The chromosome-level genome of double-petal phenotype jasmine provides insights into the biosynthesis of floral scent

Jasmine(Jasminum sambac Aiton)is a well-known cultivated plant species for its fragrant flowers used in the perfume industry and cosmetics.However,the genetic basis of its floral scent is largely unknown.In this study,using PacBio,Illumina,10×Genomics and highthroughput chromosome conformation capture(Hi-C)sequencing technologies,a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome for J.sambac was obtained,exploiting a double-petal phenotype cultivar‘Shuangbanmoli’(JSSB).The results showed that the final assembled genome of JSSB is 580.33 Mb in size(contig N50=1.05 Mb;scaffold N50=45.07 Mb)with a total of 39618 predicted protein-coding genes.Our analyses revealed that the JSSB genome has undergone an ancient whole-genome duplication(WGD)event at 91.68 million years ago(Mya).It was estimated that J.sambac diverged from the lineage leading to Olea europaea and Osmanthus fragrans about 28.8 Mya.On the basis of a combination of genomic,transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses,a range of floral scent volatiles and genes were identified involved in the benzenoid/phenylpropanoid and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways.The results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of its fragrance biosynthesis in jasmine.

无溶剂快速合成S-1和TS-1分子筛

Silicalite-1(S-1)和Titanium Silicalite-1(TS-1)沸石分子筛因其良好的疏水性、热稳定性和择形性等特点,作为环境友好的绿色催化剂在工业应用上极具优势和价值.采用无溶剂法成功合成了TS-1分子筛,并利用X-射线衍射仪、全自动比表面和孔隙分析仪、紫外可见光谱仪和扫描电镜等表征仪器研究了晶化时间和硅钛摩尔比对所制备TS-1分子筛的物化性质的影响.结果表明,合成的TS-1沸石分子筛具有较高的结晶度和纯度、均一的晶粒大小、高的比表面积和在分子筛骨架中四配位和六配位的钛物种.无溶剂合成TS-1沸石具有低成本、环境友好和高效的优点,研究将为工业上沸石的规模合成提供一定的理论借鉴.

Effect of mutations on acetohydroxyacid synthase(AHAS)function in Cyperus difformis L.

Cyperus difformis L.is a troublesome weed in paddy fields and has attracted attention due to its resistance to acetohydroxyacid synthase(AHAS)inhibitors.It was found that the amino acid mutation in AHAS was the primary cause for the resistance of Cyperus difformis.However,the effect of different mutations on AHAS function is not clear in Cyperus difformis.To confirm the effect of mutations on AHAS function,six biotypes were collected,including Pro197Arg,Pro197Ser,Pro197Leu,Asp376Glu,Trp574Leu and wild type,from Hunan,Anhui,Jiangxi and Jiangsu provinces,China and the function of AHAS was characterized.The AHAS in vitro inhibition assay results indicated that the mutations decreased the sensitivity of AHAS to pyrazosulfuron-ethyl,in which the I_(50)(the half maximal inhibitory concentration)of wild type AHAS was 0.04μmol L^(-1)and Asp376Glu,Pro197Leu,Pro197Arg,Pro197Ser and Trp574Leu mutations were 3.98,11.50,40.38,38.19 and 311.43μmol L^(-1),respectively.In the determination of enzyme kinetics parameters,the Km and the maximum reaction velocity(Vmax)of the wild type were 5.18 mmol L^(-1)and 0.12 nmol mg^(-1)min^(-1),respectively,and the Km values of AHAS with Asp376Glu,Trp574Leu,Pro197Leu and Pro197Ser mutations were 0.38-0.93 times of the wild type.The Km value of the Pro197Arg mutation was 1.14times of the wild type,and the Vmax values of the five mutations were 1.17-3.33-fold compared to the wild type.It was found that the mutations increased the affinity of AHAS to the substrate,except for the Pro197Arg mutation.At a concentration of 0.0032-100 mmol L^(-1)branched-chain amino acids(BCAAs),the sensitivity of the other four mutant AHAS biotypes to feedback inhibition decreased,except for the Pro197Arg mutation.This study elucidated the effect of different mutations on AHAS function in Cyperus difformis and provided ideas for further study of resistance development.

