The Philosophical Basis of Social Turning of Embodied Cognition From the Perspective of Symbolic Interactionism

Since the 1990s,embodied cognition has become the research trend of cognitive science.Due to excessive attention to embodiment and the physical environment,embodied cognition does not pay more attention to the social characteristics of cognition,especially the role of others and symbolic activities,making cognitive science research unable to get rid of solipsism.So,it is difficult for the embodied cognition to explain the uniformity and multiplicity of cognition,and the problem of“other”mind.To solve these problems,the paper expounds the relations between symbolic interactionism and embodied cognition and the necessity of social turning in embodied cognition.Through analyzing the thoughts of George H.Mead about cognition and the influence of his symbolic interactionism on embodied cognition,as well as discussing Mark Johnson’s view on social interactional aspects of embodied cognition,we emphasize that the social and symbolic interactions are indispensable factors of embodied cognition.The paper argues that higher-order cognition comes out of symbolic interactions;cognition generates from posture dialogue interaction and manifests itself through attitude;intersubjectivity is closely associated with symbolic interactionism.Therefore,studying the relations between symbolic interactionism and embodied cognition helps overcome the solipsism or individualism of embodied cognition,and accordingly contributes to the social turning of embodied cognition.

I’m Nervous about Sharing This Secret with You:Youtube Influencers Generate Strong Parasocial Interactions by Discussing Personal Issues

Purpose:Performers may generate loyalty partly through eliciting illusory personal connections with their audience,parasocial relationships(PSRs),and individual illusory exchanges,parasocial interactions(PSIs).On social media,semi-PSIs are real but imbalanced exchanges with audiences,including through comments on influencers’videos,and strong semi-PSIs are those that occur within PSRs.This article introduces and assesses an automatic method to detect videos with strong PSI potential.Design/methodology/approach:Strong semi-PSIs were hypothesized to occur when commenters used a variant of the pronoun“you”,typically addressing the influencer.Comments on the videos of UK female influencer channels were used to test whether the proportion of you pronoun comments could be an automated indicator of strong PSI potential,and to find factors associating with the strong PSI potential of influencer videos.The highest and lowest strong PSI potential videos for 117 influencers were classified with content analysis for strong PSI potential and evidence of factors that might elicit PSIs.Findings:The you pronoun proportion was effective at indicating video strong PSI potential,the first automated method to detect any type of PSI.Gazing at the camera,head and shoulders framing,discussing personal issues,and focusing on the influencer associated with higher strong PSI potential for influencer videos.New social media factors found include requesting feedback and discussing the channel itself.Research limitations:Only one country,genre and social media platform was analysed.Practical implications:The method can be used to automatically detect YouTube videos with strong PSI potential,helping influencers to monitor their performance.Originality/value:This is the first automatic method to detect any aspect of PSI or PSR.

Social interactions in periodic urban markets and their contributions to sustainable livelihoods:Evidence from Ghana

Periodic markets are an important aspect of local economies,providing a platform for farmers(producers),wholesalers,retailers,and consumers to interact face-to-face and exchange goods and services.These markets have been increasing in urban areas in Africa,Asia,and South America because of urbanization.The increase of periodic urban markets(PUMs)in urban areas is observed as an index of modernization,reflecting a response to transition process.However,there are limited studies on how social interactions in PUMs contribute to sustainable livelihoods.This study investigated the types of social interactions occurring in PUMs in Ghana,the benefits of social interactions for participants of PUMs,and how social interactions contribute to sustainable livelihoods.This research interviewed 162 participants,comprising 27 farmers(farmers were regarded as producers in this study),61 retailers,47 wholesalers from 9 selected PUMs across Ghana,and 27 officers from government institutions and non-governmental market associations to obtain their opinions.We analyzed the interview data using the NVivo software.The results showed that there are seven kinds of social interactions in PUMs,including(i)producer-wholesaler relationship,(ii)producer-consumer relationship,(iii)wholesaler-retailer relationship,(iv)retailer-consumer relationship,(v)trader-driver relationship,(vi)trader-institution relationship,and(vii)trader-international buyer relationship.We found that these social interactions in PUMs enhance sustainable livelihoods by supporting human,social,financial,natural,and physical assets of traders(traders refer to producers,wholesalers,and retailers in this study).Therefore,we concluded that the development of policies to improve PUMs could strengthen social interactions,enabling the achievement of sustainable livelihoods in developing countries.

