Review on synergistic damage effect of irradiation and corrosion on reactor structural alloys

The synergistic damage effect of irradiation and corrosion of reactor structural materials has been a prominent research focus.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the synergistic effects on the third-and fourth-generation fission nuclear energy structural materials used in pressurized water reactors and molten salt reactors.The competitive mechanisms of multiple influencing factors,such as the irradiation dose,corrosion type,and environmental temperature,are summarized in this paper.Conceptual approaches are proposed to alleviate the synergistic damage caused by irradiation and corrosion,thereby promoting in-depth research in the future and solving this key challenge for the structural materials used in reactors.

Inhibitory effect of procyanidin B2 and tannin acid on cholesterol esterase and their synergistic effect with orlistat

This study was aimed to analyze the effect of procyanidin B2(PC)and tannin acid(TA)on the activities of cholesterol esterase(CEase)and the inhibitory mechanisms of enzymatic activity.The interaction mechanisms were investigated by enzymatic kinetics,multi-spectroscopy methods,thermodynamics analysis,molecular docking,and dynamic simulations.PC and TA could bind with CEase and inhibit the activity of enzyme in a mixed-competitive manner and non-competitive manner,which was verified by molecular docking simulations and dynamics simulations.Also,PC and TA showed the synergistic inhibition with orlistat.Fluorescence,UVvis and the thermodynamic analysis revealed that the complexes were formed from CEase and inhibitors by noncovalent interaction.As revealed by the circular dichroism results,both PC and TA decreased enzymatic activities by altering the conformations of CEase.The inhibition of PC and TA on CEase might be one mechanism for its cholesterol-lowering effect.

Synergistic effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria javanica and low doses of dinotefuran on the efficient control of the rice pest Sogatella furcifera

The rice planthopper,Sogatella furcifera,is a piercing-sucking insect pest of rice,Oryza sativa.It is responsible for significant crop yield losses,and has developed moderate to high resistance to several commonly used chemical insecticides.We investigated the effects of the insect fungal pathogen Isaria javanica,alone and in combination with the chemical insecticide dinotefuran,on S.furcifera under both laboratory and field conditions.Our results show that I.javanica displays high infection efficiency and mortality for different stages of S.furcifera,reducing adult survival,female oviposition and ovary development.Laboratory bioassays showed that the combined use of I.javanica with a low dose(4-16 mg L^(-1))of dinotefuran resulted in higher mortality in S.furcifera than the use of I.javanica or dinotefuran alone.The combined treatment also had more significant effects on several host enzymes,including superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidase,and prophenol oxidase activities.In field trials,I.javanica effectively suppressed populations of rice planthoppers to low levels(22-64%of the level in untreated plots).Additional field experiments showed synergistic effects,i.e.,enhanced efficiency,for the control of S.furcifera populations using the combination of a low dose of I.javanica(1×10^(4) conidia mL^(-1))and a low dose of dinotefuran(~4.8-19.2%of normal field use levels),with control effects of>90%and a population level under 50 insects per 100 hills at 3-14 days post-treatment.Our findings indicate that the entomogenous fungus I.javanica offers an attractive biological control addition as part of the integrated pest management(IPM)practices for the control of rice plant pests.

Synergistic effect of heterogeneous single atoms and clusters for improved catalytic performance

Electrocatalytic water splitting provides an efficient method for the production of hydrogen.In electrocatalytic water splitting,the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)involves a kinetically sluggish four-electron transfer process,which limits the efficiency of electrocatalytic water splitting.Therefore,it is urgent to develop highly active OER catalysts to accelerate reaction kinetics.Coupling single atoms and clusters in one system is an innovative approach for developing efficient catalysts that can synergistically optimize the adsorption and configuration of intermediates and improve catalytic activity.However,research in this area is still scarce.Herein,we constructed a heterogeneous single-atom cluster system by anchoring Ir single atoms and Co clusters on the surface of Ni(OH)_(2)nanosheets.Ir single atoms and Co clusters synergistically improved the catalytic activity toward the OER.Specifically,Co_(n)Ir_(1)/Ni(OH)_(2)required an overpotential of 255 mV at a current density of 10 mA·cm^(−2),which was 60 mV and 67 mV lower than those of Co_(n)/Ni(OH)_(2)and Ir1/Ni(OH)_(2),respectively.The turnover frequency of Co_(n)Ir_(1)/Ni(OH)_(2)was 0.49 s^(−1),which was 4.9 times greater than that of Co_(n)/Ni(OH)_(2)at an overpotential of 300 mV.

