Shanghai Hua Tong Switchgear Works -A Major Switchgear Manufacturer for Power Transmission, Substation and Distribution in China

Founded in 1919, Shanghai Hua Tong Switchgear Works ("HTSW" in short for below) is one of large enterprises on state level. With high and new technology, it is designed as an export base for mechanical and electrical product of the Ministry of Machinery Industry as well. It has been awarded the honor of first grade factory in the competition for key and major project construction in Shanghai year by year,

Statistical characteristics of transient enclosure voltage in ultra-high-voltage gas-insulated switchgear

Transient enclosure voltage（TEV）,which is a phenomenon induced by the inner dielectric breakdown of SF_6 during disconnector operations in a gas-insulated switchgear（GIS）,may cause issues relating to shock hazard and electromagnetic interference to secondary equipment.This is a critical factor regarding the electromagnetic compatibility of ultra-high-voltage（UHV）substations.In this paper,the statistical characteristics of TEV at UHV level are collected from field experiments,and are analyzed and compared to those from a repeated strike process.The TEV waveforms during disconnector operations are recorded by a self-developed measurement system first.Then,statistical characteristics,such as the pulse number,duration of pulses,frequency components,magnitude and single pulse duration,are extracted.The transmission line theory is introduced to analyze the TEV and is validated by the experimental results.Finally,the relationship between the TEV and the repeated strike process is analyzed.This proves that the pulse voltage of the TEV is proportional to the corresponding breakdown voltage.The results contribute to the definition of the standard testing waveform of the TEV,and can aid the protection of electronic devices in substations by minimizing the threat of this phenomenon.

THE STUDY ON MEASURING TECHNIQUE OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE IN GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR USING ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY METHOD WITH EXTERNAL SENSORS

Objective In order to find early latent faults and prevent catastrophic failures, diagnosis of insulation condition by measuring technique of partial discharge(PD) in gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is applied in this paper, which is one of the most basic ways for diagnosis of insulation condition. Methods Ultra high frequency(UHF) PD detection method by using internal sensors has been proved efficient, because it may avoid the disturbance of corona, but the sensor installation of this method will be limited by the structure and operation condition of GIS. There are some of electromagnetic (E-M) waves leak from the place of insulation spacer, therefore, the external sensors UHF measuring PD technique is applied, which isn't limited by the operation condition of GIS. Results This paper analyzes propagated electromagnetic (E-M) waves of partial discharge pulse excited by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The signal collected at the outer point is more complex than that of the inner point, and the signals' amplitude of outer is about half of the inner, because it propagates through spacer and insulation slot. Set up UHF PD measuring system. The typical PD in 252kV GIS bus bar was measured using PD detection UHF technique with external sensors. Finally, compare the results of UHF measuring technique using external sensors with the results of FDTD method simulation and the traditional IEC60270 method detection. Conclusion The results of experiment shows that the UHF technique can realize the diagnosis of insulation condition, the results of FDTD method simulation and the result UHF method detection can demonstrate each other, which gives references to further researches and application for UHF PD measuring technique.

A Novel Modularizing Design Method of 10 kV High Voltage Switchgear for Live Maintenance

Due to imperfect manufacturing technology, design defects and environmental impact, the failure rate of 10 kV switchgear is very high. For this reason, based on taken present situation of traditional switchgear and the current technical requirements for switchgear into account, a new reliable and safe modular high voltage switchgear design method is presented in this paper, which can reduce the failure rate of switchgear and improve the reliability of power supply. The electric field and temperature rise simulation model are established to check the reasonability and validity. By using the finite element software, the simulation results show that the design in this paper has a maximum temperature rise of 55 K for the main cabinet and a maximum temperature rise of 45 K for the deputy cabinet, which is far below the international standard of 70 K. The areas where the partial discharge is likely to occur within the switchgear are places such as the connection between bus-bar and cabinet, bus-bar joint and bus-bar corner. In order to avoid potential dangers, the discharge point must be located in time to prevent insulation fault of electrical equipment of the high voltage switchgear. The simulation results demonstrate that the design method in this paper greatly improve the reliability of switchgear and meets the demands of power system.