Architectural Requirements for Improving Social Interactions in Subway Stations： An Evidence Based Design Approach

Environmental design is concerned with the function of people within an environment and their interactions. Subway stations spaces are important examples of public spaces that are in close connection with the social life of people. Also, the fact that the social interactions and relations between people and city environments are becoming indispensable for subway station space indicates that these spaces play an essential role in urban life. This paper addresses the result of a study conducted by the authors on the influential elements pivotal to the improvement of social interactions in subway stations. The theory of John Lang in Urban design with consideration of social interaction was considered in this study. The objective of the study was to identify the architectural requirements in improving social interaction between people and environment in subway station spaces according to an evidence based design approach. To do so, relevant literature in different disciplines, architecture, urban design, social sustainability and so on, were reviewed Next, the most important environmental factors which contribute to human behavior in public spaces were derived and analyzed. Data of the study were collected via questionnaires filled out by the users of Tehran＇s subway stations. The collected data were analyzed and the architectural elements/requirements for improving social interactions were classified. The results of the study indicate that in the case of architectural requirements, contribution to the improvement of social interactions, design considerations for physical and mental safety, accessibility and lighting are the most important factors.

Research on Cultural Schemas for Social Interactions

Social interactions strategies refer to saying the proper words and sentences on proper occasions. They could be affected by different cultural backgrounds （schemas）. Culture is usually treated as the basis of our social interactions which influences the way we deal with problems, and even our thought and behavior. Therefore, although many communication problems occur on the interpersonal level, most difficulties and misunderstandings can be traced to cultural differences. With a deeper comprehension, the cultural differences are the schema differences which are a kind of framework of a specific culture that exists in people＇s brain and influences people＇s judgments and behavior of daily life. Furthermore, this schema conflict would also confuse people＇s judgment and make them to choose the wrong way to respond. Thus, the schema conflict interferes our social interactions.

Social Science Communication Through Dialogic Interactions

The study in this paper that draws on dialogic interaction is a focus of investigation as the way to communicate social sciences to the public. In science communication people, for example, experts or scientists attempt to persuade lay people about the validity of their assessments. Currently dialogue in science communication might be seen as an important way to deliver information about sciences to the public as previously communicating science was conducted through top-down approaches. In addition, currently there is a tendency that people prefer to deliver and to receive information about sciences through two-way communication models between two or more parties, face-to-face or mediated by any means of communication as this way of communication is seen as more interactive. In the context of Indonesia, in terms of social science communication, this is an important phenomenon to investigate as two-way communication models might bridge the gap between expert opinion and lay opinion, where lay opinion is often seen as irrational or emotional. However, there are still a small number of studies with regard to how social sciences are communicated to the public and in what ways people preferred to deliver, moreover to discuss information within social sciences. One of the potential reasons is that research on science communication is mainly focused on natural and physical sciences. Since the study in this paper focuses on dialogic interactions in social science communication, this study will contribute to the current discussions of mass communication, in terms of science communication, and to related fields.

Impact of different interaction behavior on epidemic spreading in time-dependent social networks

We investigate the impact of pairwise and group interactions on the spread of epidemics through an activity-driven model based on time-dependent networks.The effects of pairwise/group interaction proportion and pairwise/group interaction intensity are explored by extensive simulation and theoretical analysis.It is demonstrated that altering the group interaction proportion can either hinder or enhance the spread of epidemics,depending on the relative social intensity of group and pairwise interactions.As the group interaction proportion decreases,the impact of reducing group social intensity diminishes.The ratio of group and pairwise social intensity can affect the effect of group interaction proportion on the scale of infection.A weak heterogeneous activity distribution can raise the epidemic threshold,and reduce the scale of infection.These results benefit the design of epidemic control strategy.