Synergistic effects of three traditional herbs green tea,mulberry leaf and corn silk on glucose uptake level of L6 myoblasts and the hypoglycemic mechanism

Background:Green tea,mulberry leaf and corn silk are traditional herbs used in the prevention and treatment of diabetes in China for a long time,but their synergistic hypoglycemic effects and mechanisms remain unclear.Methods:The effective components of green tea,mulberry leaf and corn silk were extracted and enriched.Mixture design of experiments was used to study the influences of different combinations on the cell viability and glucose uptake level of L6 myoblasts,so as to determine the optimal synergistic hypoglycemic combination.The possible hypoglycemic mechanism of the optimal synergistic combination was explored by cytotoxicity assay,glucose uptake assay,and western blot.Results:Three polyphenol enrichment fractions of the herbs,30%ethanol elution fraction of green tea(GT),50%ethanol elution fraction of mulberry leaf(ML)and 60%ethanol elution fraction of corn silk(CS)were obtained.The antioxidant activities of GT-30%,ML-50%and CS-60%were superior to those of crude extracts,and showed strong potential inα-amylase andα-glucosidase inhibition activities.The optimal synergistic combination of crude extracts G7(crude extract of green tea:crude extract of mulberry leaf:crude extract of corn silk=1:5:3),polyphenol enrichment fractions R3(GT-30%:ML-50%:CS-60%=1:7:1)and monomers X2(epigallocatechin gallate:morusin:formononetin=3:1:2)were selected,respectively.G7,R3,and X2 showed promoting effects on the cell viability and glucose uptake of L6 myoblasts within the detected concentration range.In addition,G7,R3,and X2 could increase the expression levels of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt in L6 myoblasts,and promote the translocation of Glut4,but G7 and R3 showed more significant effects.Conclusion:The synergistic hypoglycemic effects of green tea,mulberry leaf and corn silk had the characteristics of multiple-components and multiple-targets with p-PI3K/PI3K,p-Akt/Akt and the translocation of Glut4 signal pathways involved.The three traditional herbs might have the potential to be combined used for the prevention and treatment of diabetes based on the synergistic hypoglycemic effects.

Synergistic anionic/zwitterionic mixed surfactant system with high emulsification efficiency for enhanced oil recovery in low permeability reservoirs

Emulsification is one of the important mechanisms of surfactant flooding. To improve oil recovery for low permeability reservoirs, a highly efficient emulsification oil flooding system consisting of anionic surfactant sodium alkyl glucosyl hydroxypropyl sulfonate(APGSHS) and zwitterionic surfactant octadecyl betaine(BS-18) is proposed. The performance of APGSHS/BS-18 mixed surfactant system was evaluated in terms of interfacial tension, emulsification capability, emulsion size and distribution, wettability alteration, temperature-resistance and salt-resistance. The emulsification speed was used to evaluate the emulsification ability of surfactant systems, and the results show that mixed surfactant systems can completely emulsify the crude oil into emulsions droplets even under low energy conditions. Meanwhile,the system exhibits good temperature and salt resistance. Finally, the best oil recovery of 25.45% is achieved for low permeability core by the mixed surfactant system with a total concentration of 0.3 wt%while the molar ratio of APGSHS:BS-18 is 4:6. The current study indicates that the anionic/zwitterionic mixed surfactant system can improve the oil flooding efficiency and is potential candidate for application in low permeability reservoirs.

Advances of Synergistic Electrocatalysis Between Single Atoms and Nanoparticles/Clusters

Combining single atoms with clusters or nanoparticles is an emerging tactic to design efficient electrocatalysts.Both synergy effect and high atomic utilization of active sites in the composite catalysts result in enhanced electrocatalytic performance,simultaneously provide a radical analysis of the interrelationship between structure and activity.In this review,the recent advances of single-atomic site catalysts coupled with clusters or nanoparticles are emphasized.Firstly,the synthetic strategies,characterization,dynamics and types of single atoms coupled with clusters/nanoparticles are introduced,and then the key factors controlling the structure of the composite catalysts are discussed.Next,several clean energy catalytic reactions performed over the synergistic composite catalysts are illustrated.Eventually,the encountering challenges and recommendations for the future advancement of synergistic structure in energy-transformation electrocatalysis are outlined.

