Starch and the storage proteins are the main nutritious substances in crop grains,and their composition and content in grains play a decisive role in the grain quality of rice and other staple food crops.This review h...Starch and the storage proteins are the main nutritious substances in crop grains,and their composition and content in grains play a decisive role in the grain quality of rice and other staple food crops.This review has mainly summarized the new advances in the expression regulation of starch and storage protein synthesis related genes in rice grains.Moreover,the challenges of the starch and storage protein synthesis substances in rice genetic improvement were also discussed.This review will provide important information for genetic improvement of grain quality in rice and,potentially,other staple cereals.展开更多
Background:Nutrient regulation has been proven to be an effective way to improve the flesh quality in fish.As a necessary nutrient for fish growth,protein accounts for the highest proportion in the fish diet and is ex...Background:Nutrient regulation has been proven to be an effective way to improve the flesh quality in fish.As a necessary nutrient for fish growth,protein accounts for the highest proportion in the fish diet and is expensive.Although our team found that the effect of protein on the muscle hardness of grass carp was probably related to an increased collagen content,the mechanism for this effect has not been deeply explored.Moreover,few studies have explored the protein requirements of sub-adult grass crap(Ctenopharyngodon idella).Therefore,the effects of different dietary protein levels on the growth performance,nutritional value,muscle hardness,muscle fiber growth,collagen metabolism and related molecule expression in grass carp were investigated.Methods:A total of 450 healthy grass carp(721.16±1.98 g)were selected and assigned randomly to six experimen-tal groups with three replicates each(n=25/replicate),and were fed six diets with 15.91%,19.39%,22.10%,25.59%,28.53%and 31.42%protein for 60 d.Results:Appropriate levels of dietary protein increased the feed intake,percentage weight gain,specific growth rate,body composition,unsaturated fatty acid content in muscle,partial free amino acid content in muscle,and muscle hardness of grass carp.These protein levels also increased the muscle fiber density,the frequency of new muscle fibers,the contents of collagen and IGF-1,and the enzyme activities of prolyl 4-hydroxylases and lysyloxidase,and decreased the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2.At the molecular level,the optimal dietary protein increased col-lagen type Iα1(Colα1),Colα2,PI3K,Akt,S6K1,La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 6a(LARP6a),TGF-β1,Smad2,Smad4,Smad3,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2,MyoD,Myf5,MyoG and MyHC relative mRNA levels.The levels of the myostatin-1 and myostatin-2 genes were downregulated,and the protein expression levels of p-Smad2,Smad2,Smad4,p-Akt,Akt,LARP6 and Smad3 were increased.Conclusions:The appropriate levels of dietary protein promoted the growth of sub-adult grass carp and improved muscle hardness by promoting the growth of muscle fibers,improving collagen synthesis and depressing collagen degradation.In addition,the dietary protein requirements of sub-adult grass carp were 26.21%and 24.85%according to the quadratic regression analysis of growth performance(SGR)and the muscle hardness(collagen content),respectively.展开更多
Background： The rapid gain in lean mass in neonates requires greater rates of protein synthesis than degradation. We previously delineated the molecular mechanisms by which insulin and amino acids, especially leucine...Background： The rapid gain in lean mass in neonates requires greater rates of protein synthesis than degradation. We previously delineated the molecular mechanisms by which insulin and amino acids, especially leucine, modulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis and how this changes with development. In the current study, we identified mechanisms involved in protein degradation regulation. In experiment 1,6- and 26-d-old pigs were studied during 1） euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic, 2） euinsulinemic-euglycemiohyperaminoacidemic, and 3） hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic clamps for 2 h. In experiment 2, 5-d-old pigs were studied during 1） euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic-euleucinemic, 2） euinsulinemic-euglycemic-hypoaminoacidemic- hyperleucinemic, and 3） euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic-hyperleucinemic clamps for 24 h. We determined in muscle indices of ubiquitin-proteasome, i.e., atrogin-1 （MAFbx） and muscle RING-finger protein-1 （MuRF1） and autophagy-lysosome systems, i.e., unc51-1ike kinase 1 （UKL1）, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 （LC3）, and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 （Lamp-2）. For comparison, we measured ribosomal protein 56 （rpS6） and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E （elF4E） activation, components of translation initiation. Results： Abundance of atrogin-1, but not MuRF1, was greater in 26- than 6-d-old pigs and was not affected by insulin, amino acids, or leucine. Abundance of ULK1 and LC3 was higher in younger pigs and not affected by treatment. The LC3-11/LC3-1 ratio was reduced and ULK1 phosphorylation increased by insulin, amino acids, and leucine. These responses were more profound in younger pigs. Abundance of Lamp-2 was not affected by treatment or development. Abundance of elF4E, but not rpS6, was higher in 6- than 26-d-old-pigs but unaffected by treatment. Phosphorylation of elF4E was not affected by treatment, however, insulin, amino acids, and leucine stimulated rpS6 phosphorylation, and the responses decreased with development.展开更多
As a key coordinator of metabolism,AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)is vitally involved in skeletal muscle maintenance.AMPK exerts its cellular effects through its function as a serine/threonine protein kinase by reg...As a key coordinator of metabolism,AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)is vitally involved in skeletal muscle maintenance.AMPK exerts its cellular effects through its function as a serine/threonine protein kinase by regulating many downstream targets and plays important roles in the development and growth of skeletal muscle.AMPK is activated by phosphorylation and exerts its function as a kinase in many processes,including synthesis and degradation of proteins,mitochondrial biogenesis,glucose uptake,and fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism.Skeletal muscle atrophy is a result of various diseases or disorders and is characterized by a decrease in muscle mass.The pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of skeletal muscle atrophy are still under investigation.In this review,we discuss the role of AMPK in skeletal muscle metabolism and atrophy.We also discuss targeting AMPK for skeletal muscle treatment,including exercise,AMPK activators including 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribonucleoside and metformin,and low-level lasers.These studies show the important roles of AMPK in regulating muscle metabolism and function;thus,the treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy needs to take into account the roles of AMPK.展开更多
Since starch digestion in the small intestine provides more energy than digestion in the rumen of ru-minants,reducing dietary rumen degradable starch(RDS)content is beneficial for improving energy utilization of starc...Since starch digestion in the small intestine provides more energy than digestion in the rumen of ru-minants,reducing dietary rumen degradable starch(RDS)content is beneficial for improving energy utilization of starch in ruminants.The present study tested whether the reduction of rumen degradable starch by restricting dietary corn processing for growing goats could improve growth performance,and further investigated the possible underlying mechanism.In this study,twenty-four 12-wk-old goats were selected and randomly allocated to receive either a high RDS diet(HRDS,crushed corn-based concen-trate,the mean of particle sizes of corn grain=1.64 mm,n=12)or a low RDS diet(LRDS,non-processed corn-based concentrate,the mean of particle sizes of corn grain>8 mm,n=12).Growth performance,carcass traits,plasma biochemical indices,gene expression of glucose and amino acid transporters,and protein expression of the AMPK-mTOR pathway were measured.Compared to the HRDS,LRDS tended to increase the average daily gain(ADG,P=0.054)and decreased the feed-to-gain ratio(F/G,P<0.05).Furthermore,LRDS increased the net lean tissue rate(P<0.01),protein content(P<0.05)and total free amino acids(P<0.05)in the biceps femoris(BF)muscle of goats.LRDS increased the glucose concen-tration(P<0.01),but reduced total amino acid concentration(P<0.05)and tended to reduce blood urea nitrogen(BUN)concentration(P=0.062)in plasma of goats.The mRNA expression of insulin receptors(INSR),glucose transporter 4(GLUT4),L-type amino acid transporter 1(LAT1)and 4F2 heavy chain(4F2hc)in BF muscle,and sodium-glucose cotransporters 1(SGLT1)and glucose transporter 2(GLUT2)in the small intestine were significantly increased(P<0.05)in LRDS goats.LRDS also led to marked activation of p70-S6 kinase(S6K)(P<0.05),but lower activation of AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)(P<0.05)and eukaryotic initiation factor 2a(P<0.01).Our findings suggested that reducing the content of dietary RDS enhanced postruminal starch digestion and increased plasma glucose,thereby improving amino acid utilization and promoting protein synthesis in the skeletal muscle of goats via the AMPK-mTOR pathway.These changes may contribute to improvement in growth performance and carcass traits in LRDS goats.展开更多
