A Synonymous Polymorphism of APCDD1 Affects Translation Efficacy and is Associated with Androgenic Alopecia

The APCDDI （adenomatosis polyposis coli down-regulated 1） gene is an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway, and a rare mutation of this gene has been associated with hereditary hypotrichosis simplex. In this study, the authors aimed to investigate whether common APCDD1 gene polymorphisms contribute to the development of androgenic alopecia. Patients （n = 210） with androgenic alopecia and 98 controls were investigated. SNPs （Single nucleotide polymorphisms） in the coding region of the gene were sequenced. A significant difference in genotype distribution was found for the c. 1781C/T, p.L476L SNP （rs3185480） of the APCDD1 gene. This SNP is located in exon 5 and is associated with a 3.5- and a 2.8-fold increase in risk for the development of androgenic alopecia for homozygote （CI 0.933-13.125; nominal regression P = 0.063） and heterozygote （CI 1.086-7.217; nominal regression P = 0.033） carriers, respectively. These data suggest that the rs3185480 polymorphism contributes to the development of androgenic alopecia. Protein expression experiments revealed that the polymorphism is associated with reduced APCDDI protein abundance. This reduction is likely due to altered codon usage for leucine from a preferred codon （CTC） to a rare codon （CTT）, which might influence translation efficiency and, thus, APCDDI protein level.

On Technical Translation-Usability Strategies for Translating Technical Documentation by Jody Byrne

Numerous books concerning technical translation deal with specific translation skills, or function as a summary of the authors'own translation experience with few of them devoted to the theorized study on technical translation. Jody Byrne's book pio neers in theoretical study on technical translation and is of great value to our Chinese technical translation study.

Brief Analysis,Method and Criteria of Technical Translation

In this essay,I will analyse the characteristics of technical texts,the methods for translation based on the former stage of research,criteria for a better translation,and critiques in between.Also,the essay will explore the limitations of Peter Newmark's theory of technical translation and the whole aspect of translation.

A Comparative Study of Artificial Intelligence and Translation Software in Chinese-English Translation:A Focus on Literary and Technical Texts

In recent years,the domain of machine translation has experienced remarkable growth,particularly with the emergence of neural machine translation,which has significantly enhanced both the accuracy and fluency of translation.At the same time,AI also showed its tremendous advancement,with its capabilities now extending to assisting users in a multitude of tasks,including translation,garnering attention across various sectors.In this paper,the author selects representative sentences from both literary and scientific texts,and translates them using two translation software and two AI tools for comparison.The results show that all four translation tools are very efficient and can help with simple translation tasks.However,the accuracy of terminology needs to be improved,and it is difficult to make adjustments based on the characteristics of the target language.It is worth mentioning that one of the advantages of AI is its interactivity,which allows it to modify the translation according to the translator’s needs.

现代翻译技术赋能下翻译人才培养的机遇与挑战

为进一步提高翻译人才培养质量,应对人工智能时代国家对高质量翻译人才的需求,该文通过梳理分析人工智能时代现代翻译技术为翻译人才培养带来的机遇与挑战,发现现代翻译技术为翻译人才培养提供人才需求与完善培养模式的机遇的同时,也对人才培养机构在认知与应用、培养模式、课程体系、师资队伍等方面提出新的挑战。为应对这一挑战和机遇,人才培养机构需要改革现有培养模式,优化培养体系,强化师资建设才能有效应对机遇与挑战,提升人才培养质量,培养语言与技术能力兼备的翻译人才。

外语中文译写规范工作的专业性与社会性特点

2012年1月,国务院同意建立外语中文译写规范部际联席会议制度,统筹协调外国人名、地名和事物名称等专有名词的翻译工作。文章以外语中文译写规范部际联席会议专家委员会推荐使用的外语词中文译名为例,阐述外语中文译写规范工作涉及多学科、多行业,跨越多个社会语言生活层级,在研究范围、研制方法、译名择定原则等方面,尽力兼顾专业性与社会性,发挥着消除话语障碍、保障广大人群的语言知情权的作用,是中文话语构建及传播过程中不可缺少的组成部分。