Can soil remediation agents synergistically mitigate rice Cd content and CH_(4)emission from karst paddies?

Rice(Oryza sativa L.)paddies are increasingly threatened by cadmium(Cd)pollution,and potentially serve as CH_(4)emitters to the atmosphere.Remediation agents widely mitigate Cd pollution in paddy soil,however,we know little about their regulations on CH_(4)emission.Here,via adding biochar(B),sulfhydryl-modified palygorskite(SMP),and selenium foliar fertilizer(SFF),we conducted a pot experiment to investigate soil and rice Cd contents together with in-situ CH_(4)f luxes.Compared to CK,the addition of SMP,SFF,and B-SMP reduced Cd in brown rice by 25%to 50%,25%,and 50%to 75%,respectively.Agents 7%B,7%B-0.01%SMP,and SFF reduced CH_(4)emissions by 8.46%,5.30%,and 4.11%,respectively.CH_(4)emission increased gradually along the growing season,with the cumulative CH_(4)fluxes ranging between 338.82 and 619.13 kg hm^(-2).Our results highlight that mixed 7%B-0.01%SMP and SFF showed collaborative eff ects on Cd remediation and CH_(4)emission.This study reveals the feasibility of reducing Cd pollution and CH_(4)emission in karst rice paddies,which hopes to supplement the knowledge of collaborative controls on soil remediation and carbon emission.

Synergistic CO_(2) mineralization using coal fly ash and red mud as a composite system

CO_(2) mineralization plays a critical role in the storage and utilization of CO_(2).Coal fly ash(CFA)and red mud(RM)are widely utilized as CO_(2) mineralizers.However,the inert calcium species in CFA limit its carbonation capacity,meanwhile the substantial Ca^(2+)releasing of RM is hindered by a covering layer of calcium carbonate.In this study,CO_(2) mineralization in a composite system of CFA and RM was investigated to enhance the carbonation capacity.Multiple analyzers were employed to characterize the raw materials and resulting mineralization products.The results demonstrated that a synergistic effect existed in the composite system of CFA and RM,resulting in improving CO_(2) mineralization rate and efficiency.The produced calcium carbonate was ectopically attached the surface of CFA in the composite system,thus slowing down its coverage on the surface of RM.This phenomenon facilitated further releasing Ca^(2+)from the internal RM,thereby enhancing CO_(2) mineralization efficiency.Meanwhile,the inclusion of RM significantly improved the alkalinity of the composite system,which not only promoted the dissolution of Ca^(2+)of the inert CaSO_(4)(H_(2)O)_(2) in CFA,but also accelerated CO_(2) mineralization rate.The investigation would be beneficial to CO_(2) mineralization using industrial solid wastes.

Vastly Synergistic Fe_(2)CuNiS_(4)-Nanoarchitectures Anchored 2D-Nano-Sandwich Derived from Flower-Like-CuFeS_(2)/N-Graphene and Cube-Like-NiFeS_(2)/N-CNTs for Water Oxidation and Nitrophenol Reduction

Surface area,pore properties,synergistic behavior,homogenous dispersion,and interactions between carbon matrix and metal-nanostructures are the key factors for achieving the better performance of carbon-metal based(electro)catalysts.However,the traditional hydro-or solvothermal preparation of(electro)catalysts,particularly,bi-or tri-metallic nanostructures anchored graphene(G)or carbon nanotubes(CNTs),often pose to poor metal–support interaction,low synergism,and patchy dispersion.At first,bimetallic flower-like-CuFeS_(2)/NG and cube-like-NiFeS_(2)/NCNTs nanocomposites were prepared by solvothermal method.The resultant bimetallic nanocomposites were employed to derive the 2D-nano-sandwiched Fe_(2)CuNiS_(4)/NGCNTs-SW(electro)catalyst by a very simple and green urea-mediated“mix-heat”method.The desired physicochemical properties of Fe_(2)CuNiS_(4)/NGCNTs-SW such as multiple active sites,strong metal-support interaction,homogenous dispersion and enhanced surface area were confirmed by various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first urea-mediated“mix-heat”method for preparing 2D-nano-sandwiched carbon-metal-based(electro)catalysts.The Fe_(2)CuNiS_(4)/NGCNTs-SW was found to be highly effective for alkaline-mediated oxygen evolution reaction at low onset potential of 284.24 mV,and the stable current density of 10 mA cm^(−2) in 1.0 m KOH for 10 h.Further,the Fe_(2)CuNiS_(4)/NGCNTs-SW demonstrated excellent catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol with good kapp value of 87.71×10^(−2)s^(-1)and excellent reusability over five cycles.Overall,the developed urea-mediated“mix-heat”method is highly efficient for the preparation of metal-nanoarchitectures anchored 2D-nano-sandwiched(electro)catalysts with high synergism,uniform dispersion and excellent metal-support interaction.