Opinion consensus incorporating higher-order interactions in individual-collective networks

In the current information society, the dissemination mechanisms and evolution laws of individual or collective opinions and their behaviors are the research hot topics in the field of opinion dynamics. First, in this paper, a two-layer network consisting of an individual-opinion layer and a collective-opinion layer is constructed, and a dissemination model of opinions incorporating higher-order interactions(i.e. OIHOI dissemination model) is proposed. Furthermore, the dynamic equations of opinion dissemination for both individuals and groups are presented. Using Lyapunov's first method,two equilibrium points, including the negative consensus point and positive consensus point, and the dynamic equations obtained for opinion dissemination, are analyzed theoretically. In addition, for individual opinions and collective opinions,some conditions for reaching negative consensus and positive consensus as well as the theoretical expression for the dissemination threshold are put forward. Numerical simulations are carried to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed theoretical results, as well as the influence of the intra-structure, inter-connections, and higher-order interactions on the dissemination and evolution of individual opinions. The main results are as follows.(i) When the intra-structure of the collective-opinion layer meets certain characteristics, then a negative or positive consensus is easier to reach for individuals.(ii) Both negative consensus and positive consensus perform best in mixed type of inter-connections in the two-layer network.(iii) Higher-order interactions can quickly eliminate differences in individual opinions, thereby enabling individuals to reach consensus faster.

Research on the Effect of Dance Therapy on Improving Social Communication Ability of Children with Autism

Research motivation:Through the 12 weeks dance therapy intervention for children with autism,the purpose is to explore the intervention model of dance therapy for children with autism and the changes in motor ability,social ability,and communication ability of children with autism after dance therapy intervention.The results of the research are expected to expand the intervention mode of dance therapy in my country and provide practical reference for rehabilitation intervention of children with autism.Research methods:24 autistic boys aged 6 to 12 with mild to moderate symptoms were recruited and screened through the Internet as the subjects of this study.We randomly divided them into experimental group(N=12)and control group(N=12).All children with autism have an autism diagnosis certificate issued by Children’s Hospital or a tertiary hospital,excluding other mental diseases(such as epilepsy,major physical disability,mental illness,no history of drugs and other interventions,etc.).We used the paired sample t-test to compare the score difference between the dance treatment group and the control group before and after the two groups,and used the observation method to record the basic communication behavior and the number of active communication behaviors in the experimental group during the intervention process.All data analysis is used in SPSS 20.0.Research results:After 12 weeks of dance therapy intervention,there were statistically significant differences in the gross movement,balance,and coordination abilities of the children in the experimental group compared with those before the intervention(p<0.01).There was no significant difference between the children in the control group(p>0.05).After 12 weeks of dance therapy intervention,there were statistically significant differences in the scores of the social response scale for children with autism in the experimental group(p<0.05).There was no significant change in the scores of each item of the SRS scale before and after intervention in the control group and the dance treatment group(p>0.05).

基于Social Transformer的井下多人轨迹预测方法

目前煤矿井下人员轨迹预测方法中,Transformer与循环神经网络(RNN)、长短期记忆(LSTM)网络相比,在处理数据时不仅计算量小,同时还有效解决了梯度消失导致的长时依赖问题。但当环境中涉及多人同时运动时,Transformer对于场景中所有人员未来轨迹的预测会出现较大偏差。并且目前在井下多人轨迹预测领域尚未出现一种同时采用Transformer并考虑个体之间相互影响的模型。针对上述问题,提出一种基于Social Transformer的井下多人轨迹预测方法。首先对井下每一个人员独立建模,获取人员历史轨迹信息,通过Transformer编码器进行特征提取,接着由全连接层对特征进行表示,然后通过基于图卷积的交互层相互连接,该交互层允许空间上接近的网络彼此共享信息,计算预测对象在受到周围邻居影响时对周围邻居分配的注意力,从而提取其邻居的运动模式,继而更新特征矩阵,最后新的特征矩阵由Transformer解码器进行解码,输出对于未来时刻的人员位置信息预测。实验结果表明,Social Transformer的平均位移误差相较于Transformer降低了45.8%,且与其他主流轨迹预测方法LSTM,S−GAN,Trajectron++和Social−STGCNN相比分别降低了67.1%,35.9%,30.1%和10.9%,有效克服了煤矿井下多人场景中由于人员间互相影响导致预测轨迹失准的问题,提升了预测精度。

研究型大学教师参与教学改革的动力及其特征研究-基于符号互动理论分析的视角

大学教学质量的提升需要不断探索教学改革,其具体执行靠一线教师,一线教师有动力参与其中是教学改革成功的关键。文章基于质性研究方法,采用访谈法、参与式观察法、实物收集法等收集资料;对18所研究型大学、共计11个一级学科的33位一线教师进行深度访谈;运用Nvivo软件按照三级编码的操作程序和扎根理论的方法取径完成了理论建构。研究发现,大学教师参与教学改革包括不同主体主导因素、实践过程主导因素、目标结果主导因素和情境场景主导因素共四类32种动力因素。基于符号互动理论分析视角发现,研究型大学教师参与教.学改革的动力具有情境性、能动性和变化性特征,其动力因素具有多元性、矛盾性和复杂性特征,各个动力因素之间具有开放性、互动性和共生性特征。基于前述特征,政府、高校、二级学院教学管理者等需要营造积极的教学改革文化,发挥教学制度的正面效应,提供相应的教学支持保障。