《博物新编》物理学术语在晚清的流传

晚清西学东渐以来,概念的表达与传播,首先需要解决的问题就是术语的翻译与规范,选择合适的中文译名就显得尤为关键。自1807年马礼逊来华,此后百年间在中外人员的努力下,中国科技译名也逐渐统一。1855年出版的《博物新编》是当时西方传入中国的第一本综合性科学著作,其作者合信在继承前人的基础下,在最大限度利用旧有词语并赋予新义的前提下,“间作以新名”创译出一系列新物理学名词术语,其中“气压”是合信在《博物新编》中创译,并且随着中国科技名词术语统一的不断筛选流传后世。

文学汉译生命气息同义再现词语选择论

本文针对文学汉译生命气息同义再现问题,从词语选择角度探索原作生命气息在语音、语义和语用等层面的同义再现。发现译者可通过汉译词语的音韵选择,巧妙展现生命韵味;语义选择,突显生命情趣;语用选择,鲜明地再现生命风格,从而充分再现原作独特的生命气息,实现文学汉译的审美价值。

The Pattern of Occurrence of Cytosine in the Genetic Code Minimizes Deleterious Mutations and Favors Proper Function of the Translational Machinery

The standard genetic code consists of 64 combinations of base triplets made from four different bases. The research aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of occurrence of cytosine in the genetic code. By exploring the base composition and sequence of all 64 codons, the author found some important features based on the instability of cytosine. Because cytosine undergoes spontaneous deamination that converts it into uracil, it is evolutionarily favorable to exclude cytosine from codons critical to the initiation and termination of translation. For amino acids that have one to three synonymous codons (also called synonyms), the frequency of occurrence of C in the first and second positions of their mRNA codons is significantly lower than the frequencies of A, U, and G. For mRNA codons that encode amino acids with four synonyms, the trend of base composition is opposite to those encoding amino acids with one to three synonyms;the instability of C could be inhibited or reduced via formation of hydrogen bonds with a G and/or with a protonated C, and the secondary structure of the resultant mRNA could be adjusted via the multiple synonymous alternates at the third position of their codons to facilitate the translation process. The overall pattern of occurrence for C in the genetic code not only minimizes deleterious mutations and favors proper function of the translational machinery by excluding C from certain positions within codons, but also allows the occurrence of genetic diversity via mutation by including C in less-critical positions.

巴尔胡达罗夫等值翻译理论在冶金机械的应用

介绍冶金机械俄语文本的特点,阐述巴尔胡达罗夫等值翻译理论及其在翻译工作中的应用,实例分析六个翻译层级的汉译方法和技巧。

基于技术写作原则的技术文档应用翻译探析——以芯片行业的技术文档为例

随着各国信息技术交流的进一步升级,技术文档本地化与全球化的优质实现成为国与国之间技术传播的保障。相比国外成熟先进的技术文档写作体系,我国的技术文档标准体系发展较为滞后。文章将从技术文档的写作原则出发,对国外某芯片公司技术手册的双语平行文本进行分析,并基于技术写作的三大原则优化相关技术文档的译本。经分析证明,此类技术文档的译本具有一定的改善空间,技术写作原则可对相关技术文档应用翻译实践起到一定的指导作用。技术译者要不断向技术作者靠拢,以“为写作而翻译”的原则进行翻译实践活动。

Principles and Methods of the Terminology Translation

Technical Terminology refers to the professional terms of science and technology.The translation of technical terminologies be comes more and more important and urgent with the development of technology.This thesis begins from the features of technical terminol ogies,combining with lots of relevant examples,and then discusses the methods and principles of English-Chinese translation of technical terminology which is in order to make some contribution to the technical terminology translation.

物性结构模式对汉语二语近义名词辨析效果的实证研究

基于两项平行实验,本文集中对物性结构模式的汉语二语近义名词辨析效果进行了研究。结果显示:物性结构辨析模式的效果显著优于近义词典辨析模式,而且,对前者的“辨异”信息进行输入强化之后,效果更加显著;物性结构辨析模式还能从整体上减弱一语—二语对译时所导致的二语近义词辨析干扰,但是,它并没有明显地平衡、优化各对译类型之间的干扰性对比;另外,相对来说,物性结构辨析模式对中级水平二语学习者的影响更加显著,只有输入强化之后,才能更好地对高级水平二语学习者发挥作用。

The Comparison between English Words and Chinese Ones in Translation

This paper compares English words and Chinese words in translation.It shows the phenomenon of non-equivalence occurs in English and Chinese and discusses the translating means.