The gene encoding flavonol synthase contributes to lesion mimic in wheat

Lesion mimic often exhibits leaf disease-like symptoms even in the absence of pathogen infection,and is characterized by a hypersensitive-response(HR)that closely linked to plant disease resistance.Despite this,only a few lesion mimic genes have been identified in wheat.In this investigation,a lesion mimic wheat mutant named je0297 was discovered,showing no alteration in yield components when compared to the wild type(WT).Segregation ratio analysis of the F_(2)individuals resulting from the cross between the WT and the mutant revealed that the lesion mimic was governed by a single recessive gene in je0297.Using Bulked segregant analysis(BSA)and exome capture sequencing,we mapped the lesion mimic gene designated as lm6 to chromosome 6BL.Further gene fine mapping using 3315 F_(2)individuals delimited the lm6 within a 1.18 Mb region.Within this region,we identified 16 high-confidence genes,with only two displaying mutations in je0297.Notably,one of the two genes,responsible for encoding flavonol synthase,exhibited altered expression levels.Subsequent phenotype analysis of TILLING mutants confirmed that the gene encoding flavonol synthase was indeed the causal gene for lm6.Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that the DEGs between the WT and mutant were significantly enriched in KEGG pathways related to flavonoid biosynthesis,including flavone and flavonol biosynthesis,isoflavonoid biosynthesis,and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways.Furthermore,more than 30 pathogen infection-related(PR)genes exhibited upregulation in the mutant.Corresponding to this expression pattern,the flavonoid content in je0297 showed a significant decrease in the 4^(th)leaf,accompanied by a notable accumulation of reactive oxygen,which likely contributed to the development of lesion mimic in the mutant.This investigation enhances our comprehension of cell death signaling pathways and provides a valuable gene resource for the breeding of disease-resistant wheat.

保租房REITs发行效果评价模型及检验

近年,保障性租赁住房被纳入到REI Ts试点行业中,但通过发行REI Ts解决租赁住房的本质问题,促进保障性租赁住房的发展,需要构建科学、系统的评价模型,保障REI Ts的发行能满足各参与方的利益诉求。本文构建保障性租赁住房REI Ts发行效果评价模型,以厦门安居REI T为例进行实证研究,为后续保障性租赁住房发展和发行REI Ts提供经验借鉴。

Eugenol targeting CrtM inhibits the biosynthesis of staphyloxanthin in Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a serious foodborne pathogen threatening food safety and public health.Especially the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)increased the difficulty of S.aureus treatment.Staphyloxanthin is a crucial virulence factor of S.aureus.Blocking staphyloxanthin production could help the host immune system counteract the invading S.aureus cells.In this study,we first screened for staphyloxanthin inhibitors using a virtual screening method.The outcome of the virtual screening method resulted in the identification of eugenol(300μg/mL),which significantly inhibits the staphyloxanthin production in S.aureus ATCC 29213,S.aureus Newman,MRSA ATCC 43300 and MRSA ATCC BAA1717by 84.2%,63.5%,68.1%,and 79.5%,respectively.The outcome of the growth curve assay,field-emission scanning electron,and confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses confirmed that eugenol at the test concentration did not affect the morphology and growth of S.aureus.Moreover,the survival rate of S.aureus ATCC 29213 and MRSA ATCC 43300 under H_(2)O_(2) pressure decreased to 51.9%and 45.5%in the presence of eugenol,respectively.The quantitative RT-PCR and molecular simulation studies revealed that eugenol targets staphyloxanthin biosynthesis by downregulating the transcription of the crtM gene and inhibiting the activity of the CrtM enzyme.Taken together,we first determined that eugenol was a prominent compound for staphyloxanthin inhibitor to combat S.aureus especially MRSA infections.

