, or the pulse repetition frequency increases from 5 Hz to 40 Hz, the jet velocity induced by the plasma synthetic jet is weakly dependent. In addition, a comparative study of the plasma synthetic jets using three commercial pulsed power supplies(XJ-15, NPG-18, and PG-30) is implemented. It reveals that the maximum jet velocity of 120 m s-1 is obtained in the case of PG-30, with the longest pulse rising time and the lowest breakdown voltage, while the maximum velocity of 33 m s-1 is detected in the case of NPG-18, even though it has the shortest pulse rising time and the highest breakdown voltage.

Generation of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma by Repetitive Nanosecond Pulses in Air Using Water Electrodes

Dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） excitated by pulsed power is a promising method for producing nonthermal plasma at atmospheric pressure. Discharge characteristic in a DBD with salt water as electrodes by a home-made unipolar nanosecond-pulse power source is presented in this paper. The generator is capable of providing repetitive pulses with the voltage up to 30 kV and duration of 70 ns at a 300 Ω resistive load. Applied voltage and discharge current are measured under various experimental conditions. The DBD created between two liquid electrodes shows that the discharge is homogeneous and diffuse in the whole discharge regime, Spectra diagnosis is conducted by an optical emission spectroscopy. The air plasma has strong emission from nitrogen species below 400 nm, notably the nitrogen second positive system.

Degradation of phenol using a combination of granular activated carbon adsorption and bipolar pulse dielectric barrier discharge plasma regeneration

A combined method of granular activated carbon（GAC） adsorption and bipolar pulse dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） plasma regeneration was employed to degrade phenol in water.After being saturated with phenol,the GAC was filled into the DBD reactor driven by bipolar pulse power for regeneration under various operating parameters.The results showed that different peak voltages,air flow rates,and GAC content can affect phenol decomposition and its major degradation intermediates,such as catechol,hydroquinone,and benzoquinone.The higher voltage and air support were conducive to the removal of phenol,and the proper water moisture of the GAC was 20%.The amount of H2 O2 on the GAC was quantitatively determined,and its laws of production were similar to phenol elimination.Under the optimized conditions,the elimination of phenol on the GAC was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and the total removal of organic carbons achieved 50.4%.Also,a possible degradation mechanism was proposed based on the HPLC analysis.Meanwhile,the regeneration efficiency of the GAC was improved with the discharge treatment time,which attained 88.5% after 100 min of DBD processing.

Comparative study of degradation of toluene and methyl isobutyl ketone(MIBK)in aqueous solution by pulsed corona discharge plasma

Effectiveness of pulsed power plasma for the degradation of two toxic volatile organic compounds(VOCs),toluene and methyl isobutyl ketone(MIBK),in aqueous solution was evaluated.The plasma degradation of MIBK has been studied for the first time.The influence of initial concentration of target compound,solution pH and scavengers on percentage degradation was evaluated.100%removal of 200 mg/L of toluene and MIBK was achieved both in liquid and gaseous phases after 12 and 16 min of plasma treatment,respectively.The first order rate constant of toluene and MIBK degradation(for 200 mg/L each)was 0.421 and 0.319 min~(-1)respectively when they were treated individually,and these values decreased slightly during degradation of their mixture.MIBK degradation was slower than toluene and it might be due to semi volatile and hydrophilic nature of MIBK.The effect of initial concentration of toluene and MIBK showed different degradation patterns.Highest degradation of both the compounds was obtained in neutral pH and in absence of scavengers.·OH radical was the major reactive species involved in their degradation.Their degradation in real environmental matrices showed that removal reduced significantly in secondary effluent due to scavenging of reactive species by various ions and organic matter.The total number of degradation intermediates identified in case of toluene and MIBK was 11 and 14 respectively and formate was the one recalcitrant byproduct generated.The degradation pathway of toluene and MIBK involving reactions of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and reductive species is proposed.

Design and Implementation of Smart Power Voltage and Frequency Synchroniser in Power Distribution System

Voltage and frequency are usually considered and assessed independently in the design and operation of electrical networks. However, these two are linked. Each and every malfunctioning electrical system has an impact on both voltage and frequency. This paper presents the opportunity for monitoring the distributed electrical energy by means of a system that monitors, controls, and provides a breakpoint based on high or low voltage and frequency tripping mechanism that avoids any damage to the load. The designed system comprised a switch mode power supply (SMPS), a direct digital synthesizer (DDS), and PIC16F876A microcontroller techniques for stable voltage and frequency outputs. Proteus design suite version 8.11 software and Benchcope SDS1102CN were used for modeling and simulation. The hardware prototype was implemented at a telecom cell site for data capturing and analysis. Test results showed that the implementation of the prototype provided stable and constant outputs of 222 V/50 Hz and 112 V/60 Hz which constituted 99% and 99.8% efficiency for voltage and frequency performance respectively. The paper also discusses different technologies that can be adopted by the system to mitigate voltage and frequency effects on customer appliances.