翻译工程师需求与翻译人才技术能力培养研究

随着全球化和信息化进程不断推进,传统人工翻译已不能满足翻译产业对语言服务的巨大需求,“机器翻译+译后编辑”已经成为翻译生产采用的主流模式。ChatGPT的全球爆火使融合人工智能技术的机器翻译对翻译行业、翻译教育带来颠覆性的影响。数字时代,掌握翻译技术并能熟练使用技术工具的翻译工程师队伍是翻译工作提质增效的关键。在此背景下,高校翻译教育需要修订人才培养方案,细化翻译技术能力框架,优化翻译专业课程设置,增加翻译技术理论和实践课程,利用项目式翻译工作坊和翻译赛事驱动等方式,全面提升翻译人才的技术能力。

知识翻译学视域下《梦溪笔谈》科技术语翻译方法研究

典籍中的古代科技术语负载了中华古代科技文明,其外译对于中华文化的传播、交流与影响有重要意义。《梦溪笔谈》是北宋沈括所著的百科全书式笔记体著作,其唯一一部英语全译本由王宏教授等学者完成并出版。从知识翻译学视角出发,以杨枫教授提出、岳峰教授阐释的三大翻译批评标准及孟祥春教授提出的批评工具,对《梦溪笔谈》王宏、赵峥英译本中的古代科技术语翻译方法进行了探析。研究发现,《梦溪笔谈》古代科技术语英译有以下特点:以真求知方法下,可以在知识契合区译为真义,寻求知识最大公约数;以善立义方法下,译者可通过文内释义和文外说明助力沟通,在知识差异区化解知识剪刀差;以美行文方法下,可在知识冲突区因势变通、重视受众审美,通过意译使得知识互动化生。

中国工程技术标准英译研究综述

历时梳理1985—2021年发表的工程标准英译研究相关文献,发现我国少有学者涉猎工程技术标准英译研究,现有研究多从语言出发,针对翻译问题讨论翻译策略与方法,呈现研究范式趋同的特征。基于此,提出工程标准英译研究应采用新的思路,在关注翻译质量的同时,更多纳入影响翻译过程的社会、文化和译者要素,从语料库语言学、译者伦理学、接受美学、形象学、传播学等多个维度深入研究工程技术标准英译。

人工智能时代机器翻译的伦理问题

自然语言处理与深度学习等人工智能技术的广泛应用为机器翻译的产生和发展提供了契机。机器翻译作为翻译技术中的重要一环,能够有效助力中国精神的弘扬,在中国对外话语体系的构建和融通过程中展现其强有力的工具性作用。然而,从技术伦理视角对翻译技术的发展进行反思可发现:目前在机器翻译的技术层面和“机器翻译+译后编辑”的应用层面还存在亟需探讨的伦理问题,具体包括算法偏见、数据泄露、语言处理的局限性及对语言发展的消极影响、译者主体性的消解、责任主体的模糊性以及翻译成果的版权争议。聚焦人工智能时代机器翻译的伦理问题并提出相应的对策和伦理规范,有助于应对机器翻译等翻译技术带来的伦理挑战,进而推动信息技术、技术哲学和语言翻译智能的进一步融合与发展。

壮心不已——邓衍林往来书札九通辑释

邓衍林是我国知名的参考咨询专家,为我国图书馆事业作出了突出的贡献。其晚年致力于《情报学/文献工作教程引论》的翻译和引进,惜未能如愿出版。就《情报学/文献工作教程引论》翻译与修订事,其与钟元昭、徐献瑜、马龙璧、陈余年、周竹英、辛希孟多有书札往来,文章对其中的九通往来书札以及相关附件进行辑释,从中可考见其晚年孜孜矻矻致力于学术研究,壮心不已的学术心态。

西夏语中的“愚”

西夏文同义为“愚”的字共计十三个。夏译汉籍中,“■、■、■、■、■、■”六字基本未使用;“■”表“愚”时,常与“智”相对使用;“寿”多用音译;“■、■”常与另一字组成形容词使用;“■”可作形容词与名词连用,构成组合名词。《论语全解·公冶长》中,将宁武子之“愚”译为“■”,除去本义不慧、迟钝之外,还蕴含赞扬宁武子于君危难之时,仍愿斡旋于风险之间,同时又能保全自身的延伸含义。这些示例说明,西夏译者在汉籍夏译时的用字有一定的规律和习惯。