SECURE DATA SYNCHRONIZATION EXCHANGE SERVICE APPLICATION PROGRAM INTERFACE BASED ON SyncML PROTOCOL

The security-related problem during the data exchange is not considered in the SyncML protocol. To solve this problem, SyncML is enhanced with a secure data synchronization exchange service application program interface （SDSXS-API） to ensure the reliability, the integrity, and the security in the data transmission and exchange. The design and the implementation of SDSXS-API are also given. The proposed APIs can be conveniently used as a uniform exchange interface for any related application programs. And their effectiveness is verified in the prototype mobile database system.

Performance of Frame Synchronization of HDLCProtocol

In this paper, the types of synchronization errors of HDLC protocol are defined and equations for evaluating the performance of frame synchronization are derived. The probabilities of synchronization errors are calculated with these equations. Since the synchronization errors are highly related to the average error rate of the channel, their calculations are the precondition of choosing optimal error control technique in order to maintain a high throughput of the communication channel.

Enhanced Delegation Based Authentication Protocol for Secure Roaming Service with Synchronization

Portable communication systems can provide mobile users with global roaming services. Recently, Youn and Lim proposed a delegation-based authentication protocol which achieves unlinkability for secure roaming services. This paper indicates that there are two drawbacks in Youn and Lim＇s protocol： 1） the synchronization problem will lead to a fail in on-line authentication; and 2） the exhaustive search puts a heavy burden on the off-line authentication process. Moreover, based on Youn and Lim＇s protocol, a remedy is proposed to address these problems. It is worthwhile to note that the proposed remedy not only keeps the original advantages but also enhances the security and performance.

Safety and effectiveness of butorphanol in epidural labor analgesia:A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Epidural analgesia is the most effective analgesic method during labor.Butorphanol administered epidurally has been shown to be a successful analgesic method during labor.However,no comprehensive study has examined the safety and efficacy of using butorphanol as an epidural analgesic during labor.AIM To assess butorphanol's safety and efficacy for epidural labor analgesia.METHODS The PubMed,Cochrane Library,EMBASE,Web of Science,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,and Google Scholar databases will be searched from inception.Other types of literature,such as conference abstracts and references to pertinent reviews,will also be reviewed.We will include randomized controlled trials comparing butorphanol with other opioids combined with local anesthetics for epidural analgesia during labor.There will be no language restrictions.The primary outcomes will include the visual analog scale score for the first stage of labor,fetal effects,and Apgar score.Two independent reviewers will evaluate the full texts,extract data,and assess the risk of bias.Publication bias will be evaluated using Egger's or Begg's tests as well as visual analysis of a funnel plot,and heterogeneity will be evaluated using the Cochran Q test,P values,and I2 values.Meta-analysis,subgroup analysis,and sensitivity analysis will be performed using RevMan software version 5.4.This protocol was developed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)Protocols statement,and the PRISMA statement will be used for the systematic review.RESULTS This study provides reliable information regarding the safety and efficacy of using butorphanol as an epidural analgesic during labor.CONCLUSION To support clinical practice and development,this study provides evidence-based findings regarding the safety and efficacy of using butorphanol as an epidural analgesic during labor.

Cascaded ELM-Based Joint Frame Synchronization and Channel Estimation over Rician Fading Channel with Hardware Imperfections

Due to the interdependency of frame synchronization(FS)and channel estimation(CE),joint FS and CE(JFSCE)schemes are proposed to enhance their functionalities and therefore boost the overall performance of wireless communication systems.Although traditional JFSCE schemes alleviate the influence between FS and CE,they show deficiencies in dealing with hardware imperfection(HI)and deterministic line-of-sight(LOS)path.To tackle this challenge,we proposed a cascaded ELM-based JFSCE to alleviate the influence of HI in the scenario of the Rician fading channel.Specifically,the conventional JFSCE method is first employed to extract the initial features,and thus forms the non-Neural Network(NN)solutions for FS and CE,respectively.Then,the ELMbased networks,named FS-NET and CE-NET,are cascaded to capture the NN solutions of FS and CE.Simulation and analysis results show that,compared with the conventional JFSCE methods,the proposed cascaded ELM-based JFSCE significantly reduces the error probability of FS and the normalized mean square error(NMSE)of CE,even against the impacts of parameter variations.