Zonal activation of molecular carbon dioxide and hydrogen over dual sites Ni-Co-MgO catalyst for CO_(2) methanation:Synergistic catalysis of Ni and Co species

An in-depth mechanism in zonal activation of CO_(2)and H2molecular over dual-active sites has not been revealed yet.Here,Ni-Co-MgO was rationally constructed to elucidate the CO_(2)methanation mechanism.The abundant surface nickel and cobalt components as active sites led to strong Ni-Co interaction with charge transfer from nickel to cobalt.Notably,electron-enriched Coδ-species participated in efficient chemisorption and activation of CO_(2)to generate monodentate carbonate.Simultaneously,plentiful available Ni0sites facilitated H2dissociation,thus CO_(2)and H2were smoothly activated at zones of Coδ-species and Ni0,respectively.Detailed in situ DRIFTS,quasi situ XPS,TPSR,and DFT calculations substantiated a new formate evolution mechanism via monodentate carbonate instead of traditional bidentate carbonate based on synergistic catalysis of Coδ-species and Ni0.The zonal activation of CO_(2)and H2by tuning electron behaviors of double-center catalysts can boost heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation performance.

Synergistic Effect of Dual-Doped Carbon on MO_(2)C Nanocrystals Facilitates Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution

Molybdenum carbide(MO_(2)C)materials are promising electrocatalysts with potential applications in hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)due to low cost and Pt-like electronic structures.Nevertheless,their HER activity is usually hindered by the strong hydrogen binding energy.Moreover,the lack of water-cleaving site's makes it difficult for the catalysts to work in alkaline solutions.Here,we designed and synthesized a B and N dual-doped carbon layer that encapsulated on MO_(2)C nanocrystals(MO_(2)C@BNC)for accelerating HER under alkaline condition.The electronic interactions between the MO_(2)C nanocrystals and the multiple-doped carbon layer endow a near-zero H adsorption Gibbs free energy on the defective C atoms over the carbon shell.Meanwhile,the introduced B atoms afford optimal H_2O adsorption sites for the water-cleaving step.Accordingly,the dual-doped MO_(2)C catalyst with synergistic effect of non-metal sites delivers superior HER performances of a low overpotential(99 mV@10 mA cm^(-2))and a small Tafel slope(58.1 mV dec^(-1))in 1 M KOH solution.Furthermore,it presents a remarkable activity that outperforming the commercial 10%Pt/C catalyst at large current density,demonstrating its applicability in industrial water splitting.This study provides a reasonable design strategy towards noble-metal-free HER catalysts with high activity.

Synergistic coupling among Mg_(2)B_(2)O_(5),polycarbonate and N,Ndimethylformamide enhances the electrochemical performance of PVDF-HFP-based solid electrolyte

Polymer solid electrolytes(SPEs)based on the[solvate-Li+]complex structure have promising prospects in lithium metal batteries(LMBs)due to their unique ion transport mechanism.However,the solvation structure may compromise the mechanical performance and safety,hindering practical application of SPEs.In this work,a composite solid electrolyte(CSE)is designed through the organic-inorganic syner-gistic interaction among N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF),polycarbonate(PC),and Mg_(2)B_(2)O_(5) in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)(PVDF-HFP).Flame-retardant Mg_(2)B_(2)O_(5) nanowires provide non-flammability to the prepared CSEs,and the addition of PC improves the dispersion of Mg_(2)B_(2)O_(5) nanowires.Simultaneously,the organic-inorganic synergistic action of PC plasticizer and Mg_(2)B_(2)O_(5) nanowires pro-motes the dissociation degree of LiTFSI and reduces the crystallinity of PVDF-HFP,enabling rapid Li ion transport.Additionally,Raman spectroscopy and DFT calculations confirm the coordination between Mg atoms in Mg_(2)B_(2)O_(5) and N atoms in DMF,which exhibits Lewis base-like behavior attacking adjacent C-F and C-H bonds in PVDF-HFP while inducing dehydrofluorination of PVDF-HFP.Based on the syner-gistic coupling of Mg_(2)B_(2)O_(5),PC,and DMF in the PVDF-HFP matrix,the prepared CSE exhibits superior ion conductivity(9.78×10^(-4) s cm^(-1)).The assembled Li symmetric cells cycle stably for 3900 h at a current density of 0.1 mA cm^(-2) without short circuit.The LFP||Li cells assembled with PDL-Mg_(2)B_(2)O_(5)/PC CSEs show excellent rate capability and cycling performance,with a capacity retention of 83.3%after 1000 cycles at 0.5 C.This work provides a novel approach for the practical application of organic-inorganic Synergistic CSEs in LMBs.