实现卓越综合临床诊治,赋能未来检验医学——走近“UNIVANTS卓越医疗奖”

UNIVANTS卓越医疗奖(UNIVANTS of healthcare excellence)是一项享有盛名的全球性奖项,UNIVANTS卓越医疗奖是由雅培(Abbott)发起,联合全球领先的医疗保健组织[国际临床化学与检验医学联合会(International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine,IFCC)、美国临床化学协会(American Association for Clinical Chemistry,AACC,现称ADLM)、欧洲健康管理学会(European Health Management Association,EHMA)。

Protective Effect of Naringenin on Acute Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Rats

[Objectives]To investigate the protective mechanism of naringenin on acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(AMI-RI)in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats.[Methods]A total of 32 SD rats with AMI-RI model construction were randomly divided into AMI-RI model control group and citrus pigment A/B/C groups(n=8).The naringenin A,B,and C groups were administrated 20,40 and 80 mg/(kg•d)for 10 d.The AMI group served as the negative control and was not treated.At the conclusion of the treatment regimen,a sample of intraventricular blood was collected for the purpose of measuring lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),glutathione peroxidase(GLH-PX),nitric oxide(NO),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels.Additionally,myocardial tissue was identified within the ischemic region.The content of malondialdehyde(MDA)was determined by inducing nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)and endodermal nitric oxide synthase(eNOS)positive cells in the left anterior descending coronary artery.[Results]Following citrus treatment,the contents of GLH-PX and SOD in ventricular blood of the citrus B group were found to be significantly elevated,while the contents of NO and LDH in myocardial MDA and ventricle were observed to be significantly reduced.The number of eNOS-positive cells was significantly increased,while the number of iNOS-positive cells was significantly decreased.The difference was statistically significant when compared with the AMI-RI group(P<0.05).The changes observed in the above indicators in the citrus C group were more pronounced than those observed in the citrus B group.The difference between the citrus C and the B group was statistically significant(P<0.05),indicating that this effect is concentration dependent.[Conclusions]In addition to its ability to inhibit myocardial lipid peroxidation during AMI-RI by increasing SOD activity,naringenin may also affect the synthesis and release of NO by regulating eNOS and iNOS,thereby achieving protection against AMI-RI.One effect is enhanced as the dose of the drug increases.

PTS通过调控Wnt/β-catenin通路对胃癌细胞的影响

目的 探讨6-丙酮酰四氢蝶呤合成酶(6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase,PTS)对胃癌细胞的影响。方法 通过蛋白质印迹法(Western blot,WB)和逆转录定量聚合酶链反应(reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)测定胃黏膜上皮细胞GES-1及胃癌细胞系HGC-27细胞、MGC-803细胞、AGS细胞、MKN-45细胞中PTS蛋白及m RNA的表达。选取AGS细胞进行后续实验,将AGS细胞分为对照(NC)组、sh-PTS组、sh-PTS+BML-284组。采用CCK-8测定细胞增殖;采用划痕愈合测定细胞迁移能力;采用Transwell实验测定细胞迁移、侵袭能力;采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;WB和RT-qPCR检测细胞中β-catenin、c-myc、GSK-3β、Wnt5a蛋白和m RNA水平。结果 胃黏膜上皮细胞GES-1中PTS表达低于胃癌细胞,AGS细胞中PTS表达最高;敲低PTS可抑制胃癌细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭,促进胃癌细胞凋亡,β-catenin、c-myc、Wnt5a蛋白水平下降,GSK-3β蛋白水平升高(P<0.05);与sh-PTS组相比,sh-PTS+BML-284组细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭能力增强,细胞凋亡水平下降,β-catenin、c-myc、Wnt5a蛋白表达升高,GSK-3β蛋白表达下降(P<0.05)。结论 PTS通过调控Wnt/β-catenin通路影响胃癌细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭及凋亡。

