Tunable Three-Wavelength Fiber Laser and Transient Switching between Three-Wavelength Soliton and Q-Switched Mode-Locked States

We report a passive mode-locked fiber laser that can realize single-wavelength tuning and multi-wavelength spacing tuning simultaneously.The tuning range is from 1528 nm–1560 nm,and up to three bands of soliton states can be output at the same time.These results are confirmed by a nonlinear Schrodinger equation model based on the split-step Fourier method.In addition,we reveal a way to transform the multi-wavelength soliton state into the Q-switched mode-locked state,which is period doubling.These results will promote the development of optical communication,optical sensing and multi-signal pulse emission.

基于差分服务的MPLS流量工程优化研究

MPLS流量工程和DiffServ模型是提供网络资源保障的重要技术。针对传统MPLS网络存在的局限性,将DiffServ模型和MPLS流量工程结合,提出了基于差分服务的MPLS流量工程模型,并采用OPNET软件进行模拟仿真。仿真结果表明,部署该模型后,关键业务的传输性能明显改善,对未来MPLS网络的建设和优化有一定的参考价值。

Chalcogenide Ovonic Threshold Switching Selector

Today’s explosion of data urgently requires memory technologies capable of storing large volumes of data in shorter time frames,a feat unattain-able with Flash or DRAM.Intel Optane,commonly referred to as three-dimensional phase change memory,stands out as one of the most promising candidates.The Optane with cross-point architecture is constructed through layering a storage element and a selector known as the ovonic threshold switch(OTS).The OTS device,which employs chalcogenide film,has thereby gathered increased attention in recent years.In this paper,we begin by providing a brief introduction to the discovery process of the OTS phenomenon.Subsequently,we summarize the key elec-trical parameters of OTS devices and delve into recent explorations of OTS materials,which are categorized as Se-based,Te-based,and S-based material systems.Furthermore,we discuss various models for the OTS switching mechanism,including field-induced nucleation model,as well as several carrier injection models.Additionally,we review the progress and innovations in OTS mechanism research.Finally,we highlight the successful application of OTS devices in three-dimensional high-density memory and offer insights into their promising performance and extensive prospects in emerging applications,such as self-selecting memory and neuromorphic computing.

Resistive switching behavior and mechanism of HfO_(x) films with large on/off ratio by structure design

Different bilayer structures of HfO_(x)/Ti(TiO_(x)) are designed for hafnium-based memory to investigate the switching characteristics. The chemical states in the films and near the interface are characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and the oxygen vacancies are analyzed. Highly improved on/off ratio(~104) and much uniform switching parameters are observed for bilayer structures compared to single layer HfO_(x) sample, which can be attributed to the modulation of oxygen vacancies at the interface and better control of the growth of filaments. Furthermore, the reliability of the prepared samples is investigated. The carrier conduction behaviors of HfO_(x)-based samples can be attributed to the trapping and de-trapping process of oxygen vacancies and a filamentary model is proposed. In addition, the rupture of filaments during the reset process for the bilayer structures occur at the weak points near the interface by the recovery of oxygen vacancies accompanied by the variation of barrier height. The re-formation of fixed filaments due to the residual filaments as lightning rods results in the better switching performance of the bilayer structure.

Wedge-shaped HfO_(2) buffer layer-induced field-free spin-orbit torque switching of HfO_(2)/Pt/Co structure

Field-free spin-orbit torque(SOT)switching of perpendicular magnetization is essential for future spintronic devices.This study demonstrates the field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization in an HfO_(2)/Pt/Co/TaO_(x) structure,which is facilitated by a wedge-shaped HfO_(2)buffer layer.The field-free switching ratio varies with HfO_(2)thickness,reaching optimal performance at 25 nm.This phenomenon is attributed to the lateral anisotropy gradient of the Co layer,which is induced by the wedge-shaped HfO_(2)buffer layer.The thickness gradient of HfO_(2)along the wedge creates a corresponding lateral anisotropy gradient in the Co layer,correlating with the switching ratio.These findings indicate that field-free SOT switching can be achieved through designing buffer layer,offering a novel approach to innovating spin-orbit device.

