The integration of entire supply and value chain into a closed loop network is gaining more importance in recent times in order to ensure a business to be economically and environmentally sustainable with the changing...The integration of entire supply and value chain into a closed loop network is gaining more importance in recent times in order to ensure a business to be economically and environmentally sustainable with the changing trends in business and social environments, growing environmental consciousness in the society and government legislations to protect the environment as well as the business. In this context, this paper considers a multi-echelon closed loop supply chain network design with forward and reverse logistics components. An attempt has been made to develop a mixed integer non-linear programming model for this problem with different costs so that the sum of the total cost is minimized subject to different constraints pertaining to capacities of the entities of the system, demands of first customers and second customers. A generalized model is presented and then its application is illustrated using an example problem by solving the model using LINGO14. This model forms as a tool to compare future meta-heuristics to check the closeness of their solutions with corresponding optimal solutions.展开更多
The thin emitter structure was introduced into reversely switched dynistor（RSD） to improve its turn-on characteristics. According to the analysis of turn-on condition, thin emitter structure is capable of reducing t...The thin emitter structure was introduced into reversely switched dynistor（RSD） to improve its turn-on characteristics. According to the analysis of turn-on condition, thin emitter structure is capable of reducing the extraction action for the triggering plasma layer P1 during turn-on process, and satisfying the requirement that triggering electric charge cannot be exhausted and therefore enables RSD to turn on uniformly. The on-state thin emitter RSD was equivalent to an asymmetric pin diode model. The simulation result shows that the forward voltage drop of RSD falls with the decrease of doping dose in p^＋-emitter in a certain range, and when the doping concentration is extremely tow, the decrease of the width of p^＋-emitter can obtain a tow forward voltage drop. Thin emitter RSD chips were made by sintering AI on n-Si. The test result shows that their turn-on process is uniform and the voltage drop is 7.5 V when the peak conversion current is 5 500 A.展开更多
文摘The integration of entire supply and value chain into a closed loop network is gaining more importance in recent times in order to ensure a business to be economically and environmentally sustainable with the changing trends in business and social environments, growing environmental consciousness in the society and government legislations to protect the environment as well as the business. In this context, this paper considers a multi-echelon closed loop supply chain network design with forward and reverse logistics components. An attempt has been made to develop a mixed integer non-linear programming model for this problem with different costs so that the sum of the total cost is minimized subject to different constraints pertaining to capacities of the entities of the system, demands of first customers and second customers. A generalized model is presented and then its application is illustrated using an example problem by solving the model using LINGO14. This model forms as a tool to compare future meta-heuristics to check the closeness of their solutions with corresponding optimal solutions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50277016 and 50577028)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(No.20050487044)
文摘The thin emitter structure was introduced into reversely switched dynistor（RSD） to improve its turn-on characteristics. According to the analysis of turn-on condition, thin emitter structure is capable of reducing the extraction action for the triggering plasma layer P1 during turn-on process, and satisfying the requirement that triggering electric charge cannot be exhausted and therefore enables RSD to turn on uniformly. The on-state thin emitter RSD was equivalent to an asymmetric pin diode model. The simulation result shows that the forward voltage drop of RSD falls with the decrease of doping dose in p^＋-emitter in a certain range, and when the doping concentration is extremely tow, the decrease of the width of p^＋-emitter can obtain a tow forward voltage drop. Thin emitter RSD chips were made by sintering AI on n-Si. The test result shows that their turn-on process is uniform and the voltage drop is 7.5 V when the peak conversion current is 5 500 A.
