Trade-off and Synergy Relationships of Ecosystem Services and Driving Force Analysis based on Land Cover Change in Altay Prefecture

Altay Prefecture plays a vital role as an ecological barrier in Northwest China.Studying the ecosystem service value is of great significance for promoting regional green high-quality development and maintaining ecological security.Based on Global ESA land cover data from 2000 to 2015,the trade-off and synergy relationships and driving force factors between ecosystem services in Altay Prefecture were analyzed in this study.The analysis produced four main results.(1)The ecosystem service value in Altay Prefecture continued to increase from 113.521×10^(9) yuan in 2000 to 115.777×10^(9) yuan in 2015,for an increase of about 1.98%.(2)The distribution of ecosystem service value had obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics,with hot spot areas mainly concentrated in the"two rivers and one lake"and the mountainous areas in the northwest,while the cold spot areas were mainly the forest and grass-covered areas in the northern mountainous areas and within Jimunai County.(3)The trade-off and synergy relationship among ecosystem services was mainly synergistic,with a total of 77.78% of ecosystem service relative relationships showing a significant positive correlation at the 0.01 level.(4)Economic factors and industrial structure are important factors affecting ecosystem service value in Altay Prefecture.Ecosystem service value is positively correlated with per capita GDP and the output value of the tertiary industry,but negatively correlated with the output value of the secondary industry.

Synergy between Virtual Local Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases Emissions Embodied in China's International Trade

Increasing pressure from the international community to reduce carbon emissions, coupled with the need to reduce domestic air pollutants, is forcing China to deal with both sources of emissions. Air pollutants and greenhouse gases are closely linked via their common source, fossil fuels. As a result of globalization, large portions of these emissions are associated with trade. This study uses data from the World Input-Output Database（WIOD）, including 27 EU countries and 13 major countries, covering the period from 2000 to 2009, and applies MRIO（Multiregional input-output） to estimate emissions embodied in China＇s international trade. We focus on the synergy between LAPs（local air pollutants） and GHG consumption-based emissions, and the relationship between virtual LAPs and virtual GHGs associated with China＇s international trade from 2000 to 2009. The results indicate that a strong synergistic relationship exists and that air pollutant control can serve as an endogenous mechanism to mitigating greenhouse gases. Thanks to domestic actions to control air pollutants, every ton reduction of LAP emissions related to export can save 27.1 tons of GHG emissions in 2005 over emissions efficiency levels, and can save 32.4 tons of GHG emissions in 2009 over 2005. Mitigation actions taken to reduce air pollutants could also reduce GHG emissions.

Spatiotemporal drivers of Nature's contributions to people:A countylevel study

Nature's contributions to people(NCP)encompass both the beneficial and detrimental effects of living nature on human quality of life,including regulatory,material,and non-material contributions.Globally,vital NCPs have been deteriorating,accelerated by changes in both natural and anthropogenic drivers over recent decades.Despite the often inevitable trade-offs between NCPs due to their spatially and temporally uneven distributions,few studies have quantitatively assessed the impacts of different drivers on the spatial and temporal changes in multiple NCPs and their interrelationships.Here we evaluate the effects of precipitation,temperature,population,gross domestic product,vegetation restoration,and urban expansion on four key regulatory NCPs-habitat maintenance,climate regulation,water quantity regulation,and soil protection-in Nei Mongol at the county level.We observe increasing trends in climate regulation and soil protection from 2000 to 2019,contrasted with declining trends in habitat maintenance and water quantity regulation.We have identified the dominant positive and negative drivers influencing each NCP across individual counties,finding that natural drivers predominantly overpowered anthropogenic drivers.Furthermore,we discover significant spatial disparities in the tradeoff or synergy relationships between NCPs across the counties.Our findings illustrate how the impacts of various drivers on NCPs and their interrelationships can be quantitatively evaluated,offering significant potential for application in various spatial scales.With an understanding of trade-offs and scale effects,these insights are expected to support and inform policymaking at both county and provincial levels.