Corneal collagen cross-linking in patients with keratoconus from the Dresden protocol to customized solutions:theoretical basis

Keratoconus is an ectatic condition characterized by gradual corneal thinning,corneal protrusion,progressive irregular astigmatism,corneal fibrosis,and visual impairment.The therapeutic options regarding improvement of visual function include glasses or soft contact lenses correction for initial stages,gas-permeable rigid contact lenses,scleral lenses,implantation of intrastromal corneal ring or corneal transplants for most advanced stages.In keratoconus cases showing disease progression corneal collagen crosslinking(CXL)has been proven to be an effective,minimally invasive and safe procedure.CXL consists of a photochemical reaction of corneal collagen by riboflavin stimulation with ultraviolet A radiation,resulting in stromal crosslinks formation.The aim of this review is to carry out an examination of CXL methods based on theoretical basis and mathematical models,from the original Dresden protocol to the most recent developments in the technique,reporting the changes proposed in the last 15y and examining the advantages and disadvantages of the various treatment protocols.Finally,the limits of non-standardized methods and the perspectives offered by a customization of the treatment are highlighted.

Falcon Optimization Algorithm-Based Energy Efficient Communication Protocol for Cluster-Based Vehicular Networks

Rapid development in Information Technology(IT)has allowed several novel application regions like large outdoor vehicular networks for Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V)transmission.Vehicular networks give a safe and more effective driving experience by presenting time-sensitive and location-aware data.The communication occurs directly between V2V and Base Station(BS)units such as the Road Side Unit(RSU),named as a Vehicle to Infrastructure(V2I).However,the frequent topology alterations in VANETs generate several problems with data transmission as the vehicle velocity differs with time.Therefore,the scheme of an effectual routing protocol for reliable and stable communications is significant.Current research demonstrates that clustering is an intelligent method for effectual routing in a mobile environment.Therefore,this article presents a Falcon Optimization Algorithm-based Energy Efficient Communication Protocol for Cluster-based Routing(FOA-EECPCR)technique in VANETS.The FOA-EECPCR technique intends to group the vehicles and determine the shortest route in the VANET.To accomplish this,the FOA-EECPCR technique initially clusters the vehicles using FOA with fitness functions comprising energy,distance,and trust level.For the routing process,the Sparrow Search Algorithm(SSA)is derived with a fitness function that encompasses two variables,namely,energy and distance.A series of experiments have been conducted to exhibit the enhanced performance of the FOA-EECPCR method.The experimental outcomes demonstrate the enhanced performance of the FOA-EECPCR approach over other current methods.

A Reliable and Efficient Time Synchronization Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

L-SYNC is a synchronization protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks which is based on larger degree clustering providing efficiency in homogeneous topologies. In L-SYNC, the effectiveness of the routing algorithm for the synchronization precision of two remote nodes was considered. Clustering in L-SYNC is according to larger degree techniques. These techniques reduce cluster overlapping, resulting in the routing algorithm requiring fewer hops to move from one cluster to another remote cluster. Even though L-SYNC offers higher precision compared to other algorithms, it does not support heterogeneous topologies and its synchronization algorithm can be influenced by unreliable data. In this paper, we present the L-SYNCng (L-SYNC next generation) protocol, working in heterogeneous topologies. Our proposed protocol is scalable in unreliable and noisy environments. Simulation results illustrate that L-SYNCng has better precision in synchronization and scalability.

Pregnancy Rate of Bunaji Cows in a Fixed Time AI Synchronization Protocol Using Ovatide

This study accessed the reproductive performance of Bunaji cows in an Ovsynch protocol involving ovatide.Bunaji cows(n=16)aged 4-6 years and weighing between 250-350 kg with body condition scores(BCS)of 2.5-3.5 were used.There were two treatment groups for synchronization of ovulation.Treatment group 1 comprising Bunaji(n=8)received 50μg of gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH)(Cystorelin)and 25 mg of PGF2α.While,treatment group 2 comprising Bunaji(n=8)received 50μg of ovatide and 25 mg of PGF2α.All cows from both treatment groups were inseminated at 16 h after each second GnRH or ovatide injections.Cows that showed mucus discharge from the vagina on the day of artificial insemination(AI)were recorded as well as those that had patent cervix.Cervical dilation was measured by taking note of the cows that had mid cervix insemination due to non-passage of the AI gun through the cervix.Transrectal palpation was conducted twice at a month interval to select cycling cows within 5-12 d of the estrous cycle before initiating Ovsynch protocol.It was repeated on day 45 post AI to confirm pregnancies in animals.Results showed that the rate of mucus discharge from the vagina was 37.5%and 87.5%for ovatide and Cystorelin,respectively;while the rate of cervical dilation were 75%and 87.5%for ovatide and Cystorelin,respectively(p>0.05),and pregnancy rates were 0%and 12.5%for ovatide and Cystorelin,respectively.There were no significant differences between the two groups.It was concluded that treatment of Bunaji cows with 50μg ovatide in Ovsynh protocol has heat and ovulation synchronization potentials and zero pregnancy rate.It was recommended that further studies be carried out using graded doses of 50,100 and 150μg of ovatide in a fixed time AI synchronization protocol in Bunaji cows,to tap the potentials of the hormone in manipulation of bovine reproduction.