Denoising Method for Partial Discharge Signal of Switchgear Based on Continuous Adaptive Wavelet Threshold

Partial discharge(PD)is an important reason for the insulation failure of the switchgear.In the process of PD detection,PD signal is often annihilated in strong noise.In order to improve the accuracy of PD detection in power plant switchgear,a method based on continuous adaptive wavelet threshold switchgear PD signals denoising is proposed in this paper.By constructing a continuous adaptive threshold function and introducing adjustment parameters,the problems of over⁃processing of traditional hard threshold functions and incomplete denoising of soft threshold functions can be improved.The analysis results of simulated signals and measured signals show that the continuous adaptive wavelet threshold denoising method is significantly better than the traditional denoising method for the PD signal.The proposed method in this paper retains the characteristics of the original signal.Compared with the traditional denoising methods,after denoising the simulated signals,the signal⁃to⁃noise ratio(SNR)is increased by more than 30%,and the root⁃mean⁃square error(RMSE)is reduced by more than 30%.After denoising the real signal,the noise suppression ratio(NRR)is increased by more than 40%.The recognition accuracy rate of PD signal has also been improved to a certain extent,which proves that the method has a certain practicability.

Automatic wiring method for switchgear design

An automatic 3D wiring method for switchgear design is proposed in this paper. First, wiring constraints are created, and a corresponding evaluation model is proposed. Then, based on the structure of the cabinet, we propose a contour expansion scheme to construct rough paths. Different wiring features of the switchgear are used to connect rough local paths. All the paths are represented in a uniform data structure and forma path network. Finally, an improved A* algorithm is used to search the wiring path between the components in the routing network; the evaluation model is considered as heuristic rules for path searching. The result can satisfy the practical requirements of switchgear design. Experimental results are also provided.

Design of Distributed Temperature Measurement System for Switchgear

This paper develops a novel distributed temperature measurement system based on DSP and DS18B20 digital thermometer. The real-time temperature of each node in the switchgear is obtained by several DS18B20s which are connected on the 1-wire bus together. RS-485 master-slave communication protocol is used to centralize monitoring temperatures of several switchgear cabinets. The system also has the function of temperature alarm. The operation of simulation experiment has showed that the system is able to complete monitoring real-time temperatures in high voltage switchgear.

A Wireless Solution for Train Switchgear Contact Temperature Monitoring and Alarming System Based on Wireless Communication Technology

We present a temperature monitoring and warning system, which is based on wireless communi- cation technology and applied in train switchgear in this paper. The system is consists of three parts, including wireless temperature detection module, inter-vehicle transmission networks module and?remote monitoring server. The switchgear contact temperature data are collected via the wireless temperature detection module and exchanged in inter-vehicle wireless networking by Zigbee modules. Then the temperature of train switchgear cabinets can be monitored remotely through the GPRS wireless communication.

Solutions to Consider in Current Transformer Selection for APR1400 Nuclear Power Plant Medium Voltage Switchgears

This paper discusses a preferable solution to mitigate the CT （current transformer） saturation problem, and at same time, reduce the accuracy errors when considering the selection of CTs for installation on the medium voltage switchgear of a nuclear power plant. This consideration is important for both measurement and protection functions of the digital protective relays. This is a study to ascertain the best options for a suitable solution to prevent CT saturation in relations to its protective capabilities during short circuit fault without compromising the CT accuracy class during normal operation of the system, while ensuring its conformity to the design requirement is within limit. The advantages of current transformers have proven not only to be reliable and safe, but also are of easy handling, reduction of the cost and components on the MV （medium voltage） switchgear. The purpose of this research is to identify best approach to resolve the existing problems in the current protection system. With the view of LPCT （low power current transformer） which has been newly constructed by few manufacturers to provide good protection and a wide range of measuring function without errors, some other solutions will be considered in this research.

Mayr电弧模型下GIS中快速暂态过电压的仿真分析

SF6气体绝缘封闭组合开关(GIS)中隔离开关进行分合母线时,产生快速暂态过电压(VFTO),幅值高且上升速率极快,威胁GIS及相邻设备的绝缘。选取某800 kV GIS隔离开关分合母线的试验电路为研究对象,采用电磁暂态程序(EMTP/ATP)进行建模仿真,隔离开关燃弧时采用Mayr电弧模型,分析其对VFTO的影响,得出考虑Mayr电弧模型时操作隔离开关、断路器侧隔离开关及变压器侧隔离开关的电压波形,并与考虑时变电阻模型的VFTO进行对比。对VFTO波形进行离散傅里叶分析,得到过电压频率、幅值的变化特征,研究结果为GIS绝缘设计提供参考。