Machine-Learning Based Packet Switching Method for Providing Stable High-Quality Video Streaming in Multi-Stream Transmission

Broadcasting gateway equipment generally uses a method of simply switching to a spare input stream when a failure occurs in a main input stream.However,when the transmission environment is unstable,problems such as reduction in the lifespan of equipment due to frequent switching and interruption,delay,and stoppage of services may occur.Therefore,applying a machine learning(ML)method,which is possible to automatically judge and classify network-related service anomaly,and switch multi-input signals without dropping or changing signals by predicting or quickly determining the time of error occurrence for smooth stream switching when there are problems such as transmission errors,is required.In this paper,we propose an intelligent packet switching method based on the ML method of classification,which is one of the supervised learning methods,that presents the risk level of abnormal multi-stream occurring in broadcasting gateway equipment based on data.Furthermore,we subdivide the risk levels obtained from classification techniques into probabilities and then derive vectorized representative values for each attribute value of the collected input data and continuously update them.The obtained reference vector value is used for switching judgment through the cosine similarity value between input data obtained when a dangerous situation occurs.In the broadcasting gateway equipment to which the proposed method is applied,it is possible to perform more stable and smarter switching than before by solving problems of reliability and broadcasting accidents of the equipment and can maintain stable video streaming as well.

SR技术在二层虚拟专网中基于MPLS的实现与性能分析

文章聚焦于分段路由(Segment Routing,SR)技术在多协议标签交换(Multiprotocol Label Switching,MPLS)中的应用,尤其关注其在二层虚拟专网(Layer 2 Virtual Private Network,L2VPN)中的实现和性能。SR通过标签堆栈实现路径动态引导。控制平面协同工作进行路径计算、标签分配和拓扑管理,数据平面执行实际数据包传输。然后进行性能测试,将测试结果与传统方法进行对比对比,结果表明SR在二层虚拟专网中性能优于传统的传输方式。

MPLS-VPN在跨场区航天数据网中的应用

对分布在不同城市的跨场区航天数据网而言,依托航天骨干网构建各分站内部私有专用网络是迫切所需。将MPLS-VPN(多协议标签交换虚拟专用网),多层标签技术应用到航天数据网中,达到高速转发业务数据和增强其稳定性及安全性。介绍MPLS-VPN的原理及关键技术,结合跨场区航天数据网建设的现状提出一组MPLS-VPN航天数据网结构,分析使用MPLS-VPN实现组网的部署情况,并且实验仿真跨场区航天数据网的组网环境。用2种常用的用户业务数据为场景,通过测试网络的性能指标,验证了采用MPLS-VPN架构方案的优点。

Volatile threshold switching memristor:An emerging enabler in the AIoT era

With rapid advancement and deep integration of artificial intelligence and the internet-of-things,artificial intelligence of things has emerged as a promising technology changing people’s daily life.Massive growth of data generated from the devices challenges the AIoT systems from information collection,storage,processing and communication.In the review,we introduce volatile threshold switching memristors,which can be roughly classified into three types:metallic conductive filament-based TS devices,amorphous chalcogenide-based ovonic threshold switching devices,and metal-insulator transition based TS devices.They play important roles in high-density storage,energy efficient computing and hardware security for AIoT systems.Firstly,a brief introduction is exhibited to describe the categories(materials and characteristics)of volatile TS devices.And then,switching mechanisms of the three types of TS devices are discussed and systematically summarized.After that,attention is focused on the applications in 3D cross-point memory technology with high storage-density,efficient neuromorphic computing,hardware security(true random number generators and physical unclonable functions),and others(steep subthreshold slope transistor,logic devices,etc.).Finally,the major challenges and future outlook of volatile threshold switching memristors are presented.

Cooperative Target Tracking of Multiple Autonomous Surface Vehicles Under Switching Interaction Topologies

This paper is concerned with the cooperative target tracking of multiple autonomous surface vehicles(ASVs)under switching interaction topologies.For the target to be tracked,only its position can be measured/received by some of the ASVs,and its velocity is unavailable to all the ASVs.A distributed extended state observer taking into consideration switching topologies is designed to integrally estimate unknown target dynamics and neighboring ASVs'dynamics.Accordingly,a novel kinematic controller is designed,which takes full advantage of known information and avoids the approximation of some virtual control vectors.Moreover,a disturbance observer is presented to estimate unknown time-varying environmental disturbance.Furthermore,a distributed dynamic controller is designed to regulate the involved ASVs to cooperatively track the target.It enables each ASV to adjust its forces and moments according to the received information from its neighbors.The effectiveness of the derived results is demonstrated through cooperative target tracking performance analysis for a tracking system composed of five interacting ASVs.