A consensus time synchronization protocol in wireless sensor network

Time synchronization is one of the base techniques in wireless sensor networks(WSNs).This paper proposes a novel time synchronization protocol which is a robust consensusbased algorithm in the existence of transmission delay and packet loss.It compensates for transmission delay and packet loss firstly,and then,estimates clock skew and clock offset in two steps.Simulation and experiment results show that the proposed protocol can keep synchronization error below 2μs in the grid network of 10 nodes or the random network of 90 nodes.Moreover,the synchronization accuracy in the proposed protocol can keep constant when the WSN works up to a month.

Cell replacement with stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells from different protocols

Glaucoma,characterized by a degenerative loss of retinal ganglion cells,is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide.There is currently no cure for vision loss in glaucoma because retinal ganglion cells do not regenerate and are not replaced after injury.Human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cell transplant is a potential therapeutic strategy for retinal ganglion cell degenerative diseases.In this review,we first discuss a 2D protocol for retinal ganglion cell differentiation from human stem cell culture,including a rapid protocol that can generate retinal ganglion cells in less than two weeks and focus on their transplantation outcomes.Next,we discuss using 3D retinal organoids for retinal ganglion cell transplantation,comparing cell suspensions and clusters.This review provides insight into current knowledge on human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cell differentiation and transplantation,with an impact on the field of regenerative medicine and especially retinal ganglion cell degenerative diseases such as glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.

Dynamics and synchronization of neural models with memristive membranes under energy coupling

Dynamical modeling of neural systems plays an important role in explaining and predicting some features of biophysical mechanisms.The electrophysiological environment inside and outside of the nerve cell is different.Due to the continuous and periodical properties of electromagnetic fields in the cell during its operation,electronic components involving two capacitors and a memristor are effective in mimicking these physical features.In this paper,a neural circuit is reconstructed by two capacitors connected by a memristor with periodical mem-conductance.It is found that the memristive neural circuit can present abundant firing patterns without stimulus.The Hamilton energy function is deduced using the Helmholtz theorem.Further,a neuronal network consisting of memristive neurons is proposed by introducing energy coupling.The controllability and flexibility of parameters give the model the ability to describe the dynamics and synchronization behavior of the system.

Home Monitoring of Estrone-3-Glucuronide (E1-3G) Levels in Two Different Ovarian Stimulation Protocols: A Pilot Study

Background: Studies have shown a strong correlation between the growth of E2 in serum and estrone-3-glucuronide (E1-3G) in urine during ovarian stimulation. Thus, we developed theoretical models for using urinary E1-3G in ovarian stimulation and focused on their experimental verification and analysis. Methods: A prospective, observational pilot study was conducted involving 54 patients who underwent 54 cycles of ovarian stimulation. The goal was to establish the growth rate of urinary E1-3G during the course of stimulation and to determine the daily upper and lower limits of growth rates at which stimulation is appropriate and safe. Controlled ovarian stimulation was performed using two different stimulation protocols—an antagonist protocol in 25 cases and a progestin-primed ovarian stimulation protocol (PPOS) in 29 cases, with fixed doses of gonadotropins. From the second day of stimulation, patients self-measured their daily urine E1-3G levels at home using a portable analyzer. In parallel, a standard ultrasound follow-up protocol accompanied by a determination of E2, LH, and P levels was applied to optimally control stimulation. Results: The average daily growth rates in both groups were about 50%. The daily increase in E1-3G for the antagonist protocol ranged from 14% to 79%, while they were 28% to 79% for the PPOS protocol. Conclusion: This is the first study to analyze the dynamics of E1-3G in two different protocols and to estimate the limits of its increase during the entire course of the stimulation. The results confirm our theoretical model for the viability of using urinary E1-3G for monitoring ovarian stimulation.