基于多层融合振动数据分析的GIS设备机械缺陷诊断方法研究

气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备(gas insulated metal enclosed switchgear,GIS)机械缺陷是导致设备故障的重要因素,针对单测点、单证据机械缺陷诊断模型信息缺失和精度不足问题,该文提出一种多层融合振动数据分析的GIS设备机械缺陷诊断方法。首先,基于真型GIS设备振动模拟平台试验研究测点位置与缺陷类型对振动行为的影响特性;然后,联合统计分析、模态分解、尺度变换方法提出机械振动信号整体与局部信息关注的复合参数分析方法,引入主成分分析开展多测点振动信息的特征层融合降维;最后,提出改进放缩权重的Dempster-Shafer(DS)证据理论和Bagging投票机制的强/弱基学习器决策层融合机制,联合构建多层融合振动数据分析的GIS设备机械缺陷诊断模型。结果表明:不同类型机械缺陷信号的响应幅值、特征频点和畸变程度存在显著差异,复合特征参量大小及分散程度各不相同;同时,测点位置对缺陷信号的复合振动特征参量的表现形式及分布区间也具有一定影响;基于多层融合数据分析的诊断模型实现缺陷有效识别,辨识准确率为98.66%,相比单一分类器诊断效果提升5.83%。该文可为GIS设备机械缺陷诊断方法提供有价值的参考。

GIS多频振动信号产生机理及实验研究

当前国内外对气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备(gas insulated metal enclosed switchgear,GIS)的异常振动,尤其是引发振动的激励源、多频振动产生机理等问题缺少实质性研究进展。首先,建立受力模型,研究引发GIS振动的激励源,得到引发分箱型GIS振动的力源值,并指出正常运行状态,三相母线间电动力是主频振动的主要激励源。触头接触不良将导致触头斥力合力增大,地脚螺栓松动将导致系统固有频率的变化,影响非线性振动响应频谱特征;然后,将GIS按照薄壁圆柱壳进行研究,计算GIS壳体多阶固有频率,建立有效的非线性振动方程,首次利用解析方法揭示非线性GIS系统多频振动信号的产生机理;最后,研制成功振动信号采集系统,在550 k VGIS产品上设置典型机械缺陷,经实验验证,系统激发出的振动响应幅值极值点及频率与理论分析结果一致。论文的研究成果可为GIS机械缺陷的检测及诊断提供一定的支持和参考。

基于专家知识与监测数据联合驱动的高压开关柜状态评估

高压开关柜(HVS)作为电力系统的关键设备,对其工作状况进行有效评估可以保障电力系统的安全稳定运行。在工程实践中,由于高压开关柜长期服役于潮湿、高温等恶劣环境下,不可避免的传感器失效或人为因素会导致其设备状态数据存在随机缺失的现象,从而破坏了数据的完整性和可用性,使得对数据质量要求较高的数据驱动方法难以直接用于解决高压开关柜状态评估的问题。为了解决上述问题,研究了一种基于专家知识和监测数据联合驱动的高压开关柜状态评估方法。首先,对高压开关柜系统的内部构成进行了深入分析,并根据区域中设备的功能不同将其分为电缆室、母线室和断路器室三大区域。其次,进一步分析了系统状态、各区域状态及其关键部件状态两两之间的因果关系,从而建立了适用于高压开关柜状态评估的三层贝叶斯网络(BN)拓扑结构。然后,引入专家领域知识设计了适用于高压开关柜系统的3种约束罚函数,并通过求解带有约束的优化问题,改善了不完整数据集下的贝叶斯网络参数估计性能,进而实现了对高压开关柜系统状态的精确评估。最后,在自主设计的10 kV高压开关柜样机上开展了对比验证实验,结果表明,相比于支持向量机(SVM)方法和反向传播(BP)神经网络方法,本文所提方法在状态评估精度上更具优势。

港口高压开关柜局部放电信号自适应小波去噪方法

为了有效抑制港口高压开关柜局部放电实测信号中存在的白噪声,文中提出一种基于小波的自适应阈值去噪算法。首先对小波阈值去噪算法中的阈值选取及阈值函数进行优化,通过添加变量增加算法的适用性和灵活性,并使用改进后的粒子群算法(SPSO)对添加的变量进行最优值求解从而实现小波分解层数、小波阈值和阈值函数的自适应选取;其次对仿真信号与实测信号进行去噪。结果表明:与传统软、硬阈值函数去噪相比,使用文中所提算法去噪后的信号信噪比分别提高了5.31 dB和2.38 dB。由去噪后信号的时域图可以看出,与其他几种算法相比本文提出的算法不仅去噪效果良好,还能极大地保留信号中的有效成分。