精氨酸加压素在孤独症谱系障碍社会交往障碍患儿中的研究进展

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种异质性神经发育障碍性疾病。至今为止,发病机制未明,其早期表现为普遍存在的社交缺陷和沟通障碍,并伴有重复性刻板行为。目前无特定针对性治疗药物。精氨酸加压素(AVP)不仅与水盐平衡和应激轴调节有关,还与社会行为有关,因此在ASD研究领域,AVP作为一种潜在的治疗方案,越来越受到人们的关注。本文对国内外文献研究AVP在ASD社会交往中异常表现的相关研究进行综述。在本文中,探讨了AVP可能成为ASD的诊断性生物标志物及AVP系统具有改善ASD社会功能特征的潜力,希望本综述能为ASD社会交往障碍的临床诊治提供思路。

标识性概念与中国自主法学知识体系的构建

标识性概念是自主法学知识体系构建的基础,也是自主法学知识体系得以型构的动力。在习近平法治思想中,人民至上、美好生活、社会公平正义等范畴凝练了法律本体、法律内容、法律价值的概念表达,从而成为代表新时代中国特色社会主义法治理论的标识性概念。人民至上将抽象的人民还原为具体的、现实的个人,将全体社会成员的权利、利益作为保护的对象,体现了社会主义法律制度的人民性、人道性、包容性;美好生活作为中国新时代法律的基本面向,美好生活权代表着以民生权为核心内容的权利束,规制着法律的内容及其发展;社会公平正义是超越个人应得、社会公平的复合型正义,它不仅及于主体、制度之间的公平,还包括城乡、地域以及事项上的公平。机会公平作为社会公平正义的内容之一,是与权利公平有所不同的价值理念,由此也使社会公平正义这一标识性概念的内涵愈益广泛。

活在“缘分”中而非“关系”里:青年社交现象的情感透视及路向审思

在当代青年社交图景中,断亲现象的出现映射了青年群体在情感独立与自我实现间寻求微妙平衡的拉扯。疏离与牵绊的交织中,青年试图割断“关系”去定位真实的自我。搭子社交的兴起,则显露了青年群体对于轻松交往与情感保护的渴求。青年在浅交往与真情感间划清界限,展现了另一种以“缘分”开始的浅社交。然而,断亲并不代表青年可以忽视和谐亲缘关系的力量,而搭子社交所带来的短效保鲜式体验也需理性看待。浅缘社会中,青年应辩证看待“缘分”与“关系”,树立正确的家庭观与交往观,以寻求真正坚韧的亲密关系。

可靠主义与机器人的证言

当前,人类越来越依赖机器人和其他形式的人工智能来实现自身的信仰,知识的见证来源或工具性知识来源的问题逐渐受到关注,可靠主义视角下的机器人证言或知识来源的分析不仅有助于对基本知识来源分类的认识论问题进行澄清,而且也拓展了可靠主义理论对于机器人知识的理解,进一步推动了当代知识论研究的实践转向。通过对可靠主义的概念界定及其划界问题的探讨,从机器人“这么说”中获得的知识分类、机器人证言的确证性、机器人知识的工具性三个层面对相关文献进行梳理与分析,可以得出将机器人证言视为知识来源往往会产生重要的社会和法律后果。有鉴于此,拟证明至少有一些机器人能够做证,并对可靠主义划界问题的三种解决路径进行探究,包括认知主义的解决路径、负责任的解决路径、自然信任的解决路径,但这些路径最终都没有成功解决可靠主义的划界问题。同时,基于机器人欺骗的实证性案例研究,提出可靠主义划界问题的社会信任解决路径,认为尽管某些被设计成具有欺骗性机器人,但人类对话者应该将它们及其证言视为知识的确证来源之一,发展可靠的人机关系要在认识论上立足于能够反映当代技术与人类本真关系的信念视域,在方法论上对机器人知识采用价值多元的方法,这对于现在和未来动态且可持续的人机交互具有重要意义。