压控型脉冲功率半导体器件技术及应用

近年来,采用新一代半导体开关替代传统气体或真空开关是脉冲功率系统的一种重要发展趋势。为了给脉冲功率半导体器件领域的技术发展提供参考,简要介绍了压控型脉冲功率半导体器件技术的发展历程,总结了MOS栅控晶闸管(MCT)在器件设计、工艺和可靠性等方面的研究进展,同时通过比较MCT与一般商业IGBT器件,阐述了MCT相比于其他功率脉冲半导体器件的优劣情况,并结合典型应用场景展示了MCT器件的优势,对压控型脉冲功率半导体器件的发展趋势进行了简要分析。

低抖动大气压空气电晕均压多间隙气体火花开关

为了发展结构简单、便于维护的大功率气体火花开关,研制了大气压空气电晕均压多间隙气体火花开关,该开关采用电晕放电均压方式,由9个相同的间隙构成。利用有限元分析方法对9间隙电晕均压气体火花开关的电场进行了分析,发现适合长度的电晕针对开关主间隙的电场影响很小,且加载触发脉冲时可在中间间隙形成了强烈的畸变电场。在理论分析的基础上,开展了开关击穿特性研究,实验结果表明电晕均压有利于提升开关的稳定性,开关自击穿电压分散性降低,自击穿电压略微增大;同时多间隙开关实现了良好的触发导通,在工作电压60~85 kV(工作欠压比56.8%~80%)范围内,开关的击穿延时抖动均小于20 ns,当工作电压达到80 kV以上时,抖动可小于10 ns。文中设计的大气压空气电晕均压多间隙气体火花开关可用于直线脉冲变压器等脉冲功率系统,使用的基于电场模拟对电极结构进行优化的方法对设计其他类型的开关具有借鉴意义。

高速SiC-MOSFET叠层封装结构设计及性能评估

作为脉冲系统的核心部件,开关承担着脉冲成形、功率调制等重要作用,开关通断速度往往决定脉冲上升时间,高速开关是纳秒短脉冲形成的关键。提出一种高速SiC-MOSFET叠层封装结构,整体布局无引线、无外接,具有极低寄生电感。开展了电磁场仿真研究,揭示了脉冲形成过程中封装多介质界面电磁场分布规律,明确了封装结构电磁薄弱环节,为进一步绝缘优化提供指导。搭建双脉冲测试平台,对研制的SiC-MOSFET叠层封装开关与同芯片商用TO-263-7封装开关的动态性能进行测试。结果表明,大电流工况下,所提封装电流开通速度提升48%,关断速度提升50%,开通损耗降低54.6%,关断损耗降低62.8%,实验结果验证了所提叠层封装结构对开关动态性能的改善。

Experimental characteristics of a two-electrode plasma synthetic jet actuator array in serial

Plasma Synthetic Jet(PSJ) actuators have shown wide and promising application prospects in high-speed flow control, due to their advantages including high exhaust speed, wide frequency band, rapid response, and non-moving components. Although previous studies on PSJ actuators are abundant, most of them have focused on the performance of a single actuator. However, in practice, an actuator array is very necessary for large-scale aerodynamic actuation on account of the small affected area of a single PSJ. In this paper, the characteristics of a twoelectrode plasma synthetic jet actuator array in serial are investigated experimentally. Compared to a parallel actuator array, the serial actuator array requires simpler power supply design and is much easier to realize. High-speed photography of the discharge evolution, voltage-current measurement, and shadowgraphy visualization are used in the investigation. Experimental results show that, for the serial actuator array, weak discharges happen firstly between energized and suspending electrodes, and then a strong pulse arc discharge is triggered. The breakdown voltage in serial is irrelevant to such factors as the number of actuators, the maximum or minimum gap in serial,the connection sequence, etc. It is mainly determined by the sum of gaps. For serial actuators with the same anode-to-cathode spacing, the energy deposition is the same, and the jet is synchronous and similar. Because of the entrainment and merging of adjacent jet vortices, the jet front speed of an aligned synchronous jet array increases as the orifice distance decreases. To achieve the highest jet front velocity, the orifice of the actuator has an optimal diameter.