液液萃取/气相色谱-质谱法结合自动解卷积-Kováts保留指数法定性分析电子烟液中的挥发性成分

基于液液萃取/气相色谱-质谱法结合自动解卷积-Kováts保留指数法,建立了电子烟液中挥发性成分的检测方法。对提取溶剂种类进行了优化,并依据烟液中香气成分的香气特征,分析果味和烟草味烟液的香韵构成和差异,确定不同果味烟液的特征香气成分。结果表明:①以乙醚为提取溶剂能减弱丙三醇对其他组分识别的干扰。②自动解卷积法能准确识别共流出组分和低含量组分;Kováts保留指数法提升了化合物识别的准确度。③在10种烟草味烟液中检出15种成分,以豆香、焦香香韵化合物为主;在21种果味烟液中检出80种成分,以果香、花香香韵化合物为主,确定了16类果味烟液的特征香气成分。通过随机验证实验,该方法可有效分辨不同果味类型的果味烟液和烟草味烟液。该方法样品用量少、前处理过程简单、样品分析用时短,能满足烟液中香气成分的检测需要,可为果味电子烟液的检验识别和监管提供参考。

水煤浆添加剂TS-M1对几种煤成浆效果的试验研究

为了考察复合高效水煤浆添加剂TS-M1在水煤浆制浆中的整体成浆效果,以4种特定的煤种为制浆对象,对煤浆质量分数、黏度、流动性及稳定性等进行了量化分析。试验结果及现场应用情况表明:针对煤气化项目现场的应用条件及4种特定煤种,复合高效水煤浆添加剂TS-M1在常规添加量1‰~4.5‰范围内,可制得最高成浆质量分数分别为64%、63.5%、65%和68%的水煤浆,同时能保持良好的煤浆黏度、流动性及稳定性。

探索设计之问 2024“设计上海TALENTS”

6月19日—22日,第四届“设计上海TALENTS”在上海世博展览馆再启新篇章。本届设计TALENTS展区依旧采用严格的准入机制,最终共有24组/位Talents参展,其中包括3组国际Talents和6组往届参与者。在设计的世界里,问题与答案总是相互纠缠,互为因果。本次TALENTS展将这种复杂的关系提炼为本届的主题——“The Quest for the Question问是亟的问题”。设计不仅仅是一种表达,更是一种探索和提问的过程。在这个过程中,每个设计师都是探险家,每次尝试都可能开启新的可能性(图01)。

广藿香醇合酶PcPTS互作蛋白的筛选与鉴定分析

【目的】广藿香[Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.]是临床常用的芳香化湿药,其质量指标成分广藿香醇具有良好的抗病毒、抗炎症等活性。广藿香醇合酶(Patchouli alcohol synthase,PcPTS)在广藿香醇生物合成途径中起关键作用,但其在蛋白互作层面调控广藿香醇合成的机制尚不清楚。旨在筛选PcPTS的互作蛋白,以揭示PcPTS在广藿香醇生物合成途径中的调控机制和功能。【方法】利用酵母双杂交技术和GST pull-down联合液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术筛选可能与PcPTS互作的蛋白,利用MASCOT软件和BLAST分析注释互作蛋白,选取有文献报道参与其他蛋白互作、影响蛋白转运、修饰或降解、参与次生代谢调控的蛋白,利用酵母双杂交技术初步验证它们与PcPTS蛋白的互作关系并对互作蛋白进行生物信息学分析。【结果】通过PCR技术成功克隆了PcPTS的cDNA序列,开放阅读框(ORF)为1659 bp,编码522个氨基酸。构建了广藿香cDNA初级文库和酵母杂交文库,初级和次级文库容量分别为7.6×10^(6) CFU和8.6×10^(6) CFU,初级和次级文库的重组率均为100%,且插入片段平均长度均大于800 bp。构建的诱饵载体pGBKT7-PcPTS对酵母菌株不产生毒性,且无自激活活性。利用酵母双杂交筛选得到阳性克隆并进行测序和BLAST分析,获得17个候选蛋白。成功构建了GST-PcPTS表达载体,诱导表达纯化获得GST-PcPTS诱饵蛋白,利用诱饵蛋白从广藿香总蛋白中捕获互作蛋白,共鉴定出98个候选互作蛋白。从候选蛋白中筛选14个可能与PcPTS互作的蛋白,利用酵母双杂交进行点对点验证,结果发现PcC3H6、PcENO3、PcACR11和PcHAD与PcPTS存在相互作用。生物信息分析表明,四者分别属于CCCH锌指蛋白家族、烯醇化酶蛋白、ACR亚家族和HAD-like超家族。【结论】初步筛选验证获得与PcPTS存在相互作用的4个蛋白PcC3H6、PcENO3、PcACR11和PcHAD,有助于揭示PcPTS在广藿香醇生物合成途径中的作用机制,也为进一步研究广藿香醇的合成调控机制奠定了坚实基础。