Stabilizing Buried Interface via Synergistic Effect of Fluorine and Sulfonyl Functional Groups Toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

The interfacial defects and energy barrier are main reasons for interfacial nonradiative recombination.In addition,poor perovskite crystallization and incomplete conversion of PbI_(2) to perovskite restrict further enhancement of the photovoltaic performance of the devices using sequential deposition.Herein,a buried interface stabilization strategy that relies on the synergy of fluorine(F)and sulfonyl(S=O)functional groups is proposed.A series of potassium salts containing halide and non-halogen anions are employed to modify SnO_(2)/perovskite buried interface.Multiple chemical bonds including hydrogen bond,coordination bond and ionic bond are realized,which strengthens interfacial contact and defect passivation effect.The chemical interaction between modification molecules and perovskite along with SnO_(2) heightens incessantly as the number of S=O and F augments.The chemical interaction strength between modifiers and perovskite as well as SnO_(2) gradually increases with the increase in the number of S=O and F.The defect passivation effect is positively correlated with the chemical interaction strength.The crystallization kinetics is regulated through the compromise between chemical interaction strength and wettability of substrates.Compared with Cl−,all non-halogen anions perform better in crystallization optimization,energy band regulation and defect passivation.The device with potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide achieves a tempting efficiency of 24.17%.

The Increasing Role of Synergistic Effects in Carbon Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement, and Its Associated Health Benefits in China

A synergistic pathway is regarded as a critical measure for tackling the intertwined challenges of climate change and air pollution in China. However, there is as yet no indicator that can comprehensively reflect such synergistic effects;hence, existing studies lack a consistent framework for comparison. Here, we introduce a new synergistic indicator defined as the pollutant generation per gross domestic product (GDP) and adopt an integrated analysis framework by linking the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method, response surface model (RSM), and global exposure mortality model (GEMM) to evaluate the synergistic effects of carbon mitigation on both air pollutant reduction and public health in China. The results show that synergistic effects played an increasingly important role in the emissions mitigation of SO_(2), NOx, and primary particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter no greater than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and the synergistic mitigation of pollutants respectively increase from 3.1, 1.4, and 0.3 Mt during the 11th Five-Year Plan (FYP) (2006–2010) to 5.6, 3.7, and 1.9 Mt during the 12th FYP (2011–2015). Against the non-control scenario, synergistic effects alone contributed to a 15% reduction in annual mean PM2.5 concentration, resulting in the prevention of 0.29 million (95% confidential interval: 0.28–0.30) PM2.5-attributable excess deaths in 2015. Synergistic benefits to air quality improvement and public health were remarkable in the developed and population-dense eastern provinces and municipalities. With the processes of urbanization and carbon neutrality in the future, synergistic effects are expected to continue to increase. Realizing climate targets in advance in developed regions would concurrently bring strong synergistic effects to air quality and public health.

Synergistic effect of total ionizing dose on single-event gate rupture in SiC power MOSFETs

The synergistic effect of total ionizing dose(TID) and single event gate rupture(SEGR) in SiC power metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistors(MOSFETs) is investigated via simulation. The device is found to be more sensitive to SEGR with TID increasing, especially at higher temperature. The microscopic mechanism is revealed to be the increased trapped charges induced by TID and subsequent enhancement of electric field intensity inside the oxide layer.