A frequency domain estimation and compensation method for system synchronization parameters of distributed-HFSWR

To analyze the influence of time synchronization error,phase synchronization error,frequency synchronization error,internal delay of the transceiver system,and range error and angle error between the unit radars on the target detection performance,firstly,a spatial detection model of distributed high-frequency surface wave radar(distributed-HFSWR)is established in this paper.In this model,a method for accurate extraction of direct wave spectrum based on curve fitting is proposed to obtain accurate system internal delay and frequency synchronization error under complex electromagnetic environment background and low signal to noise ratio(SNR),and to compensate for the shift of range and Doppler frequency caused by time-frequency synchronization error.The direct wave component is extracted from the spectrum,the range estimation error and Doppler estimation error are reduced by the method of curve fitting,and the fitting accuracy of the parameters is improved.Then,the influence of frequency synchronization error on target range and radial Doppler velocity is quantitatively analyzed.The relationship between frequency synchronization error and radial Doppler velocity shift and range shift is given.Finally,the system synchronization parameters of the trial distributed-HFSWR are obtained by the proposed spectrum extraction method based on curve fitting,the experimental data is compensated to correct the shift of the target,and finally the correct target parameter information is obtained.Simulations and experimental results demonstrate the superiority and correctness of the proposed method,theoretical derivation and detection model proposed in this paper.

Transient Damping of Virtual Synchronous Generator for Enhancing Synchronization Stability during Voltage Dips

Virtual synchronous generators(VSGs)are widely introduced to the renewable power generation,the variablespeed pumped storage units,and so on,as a promising gridforming solution.It is noted that VSGs can provide virtual inertia for frequency support,but the larger inertia would worsen the synchronization stability,referring to keeping synchronization with the grid during voltage dips.Thus,this paper presents a transient damping method of VSGs for enhancing the synchronization stability during voltage dips.It is revealed that the loss of synchronization(LOS)of VSGs always accompanies with the positive frequency deviation and the damping is the key factor to remove LOS when the equilibrium point exists.In order to enhance synchronization stability during voltage dips,the transient damping is proposed,which is generated by the frequency deviation in active power loop.Additionally,the proposed method can realize seamless switching between normal state and grid fault.Moreover,detailed control design for transient damping gain is given to ensure the synchronization stability under different inertia requirements during voltage dips.Finally,the experimental results are presented to validate the analysis and the effectiveness of the improved transient damping method.

Design of an Efficient and Provable Secure Key Exchange Protocol for HTTP Cookies

Cookies are considered a fundamental means of web application services for authenticating various Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP)requests andmaintains the states of clients’information over the Internet.HTTP cookies are exploited to carry client patterns observed by a website.These client patterns facilitate the particular client’s future visit to the corresponding website.However,security and privacy are the primary concerns owing to the value of information over public channels and the storage of client information on the browser.Several protocols have been introduced that maintain HTTP cookies,but many of those fail to achieve the required security,or require a lot of resource overheads.In this article,we have introduced a lightweight Elliptic Curve Cryptographic(ECC)based protocol for authenticating client and server transactions to maintain the privacy and security of HTTP cookies.Our proposed protocol uses a secret key embedded within a cookie.The proposed protocol ismore efficient and lightweight than related protocols because of its reduced computation,storage,and communication costs.Moreover,the analysis presented in this paper confirms that proposed protocol resists various known attacks.

Enhancing Network Design through Statistical Evaluation of MANET Routing Protocols

This paper contributes a sophisticated statistical method for the assessment of performance in routing protocols salient Mobile Ad Hoc Network(MANET)routing protocols:Destination Sequenced Distance Vector(DSDV),Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector(AODV),Dynamic Source Routing(DSR),and Zone Routing Protocol(ZRP).In this paper,the evaluation will be carried out using complete sets of statistical tests such as Kruskal-Wallis,Mann-Whitney,and Friedman.It articulates a systematic evaluation of how the performance of the previous protocols varies with the number of nodes and the mobility patterns.The study is premised upon the Quality of Service(QoS)metrics of throughput,packet delivery ratio,and end-to-end delay to gain an adequate understanding of the operational efficiency of each protocol under different network scenarios.The findings explained significant differences in the performance of different routing protocols;as a result,decisions for the selection and optimization of routing protocols can be taken effectively according to different network requirements.This paper is a step forward in the general understanding of the routing dynamics of MANETs and contributes significantly to the strategic deployment of robust and efficient network infrastructures.