基于GA-TS搜索算法的工业无线传感网节点定位研究

为了解决工业无线传感网覆盖过程中通信半径跳距离产生偏差过大的问题,设计了一种基于GA-TS搜索算法的节点定位方法,并开展仿真分析。研究结果表明,当通信半径不断增大后,算法误差产生不同程度的减少。与传统最大似然估计定位算法相比,GA-TS搜索算法的优化效果更佳,误差大概缩减30%;与移动锚节点算法相比,误差大概降低至15%。相比较之下GA-TS搜索算法定位精度误差最小,具有很大的应用准确性和适应范围。该研究有助于工业无线传感网定位精度,对保证网络信号的传输效率具有一定的意义。

Effects of icariin on erectile function and expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in castrated rats

Aim： To investigate the effect of icariin on erectile function and the expression of nitric oxide synthase （NOS） isoforms in castrated rats. Methods： Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into one shamoperated group （A） and three castrated groups （B, C and D）. One week after surgery, rats were treated with normal saline （groups A and B） or oral icariin （1 mg/[kg·day] for group C and 5 mg/[kg·day] for group D） for 4 weeks. One week after treatment, the erectile function of the rats was assessed by measuring intracavernosal pressure （ICP） during electrostimulation of the cavernosal nerve. The serum testosterone （ST） levels, the percent of smooth muscle （PSM） in trabecular tissue, and the expression of mRNA and proteins of neuronal nitric oxide synthase （nNOS）, inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）, endothelial nitric oxide synthase （eNOS） and phosphodiesterase V （PDES） in corpus cavernosum （CC） were also evaluated. Results： ICP, PSM, ST and the expression of nNOS, iNOS, eNOS and PDE5 were significantly decreased in group B compared with those in group A （P 〈 0.01）. However, ICE PSM and the expression of nNOS and iNOS were increased in groups C and D compared with those in group B （P 〈 0.05）. Changes in ST and the expression of eNOS and PDE5 were not significant （P 〉 0.05） in groups C and D compared with those in group B. Conclusion： Oral treatment with icariin （〉 98.6 % purity） for 4 weeks potentially improves erectile function. This effect is correlated with an increase in PSM and the expression of certain NOS in the CC of castrated rats. These results suggest that icariin may have a therapeutic effect on erectile dysfunction.

Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in stomach myenteric plexus of rats

AIM: To study the distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in rat stomach myenteric plexus.METHODS: The distribution of NOS in gastric wall was studied in quantity and location by the NADPH-diaphorase (NDP) histochemical staining method and whole mount preparation technique.RESULTS: NOS was distributed in whole stomach wall, most of them were located in myenteric plexus, and distributed in submucosal plexus. The shape of NOS positive neurons was basically similar, most of them being round and oval in shape. But their density, size and staining intensity varied greatly in the different parts of stomach. The density was 62 -± 38 cells/mm2(antrum), 43 ± 32 cells/mm2(body), and 32 ± 28 cells/mm2 (fundus), respectively. The size and staining intensity of NOS positive neurons in the fundus were basically the same, the neurons being large and dark stained, while they were obviously different in antrum. In the body of the stomach, the NOS positive neurons were in an intermediate state from fundus to antrum. There were some beadlike structures which were strung together by NOS positive varicosities in nerve fibers, some were closely adherent to the outer walls of blood vessels.CONCLUSION: Nitric oxide might he involved in the modulation of motility, secretion and blood ciroulation of the stomach, and the significant difference of NOS positive neurons in different parts of stomach myenteric plexus may be related to the physiologic function of stomach.