构建和谐有序的人工智能社会关系——基于技术与法律互动关系的分析

人工智能立法存在技术安全与促进创新的双重价值取向,协调两者的冲突,方能构建和谐有序的人工智能社会关系。法律与技术通过相互提出问题、相互回应的“问题—回应”模式进行互动,进而达至相互适应。技术与法律的互动关系贯穿人工智能运用与发展的全过程。审视现行法律体系,对人工智能仍有基本的解释能力与规范能力,但技术进步使其面临立法需求的多重不确定性。根据人工智能国际竞争的实际情况,中国现阶段的人工智能立法应坚持创新导向,适度关注技术安全需求,稳定“硬法”,推动“软法”,构建人工智能技术创新“友好型”的法治环境,使法律跟随人工智能的技术进步而逐步完善。

母亲情感温暖与幼儿社会情感能力的关系:媒介沉迷的中介和亲子互动质量的调节

为探讨母亲情感温暖对幼儿社会情感能力的影响及其作用机制,基于生态系统理论和新生态理论构建了一个有调节的中介模型,重点考察幼儿媒介沉迷的中介作用及亲子互动质量的调节作用。以353名母亲为被试,采用屏幕暴露量表、家庭环境量表、社会情感能力量表、亲子互动质量量表进行调查,结果发现:1)母亲情感温暖和幼儿社会情感能力之间呈显著正相关,与幼儿媒介沉迷之间呈显著负相关;亲子互动质量与幼儿媒介沉迷之间呈显著负相关;2)母亲情感温暖不仅能够直接正向预测社会情感能力,还能够通过幼儿媒介沉迷的中介作用对社会情感能力产生影响;3)“母亲情感温暖→幼儿媒介沉迷→社会情感能力”这一中介效应的前半段受到亲子互动质量的调节,在亲子互动质量较高的个体中,母亲情感温暖对幼儿媒介沉迷的影响更强。研究结果表明:母亲情感温暖可以通过减轻幼儿媒介沉迷来促进社会情感能力发展,亲子互动质量能够增强母亲情感温暖对幼儿媒介沉迷的削弱作用,进而影响社会情感能力。

The Impact of Internet Usage on Youth Social Interaction in China

The purpose of this paper intends to explore specifically whether heavy usage of the Internet by youths increase or decrease their social interaction opportunities. Issues that will be examined include that of the change of face-to-face communication between the youth and their families, friends and social activities. A quantitative research method with questionnaires is adopted to meet the objective of this study.

Enhancing EFL Students' Social Strategy Awareness and Use Through Interactive Learning Activities

Based on prior studies and a questionnaire survey,this paper is seeking to demonstrate that interactive activities will facilitate EFL learners' social strategy awareness and use,and thus enhance their linguistic development.A sample lesson plan is also presented in this paper to illustrate that social strategy awareness and use can be improved through interactive learning activities.

Social avoidance behavior in male tree shrews and prosocial behavior in male mice toward unfamiliar conspecifics in the laboratory

Adult male tree shrews vigorously defend against intruding male conspecifics. However, the characteristics of social behavior have not been entirely explored in these males. In this study, male wild-type tree shrews(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)and C57 BL/6 J mice were first allowed to familiarize themselves with an open-field apparatus. The tree shrews exhibited a short duration of movement(moving) in the novel environment, whereas the mice exhibited a long duration of movement. In the 30 min social preference-avoidance test, target animals significantly decreased the time spent by the experimental tree shrews in the social interaction(SI)zone, whereas experimental male mice exhibited the opposite. In addition, experimental tree shrews displayed a significantly longer latency to enter the SI zone in the second 15 min session(targetpresent) than in the first 15 min session(targetabsent), which was different from that found in mice.Distinct behavioral patterns in response to a conspecific male were also observed in male tree shrews and mice in the first, second, and third 5 min periods. Thus, social behaviors in tree shrews and mice appeared to be time dependent. In summary,our study provides results of a modified social preference-avoidance test designed for the assessment of social behavior in tree shrews. Our findings demonstrate the existence of social avoidance behavior in male tree shrews and prosocial behavior in male mice toward unfamiliar conspecifics. The tree shrew may be a new animal model, which differs from mice, for the study of social avoidance and prosocial behaviors.