Pharmacological Control of Estrus in Tropical Cattle,an Economical Assessment of Different Synchronization Protocols

To compare the fertility results and to assess the cost-effectiveness of several synchronization protocols applied under the conditions of beef cattle enterprises in Colombia, 1658 multiparous zebu crossbred cows mostly Brahman and Nelore ranging between 2 - 6 parities were used. Five protocols of pharmacological treatments varying in hormones used, dosage and the time of application were tested. All cows were inseminated at 52 h by appointment. Pregnancy diagnosis was undertaken over 45 d after insemination by rectal palpation. The total cost per cow and the total cost per gestation, for each protocol, were calculated. Taking a herd of one-hundred cows as baseline for calculations, it was estimated the cost of the total amount of pregnancies possibly obtained in each protocol;then, the excess between the costs of a pregnant cow and the cost of a treated cow was estimated. Additionally, the costs due to cows empty after four services were calculated. A total of 874 pregnancies were registered (52.7%), with pregnancies per protocol varying between 46.9% and 66.2% (p < 005). The cost per treated cow, varied between $64.08 and $97.47 and the cost per gestation from $126.01 to $177.26, without association between the cost of the treatment and the pregnancy rate. Protocol A was the best cost-effective with the lowest additional costs, the lowest amount of open days (2107.7 to 2231.7 d) and IA straws (average = 134), with an additional costs of $6940.00. Synchronization of estrus using pharmacological products seems to have a place in the management of cattle;however, caution should be called upon a careful assessment both from the part of the farm and the professional in charge of the enterprise to avoid using the technique indiscriminatively thus propitiating the use of a method that might not be cost efficient.

Designing Proportional-Integral Consensus Protocols for Second-Order Multi-Agent Systems Using Delayed and Memorized State Information

This paper is concerned with consensus of a secondorder linear time-invariant multi-agent system in the situation that there exists a communication delay among the agents in the network.A proportional-integral consensus protocol is designed by using delayed and memorized state information.Under the proportional-integral consensus protocol,the consensus problem of the multi-agent system is transformed into the problem of asymptotic stability of the corresponding linear time-invariant time-delay system.Note that the location of the eigenvalues of the corresponding characteristic function of the linear time-invariant time-delay system not only determines the stability of the system,but also plays a critical role in the dynamic performance of the system.In this paper,based on recent results on the distribution of roots of quasi-polynomials,several necessary conditions for Hurwitz stability for a class of quasi-polynomials are first derived.Then allowable regions of consensus protocol parameters are estimated.Some necessary and sufficient conditions for determining effective protocol parameters are provided.The designed protocol can achieve consensus and improve the dynamic performance of the second-order multi-agent system.Moreover,the effects of delays on consensus of systems of harmonic oscillators/double integrators under proportional-integral consensus protocols are investigated.Furthermore,some results on proportional-integral consensus are derived for a class of high-order linear time-invariant multi-agent systems.

Synchronization and firing mode transition of two neurons in a bilateral auditory system driven by a high–low frequency signal

The FitzHugh–Nagumo neuron circuit integrates a piezoelectric ceramic to form a piezoelectric sensing neuron,which can capture external sound signals and simulate the auditory neuron system.Two piezoelectric sensing neurons are coupled by a parallel circuit consisting of a Josephson junction and a linear resistor,and a binaural auditory system is established.Considering the non-singleness of external sound sources,the high–low frequency signal is used as the input signal to study the firing mode transition and synchronization of this system.It is found that the angular frequency of the high–low frequency signal is a key factor in determining whether the dynamic behaviors of two coupled neurons are synchronous.When they are in synchronization at a specific angular frequency,the changes in physical parameters of the input signal and the coupling strength between them will not destroy their synchronization.In addition,the firing mode of two coupled auditory neurons in synchronization is affected by the characteristic parameters of the high–low frequency signal rather than the coupling strength.The asynchronous dynamic behavior and variations in firing modes will harm the auditory system.These findings could help determine the causes of hearing loss and devise functional assistive devices for patients.