Expressions of Thymidylate Synthase, Thymidine Phosphorylase, Class Ⅲ β-tubulin, and Excision Repair Cross-complementing Group 1 Predict Response in Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients Receiving Capecitabine Plus Paclitaxel or Cisplatin

Objective: To evaluate the role of class III β-tubulin (TUBB3), thymidylate synthase (TS), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), and excision repair cross-complementing group 1 (ERCC1) in clinical outcome of advanced gastric cancer patients receiving capecitabine plus paclitaxel or cisplatin. Methods: The clinical data and tumor specimens from 57 advanced gastric cancer patients receiving first-line capecitabine plus paclitaxel (cohort 1, n=36) and capecitabine plus cisplatin (cohort 2, n=21) were retrospectively collected, and TUBB3, TS, TP, and ERCC1 expressions were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The associations between expressions of biomarkers and response or survival were analyzed statistically. Results: The median age of 57 patients was 57 years (range: 27–75 years) with 38 males and 19 females. Of all patients, the response rates of patients with high TP, low TP and high TS, low TS expressions were 57.1%, 27.6% (P=0.024), and 55.2%, 28.6% (P=0.042), respectively. Among cohort 1, the response rates and median overall survivals of patients with low and high TUBB3 expressions were 61.1% vs. 33.3% (P=0.095) and 13.8 months vs. 6.6 months (P=0.019), respectively; the response rate (87.5%) of patients with low TUBB3 and high TP expressions was higher than that (14.3%) of patients with high TUBB3 and low TP expressions (P=0.01). Among cohort 2, the response rates of patients with low ERCC1 and high ERCC1 expressions were 45.5% and 20.0% respectively (P=0.361). Conclusion: TUBB3, TS and TP expressions could predict the response of advanced gastric cancer patients receiving capecitabine-based and paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. These results will be further confirmed in future large samples.

CONSTRUCTION OF A GENOMIC DNA LIBRARY WITH ATA VECTOR AND ITS APPLICATION IN CLONING OF THE PHYTOENE SYNTHASE GENE FROM THE CYANOBACTERIUM SPIRULINA PLATENSIS M-135

An efficient and simple method for constructing a genomic DNA library using a TAcloning vector is presented. It is based on the sonicative cleavage of genomic DNA and modification offragment ends with Taq DNA polymerase, followed by ligation using a TA vector. This method was ap-plied for cloning of the phytoene synthase gene crtB from Spirulina platensis. This method is useful whengenomic DNA cannot be efficiently digested with restriction enzymes, a problem often encountered duringthe construction of a genomic DNA library of cyanobacteria.

Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in stomach wall in rats

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Suppression of starch synthase I(SSI) by RNA interference alters starch biosynthesis and amylopectin chain distribution in rice plants subjected to high temperature

Based on known cDNAs of rice starch synthase isoforms,we constructed dsRNA interference vectors for starch synthase I(SSI)to produce transgenic plants containing starch with a moderately high amylose content.We investigated the effect of SSI suppression on grain quality traits,starch biosynthesis,and amylopectin chain distribution in rice plants exposed to two different temperature regimes.The activities and transcripts of BEs,DBEs,and other SS isoforms were further investigated to clarify the effect of SSI suppression on these key enzymes and their specific isoforms under different temperature treatments.Suppression of SSI by RNAi altered grain starch component and amylopectin chain distribution,but it exerted only a slight effect on total starch content(%)and accumulation amount(mg kernel?1)and on starch granule morphology and particle size distribution.Under normal temperature(NT),insignificant differences in kernel weight,chalky kernel proportion,chalky degree,and starch granule morphology between SSI-RNAi line and its wild type(WT)were observed.However,amylose content(AC)level and granule-bound starch synthase(GBSS)activity in rice endosperms were markedly increased by SSI-RNAi suppression.The chalky kernel proportion and chalky degree of SSIRNAi lines were significantly higher than those of WT under high temperature(HT)exposure at filling stage.Inhibition of SSI by RNAi affected amylopectin chain distribution and raised starch gelatinization temperature(GT)in two ways:directly from the SSI deficiency itself and indirectly by reducing BEIIb amounts in an SSI-deficient background.The deficiency of SSI expression led to an alteration in the susceptibility of grain chalkiness occurrence and starch gelatinization temperature to HT exposure,owing to a pleiotropic effect of SSI deficiency on the expression of other genes associated with starch biosynthesis.