IP网络发展:从MPLS到SR

随着IP网络的不断发展,越来越多的人开始关注并选择在这个互联网时代通过各种渠道获取自己想要得到的信息资源。从2015年起,IP网络逐渐成为人们使用的主要媒介。以段路由(Segment Routing,SR)作为研究对象,分析了其发展现状及趋势。SR是一种基于节点转发的新型网络结构,它将传统的骨干网和接入层进行分离,使得每一个节点都可以独立完成数据传输任务。同时,为了提高传输效率、降低成本、减少对用户终端设备的依赖性,骨干网采用了扁平化设计,即将所有的设备都集中放置于同一个空间内,这样就能够有效避免设备之间相互影响,也便于管理维护。

Performance Evaluation of an Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) Based Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Virtual Private Network

This paper evaluates the performance of Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) based Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) virtual private network (VPN) in a small to medium sized organization. The demand for security in data networks has been increasing owing to the high cyber attacks and potential risks associated with networks spread over distant geographical locations. The MPLS networks ride on the public network backbone that is porous and highly susceptible to attacks and so the need for reliable security mechanisms to be part of the deployment plan. The evaluation criteria concentrated on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Video conferencing with keen interest in jitter, end to end delivery and general data flow. This study used both structured questionnaire and observation methods. The structured questionnaire was administered to a group of 70 VPN users in a company. This provided the study with precise responses. The observation method was used in data simulations using OPNET Version 14.5 Simulation software. The results show that the IPSec features increase the size of data packets by approximately 9.98% translating into approximately 90.02% effectiveness. The tests showed that the performance metrics are all well within the recommended standards. The IPSec Based MPLS Virtual private network is more stable and secure than one without IPSec.

基于MPLS VPN技术的地区企业城域网设计与研究

地区企业与客户或其他企业间紧密的合作关系促使企业对数据通信的经济性、安全性、传输速率提出了更高的要求,MPLSVPN技术能够满足地区企业的城域网建设需求,具有良好的扩展性、灵活性以及较低的成本,能够有效解决企业发展期间面临的网络管理和应用难题。对MPLSVPN中的三层VPN与二层VPN原理进行了论述,分别从两种MPLS VPN角度论述了地区企业城域网的设计思路,为相关单位人员提供参考。

A Novel Multi-Granularity Flexible-Grid Switching Optical-Node Architecture

A novel multi-granularity flexible-grid switching optical-node architecture is proposed in this paper.In our system,the photonic lanterns are used as mode division multiplexing/demultiplexing(MD-Mux/MD-Demux)for selecting mode.The wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer(WDMux/WD-Demux)and the fiber bragg gratings(FBGs)are used to select wavelength channels with the various grid.The experimental results show that the transmission bandwidth covers the C+L band,the average transmission loss is-13.4 dB,and the average crosstalk is-30.5 dB.The optical-node architecture is suit for mode division multiplexing(MDM)optical communication system.

基于路由反射器场景下跨域MPLS VPN OptionC2企业网方案的设计与构建

为满足企业分支站点在跨域、跨运营商环境下交互内网业务,提出一种基于MPLS VPN OptionC2技术的企业网方案,通过在运营商骨干网中部署路由反射器实现BGP VPNV4路由跨域传递,方案进一步对VPNV4路由路径属性进行优化,实现了业务流量转发最优,极大地提高了数据转发效率。利用e NSP平台对方案进行网络构建及仿真验证,重点分析了企业内部私网路由传递过程以及VPNV4路由路径属性优化前后流量在转发路径上的显著变化,结果表明本方案能够保障企业私网路由跨域传递,实现内网业务跨域互联互通,本方案在网络部署方面拓展性较强,能够为同类型中大型跨域企业网的建设提供有效借鉴。

Lattice thermal conductivity switching via structural phase transition in ferromagnetic VI_(3)

The realization of reversible thermal conductivity through ferromagnetic ordering can improve the heat management and energy efficiency in magnetic materials-based devices.VI_(3),as a new layered ferromagnetic semiconductor,exhibits a structural phase transition from monoclinic(C2/m)to rhombohedral(R3^(-))phase as temperature decreases,making it a suitable platform to investigate thermal switching in magnetic phase transition materials.This work reveals that the thermal switching ratio of VI_(3)can reach 3.9 along the a-axis.Mechanical properties analysis indicates that the C2/m structure is stiffer than the R^(-)one,causing the larger phonon velocity in C2/m phase.Moreover,due to the fewer phonon branches in C2/m phase,the number of phonon–phonon scattering channels in C2/m phase is smaller compared to that of R^(-)phase.Both the larger phonon velocity and the longer phonon lifetime lead to larger lattice thermal conductivity in C2/m phase.This study uncovers the mechanical and thermal properties of VI_(3),which provides useful guides for designing magnetic materials-based devices such as thermal switch.