Synergistic effect of pinellia total alkaloids and uncaria total alkaloids on anticonvulsant action in mice and rats

Aim To investigate the synergistic effect of the combination of pinellia total alkaloid （PTA） and uncaria total alkaloid （UTA）, and explore the mechanism of anticonvulsant action. Methods Anticonvulsant and toxic effect profiles of combinations of PTA with UTA, alone and at three fixed ratios of 1：4, 1 ：1, 4：1, were evaluated in maximal electroshock （MES）-induced seizures and acute toxicity test in mice. Respective ED50 and LD50 were calculated with Bliss＇s method. Their synergistic effect were evaluated by isobolographic analysis and allowed the determination of benefit indices （BI） for respective combinations. The model of convulsive rats kindled by penicillin topically injected into cortex was used to investigated the content of Glu, Asp, Gly and GABA in hippocampus using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Results Combinations of PTA and UTA at the ratio of 4：1 were synergistic in MES test and antagonistic in acute toxicity test, showing the best profile for combinations of PTA with UTA. In contrast, the ratios of 1 ：4 and 1 ： 1, despite synergistic in MES test, were additive in acute toxicity test. The 4：1 combination and two drugs alone significantly decreased Glu level and increased GABA level in the hippocampus, but the GABA level in the 4：1 combination group was higher than that in the two drugs alone groups. They did not have significant influence on the levels of ASp and Gly. Conclusion Combinations of PTA and UTA at 4：1 ratio demonstrated synergistic effect in anticonvulsant action and antagonistic effect in toxicity. The anticonvulsant mechanism might be related to decreasing the excitability of Glutamatergic neurons and increasing the inhibition of GABAergic neurons.

Research on large-scale cascading failure of power systems using synergistic effect

This paper discusses the primary causes from the point of synergistic effects to improve power system vulnerability in the power system planning and safety operation. Based on the vulnerability conception in the complex network theory the vulnerability of the power system can be evaluated by the minimum load loss rate when considering power supply ability.Consequently according to the synergistic effect theory the critical line of the power system is defined by its influence on failure set vulnerability in N-k contingencies.The cascading failure modes are proposed based on the criterion whether the acceptable load curtailment level is below a preset value.Significant conclusions are revealed by results of IEEE 39 case analysis weak points of power networks and heavy load condition are the main causes of large-scale cascading failures damaging synergistic effects can result in partial failure developed into large-scale cascading failures vulnerable lines of power systems can directly lead the partial failure to deteriorate into a large blackout while less vulnerable lines can cause a large-scale cascading failure.

Synergistic Effect of Cottonseed Oil EC and Soybean Oil EC on Imidacloprid and Avermectin

[Objective] The study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of vegetable oil EC on chemical pesticides. [Method] Cottonseed oil EC and soybean oil EC were mixed with 20% imidacloprid EC and 0.5% avermectin WE respectively, Schizaphis graminum were handled with dipped method,synergistic effects of vegetable oil EC on imidacloprid and avermectin were analyzed. [Result] Cottonseed oil EC and soybean oil EC had obvious synergistic effect on 20% imidacloprid EC and 0.5% avermectin WE. Corrected mortality of 20% imidacloprid EC＋cottonseed oil EC（0.10＋10.00, 0.10＋5.00, 0.10＋3.33 and 0.05＋10.00 ml/L）, 0.5% avermectin WE＋cottonseed oil EC（1.00＋10.00, 1.00＋5.00, 0.50＋10.00 and 0.50＋5.00 ml/L）and 20% imidacloprid EC＋soybean oil EC（0.10＋10.00, 0.10＋5.00, 0.10＋10.00 and 0.05＋5.00 ml/L） were all over 90%. [Conclusion] Considered from control effect and economy angle, the mixture of cottonseed oil EC or soybean oil EC with 20% imidacloprid EC, and the mixture of cottonseed oil EC with 0.5% avermectin WE could be used to control S. graminum.

Synergistic effects in N‐K_2Ti_4O_9/UiO‐66‐NH_2 composites and their photocatalysis degradation of cationic dyes

N-K2Ti4O9/UiO-66-NH2 composites synthesized by a facile solvothermal method have a core-shell structure with UiO-66-NH2 forming the shell around a N-K2Ti4O9 core.Their photocatalytic activities in the degradation of dyes under visible light irradiation were investigated.The N-K2Ti4O9/UiO-66-NH2 composites exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than the pure components.This synergistic effect was due to the high adsorption capacity of UiO-66-NH2 and that the two components together induced an enhanced separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs.The mass ratio of N-K2Ti4O9 to ZrCl4 of 3：7 in the composite exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity.Due to the electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged backbone of UiO-66-NH2with the positively charged groups of cationic dyes,the composites were more photocatalytically active for cationic dyes than for anionic dyes.