基于神经监督决策树算法的多感知GIS局部放电识别

为充分表现并利用GIS缺陷的物理联系引导故障诊断,提高GIS局部放电故障诊断方法的可靠性与可解释性,该文提出神经监督决策树算法(neural supervision decision tree,NSDT)实现GIS局部放电高准确率下的可解释故障诊断。将卷积神经网络最终线性层替换为层次结构,构建诱导层。使用树监督损失函数优化节点代表向量,并通过调整softmax函数抑制层次损失。构建监督层,通过原始神经网络输出向量对诱导层输出进行监督修正,在保留可解释性的基础上,提高识别准确率。通过110 kV声光电多感知GIS平台收集导杆尖端、外壳尖端、高压端沿面3种典型单源缺陷局放数据,并组成3种双源缺陷,测试NSDT方法性能表现。试验结果表明,NSDT多级神经决策结构能够准确地识别GIS局部放电类型,相较于卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)等传统深度神经网络识别方法,识别可靠性更高,决策信息更加丰富,可解释性更强。

Ag表面对SF_(6)初级分解产物氧化反应的影响作用研究

运行经验显示SF_(6)在气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)中的热稳定性低于预期,GIS内部的金属表面可能对SF_(6)初级分解与次级反应具有显著的影响作用,但作用机理尚不明晰。该文基于密度泛函理论获得了O_(2)在Ag表面的解离-吸附构型,并建立了低氟硫化物与Ag表面O原子的反应模型,初步揭示了GIS过热故障状态下SF_(6)初级分解产物在Ag表面的氧化反应机理;基于过渡态理论和反应动力学理论,计算获取了界面反应的能垒和反应速率常数,并与气相反应对比,分别确定了三种低氟硫化物的氧化反应路径及其主要场所,并分析了Ag表面对反应的促进/抑制作用机制。结果显示,Ag表面可显著促进SOF_(4)与SOF_(3)的产生,但不利于SF2的表面氧化反应。

GIS绝缘子金属污秽缺陷不同程度间歇性放电诊断分析研究

针对现场气体绝缘组合电器(GIS)绝缘缺陷局部放电漏报、误报情况频发的问题,利用真型GIS搭建局放多源检测试验平台,开展绝缘子表面金属污秽缺陷间歇性放电试验,采用不同局放检测法研究不同程度间歇性放电特性变化规律。研究结果表明:金属污秽缺陷放电量随着放电时间的延长呈现先升后降的变化趋势;放电时间间隔整体呈现增加的变化趋势;超声检测法和化学检测法无法实现金属污秽间歇性放电的有效感知;由4组50个工频周期特高频(UHF)相位分辨局部放电(PRPD)图谱数据所构成的200个工频周期UHF PRPD图谱中能初步得出间歇性放电分布规律;处于间歇性放电状态的金属污秽缺陷不会逐渐发展演变成击穿放电故障。研究成果对拓展间歇性放电特征的认知及现场对GIS放电缺陷的检测具有重要意义。

金属罐体对真空灭弧室内部电场分布的影响

利用真空开断技术以及环保气体绝缘技术开发罐式真空断路器是高压真空断路器的一个重要发展方向。为此,建立了126 kV单断口真空灭弧室以及罐式断路器的电场仿真模型,分别从触头表面电场分布、触头间隙有效击穿面积以及内部电场分布对称性三个方面,探究了布置在金属罐中的真空灭弧室内部电场的变化。结果表明,金属罐体引起真空灭弧室内部动、静两侧的电场分布不对称,出现高电位侧电场强度增大,而低电位侧电场强度减小的情况。针对这一情况,建立等效电路模型,从电路层面分析。结果表明,对地杂散电容增大引起了主屏蔽罩的电位降低。进一步地,通过将主屏蔽罩电位设置为一系列的固定值,研究了主屏蔽罩电位对于真空灭弧室内部电场分布的影响。当控制主屏蔽罩电位相同时,布置在金属罐中的真空灭弧室与单个真空灭弧室相比,两者内部电场分布基本一致,这为罐式断路器中的真空灭弧室内部电场的优化提供了参考。

基于机-热-电多参量信号特征的GIS隔离开关状态评估方法

气体绝缘开关(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)设备中的隔离开关故障往往是机械、热、电气多物理量综合作用的结果,从微小缺陷发展至严重故障的过程中,会产生异常振动、温度、局部放电多种参量信号,同时测量并分析GIS隔离开关的多参量信息对于准确获取其运行状态具有重要意义。文中通过在实体220 kV GIS实验平台上模拟隔离开关最为常见的接触不良缺陷,研究不同接触状态时振动信号、温度变化和局部放电信号的演化规律,获得其与设备状态之间的对应关系,结合健康指数理论和改进层次分析法,提出基于多参量特征的GIS隔离开关综合评估方法。使用该方法开展现场测试,其检查结果与多参量综合评估方法的的分析结果相吻合。文中的研究为GIS隔离开关状态的带电检测提供了一种可行性较高的多参量融合分析新方法。