Polymeric assembled nanoparticles through kinetic stabilization by confined impingement jets dilution mixer for fluorescence switching imaging

Traditional fluorescence switching molecules achieving the state change between on and off states commonly based on UV irradiation. However, it is worth noting that UV irradiation is harmful to both the cancer cells and the normal cells. To achieve fluorescence switching under visible wavelength and avoid complicate molecular design, a fluorophore of 2,4,5,6-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-1,3-dicyanobenzene(4Cz IPN) and a quencher of diarylethene(DAE) were physically incorporated within the biocompatible block copolymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)(PLGA-b-PEG) to form 4Cz IPNDAE nanoparticles(NPs) through flash nanoprecipitation(FNP). By using the FNP method, the NPs were prepared within milliseconds in a confined impingement jets dilution(CIJ-D) mixer. Quenching and recovery of fluorescence could achieve in the presence of DAE under 475 nm and 560 nm irradiation.Appropriate structure and fluorescent properties of the nanoparticles can be tuned by external conditions for their efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET) in a kinetic stabilization process. This NPs formation process was further optimized by varying the dilution ratio, Reynolds number(Re) and polymer concentration to modulate the mixing and particle nucleation and growth process. The size and fluorescence switching properties of the NPs were systematically investigated in solution and in cellular uptake experiments. This work is anticipated to provide a simple and highly effective engineering strategy for the modulation of fluorescence switching nanoparticles and beneficial to its engineering application.

Ta thickness effect on field-free switching and spin-orbit torque efficiency in a ferromagnetically coupled Co/Ta/CoFeB trilayer

Current induced spin-orbit torque(SOT)switching of magnetization is a promising technology for nonvolatile spintronic memory and logic applications.In this work,we systematically investigated the effect of Ta thickness on the magnetic properties,field-free switching and SOT efficiency in a ferromagnetically coupled Co/Ta/Co Fe B trilayer with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy.We found that both the anisotropy field and coercivity increase with increasing Ta thickness from0.15 nm to 0.4 nm.With further increase of Ta thickness to 0.5 nm,two-step switching is observed,indicating that the two magnetic layers are magnetically decoupled.Measurements of pulse-current induced magnetization switching and harmonic Hall voltages show that the critical switching current density increases while the field-free switching ratio and SOT efficiency decrease with increasing Ta thickness.Both the enhanced spin memory loss and reduced interlayer exchange coupling might be responsible for theβ_(DL)decrease as the Ta spacer thickness increases.The studied structure with the incorporation of a Co Fe B layer is able to realize field-free switching in the strong ferromagnetic coupling region,which may contribute to the further development of magnetic tunnel junctions for better memory applications.

Resistive switching properties of SnO_(2)nanowires fabricated by chemical vapor deposition

Resistive switching(RS)devices have great application prospects in the emerging memory field and neuromorphic field,but their stability and unclear RS mechanism limit their relevant applications.In this work,we construct a hydrogenated Au/SnO_(2)nanowire(NW)/Au device with two back-to-back Schottky diodes and investigate the RS characteristics in air and vacuum.We find that the Ion/Io ff ratio increases from 20 to 10^(4)when the read voltage decreases from 3.1 V to^(-1)V under the condition of electric field.Moreover,the rectification ratio can reach as high as 10^4owing to oxygen ion migration modulated by the electric field.The nanodevice also shows non-volatile resistive memory characteristic.The RS mechanism is clarified based on the changes of the Schottky barrier width and height at the interface of Au/SnO_(2)NW/Au device.Our results provide a strategy for designing high-performance memristive devices based on SnO_(2)NWs.

MTU值在海洋信息通信网MPLS VPN网络中的实例分析

在海洋信息通信网整合过程中首次使用MPLSVPN网络时,遇到了部分业务不通的问题。本文通过实例分析数据包传递全路径上的最大传输单元(Maximum Transmission Unit,MTU)值设置,提出了在MPLSVPN网络中MTU值的调整方案。