基于高频振荡的变流器杂散电感多参数提取方法

针对变流器不同位置杂散电感准确获取困难的问题,提出一种基于LC高频振荡原理的杂散电感多参数提取方法,充分利用变流器自身结构,通过3个现场实验主动构建不同的谐振电路,并根据它们的振荡频率计算变流器不同位置的杂散电感。首先阐述了高频振荡法的基本原理,建立了不同谐振实验的等值电路模型。然后,以1700 V/450 A IGBT变流器系统为例,通过仿真与实验进行了可行性与有效性验证。最后,通过实验与传统双脉冲法进行了对比分析。研究表明:所提出的方法可有效提取变流器内不同位置的杂散电感参数,与双脉冲法提取开关杂散电感结果基本一致,精度可达纳亨级。

基于Marx电路的固态高压脉冲电源设计

针对高压脉冲放电和低温等离子体应用的要求,设计了一种基于Marx电路的高重复频率的固态高压脉冲发生装置。该脉冲电源利用Marx电路电容并联充电、串联放电的原理,选取绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)作为放电开关,控制电路的模态切换。Marx主电路由84级单元组成,每级单元包含IGBT开关管、快恢复二极管和储能电容。实验结果表明,在输入电压为480 V直流电压,并且在300 Hz的频率下,该电源可以产生幅值为20 kV、脉宽为500 ns的高压脉冲,满足设计要求。

一种适用于介质阻挡放电负载的简易型单极性正向脉冲式供电电源

针对常用的负载谐振型波形连续式的供电电源无法充分发挥介质阻挡放电负载的性能,以及现有脉冲式供电电源拓扑结构比较复杂的不足,提出了一种由1个功率开关管、2个二极管和1个耦合电感构成的单极性正向脉冲式供电电源。通过对该供电电源工作模态的分析得出,该供电电源不仅能为介质阻挡负载提供快速上升的脉冲电压,而且功率器件工作于软开关状态。仿真和实验结果验证了该供电电源的可行性,所提出的单极性正向脉冲式供电电源对现有的介质阻挡放电负载的供电电源的升级改造有一定的借鉴意义。

水中脉冲放电振荡特性分析及抑制方法研究

水中脉冲功率放电过程中产生的电路振荡,会延长放电时间,降低储能电容寿命。为了对电路振荡进行抑制,首先根据脉冲功率放电装置工作环境,利用COMSOL仿真软件,建立了二维轴对称高压放电模型,模拟了11 kV下电极间隙为4 mm下的高压击穿过程,并分析了等离子通道电导率变化趋势。然后建立等离子通道二维阻抗模型,对电极上的实际放电波形进行了非线性回归分析,得到其电阻和电感分别为0.439Ω和19.8729μH。最后根据负载特性提出了用脉冲功率晶闸管来抑制电路振荡的策略,并进行了脉冲功率放电实验。实验表明,通过理论阻抗计算得到的电极电压与实际放电电压相符合,且使用晶闸管脉冲功率开关可有效地抑制电路振荡,使振荡时间由220μs降低到36μs,降低了83.6%。

小型脉冲功率发生器的电路方法与实践

基于实用的观点综述性地归纳了小型脉冲功率发生器的主要电路方法,从电路的储能原理和电压叠加到开关单元设计及控制信号的产生技术。以作者的实际工作内容为主,用具体的电路实例介绍了几种脉冲功率电路的基本结构和主要结果。这些电路包括:电容储能Marx发生器,电感储能Marx发生器,混合储能Marx发生器,电容储能直线型变压器驱动器(LTD)和电感储能LTD。

可控冲击波震源技术在陕北沙漠区地震勘探的应用

针对现有地震勘探震源存在问题和局限性,创新性地将金属丝电爆炸可控冲击波技术应用于地震勘探中,分析了金属丝电爆炸可控冲击波技术和产生原理。在掌握金属丝电爆炸可控冲击波技术作为地震勘探震源技术的特点和陕北沙漠地区进行现场激发试验的情况下,从理论分析和现场试验验证了金属丝电爆炸可控冲击波技术作为震源技术的可行性。通过对获取的数据进行定量分析,认为可控冲击波技术可作为一种新型震源技术,且在陕北沙漠区煤田地震勘探领域具备较好的应用发展前景。同时,通过总结试验中存在的问题,为下一步的改进提供方向。