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)hydrolase(PETase)from Ideonella sakaiensis exhibits a strong ability to degrade poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET)at room temperature,and is thus regarded as a potential tool to solve the is...Poly(ethylene terephthalate)hydrolase(PETase)from Ideonella sakaiensis exhibits a strong ability to degrade poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET)at room temperature,and is thus regarded as a potential tool to solve the issue of polyester plastic pollution.Therefore,we explored the interaction between PETase and the substrate(a dimer of the PET monomer ethylene terephthalate,2PET),using a model of PETase and its substrate.In this study,we focused on six key residues around the substrate-binding groove in order to create novel high-efficiency PETase mutants through protein engineering.These PETase mutants were designed and tested.The enzymatic activities of the R61A,L88F,and I179F mutants,which were obtained with a rapid cell-free screening system,exhibited 1.4 fold,2.1 fold,and 2.5 fold increases,respectively,in comparison with wild-type PETase.The I179F mutant showed the highest activity,with the degradation rate of a PET film reaching 22.5 mg perμmol·L^-1 PETase per day.Thus,this study has created enhanced artificial PETase enzymes through the rational protein engineering of key hydrophobic sites,and has further illustrated the potential of biodegradable plastics.展开更多
Seed storage reserves and organelles after scarification(chemical,mechanical,control)of bambara groundnut with different seed coat colours(cream,light brown and brown)were examined in relation to germination vigour.Se...Seed storage reserves and organelles after scarification(chemical,mechanical,control)of bambara groundnut with different seed coat colours(cream,light brown and brown)were examined in relation to germination vigour.Seed storage proteins,oil and sugar content,starch granules and protein bodies,germination vigour index(GVI)and mean germination time(MGT)were measured.There were significant(p<0.05)effects of seed scarification on protein body diameter,seed oil content and sugar content.Chemical scarification resulted in seeds having larger starch granules,followed by the control and mechanical scarification that resulted in seeds having smaller starch granules.Mechanical scarification had the highest(p>0.05)protein density,followed by chemical scarification and control seeds that had the lowest protein density.Seeds from the control had the highest oil content,followed by seeds from mechanical scarification and seeds from chemical scarification that had the lowest oil content.Seeds from the control and chemical scarification had larger diameter of protein bodies and sugar content.Seed coat colour significantly(p<0.05)influenced the area and diameter of protein bodies,starch granule area,seed sugar content.Brown seeds produced larger protein bodies and the highest oil content,while light brown seeds had larger area of starch granules and the highest sugar content.Seed storage reserves had an influence on bambara groundnut germination vigour.While favouring dark coloured seeds such as light brown and brown,bambara groundnut seed users should adapt chemical seed scarification to enhance germination vigour of this crop.展开更多
Lactate is an important bulk chemical with widespread applications and a major byproduct of other chemicals bioprocess in microbial fermentation.Lactate dehydrogenase A(LdhA)catalyzes the synthesis of lactate from pyr...Lactate is an important bulk chemical with widespread applications and a major byproduct of other chemicals bioprocess in microbial fermentation.Lactate dehydrogenase A(LdhA)catalyzes the synthesis of lactate from pyruvate.Lysine acetylation is an evolutionarily conserved post-translational modification;however,the mech-anisms underlying the regulation of LdhA function by lysine acetylation in Escherichia coli remain poorly under-stood.Herein,we demonstrate acetylation of E.coli LdhA occurs via enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms.Further,we show carbon source type and concentration affect the lysine acetylation status of LdhA via a non-enzymatic mechanism.Lysine acetylation significantly inhibits the enzymatic activity and protein level of LdhA.The results of the present study demonstrate lysine acetylation of E.coli LdhA is irreversible.Understanding of the effects of lysine acetylation on LdhA function may provide a new perspective for regulating lactate production in microbial synthesis.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1604110,U1404319,31600992,31801332)Key Project of Science and Technology in Henan Province(182102110442,152102110100,152102110036)+6 种基金Nanhu Scholars Program for Young Scholars of XYNU(2016054)Scientific Research Innovation Project for Postgraduate of XYNU(2018KYJJ47)Major Science and Technology Project in Henan Province(121100110200)Student Research Fund Project of XYNU(2018-DXS-066)National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for Undergraduates(201810477004)Key Scientific Research Projects of Universities in Henan Province(19A180030)Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains
文摘Starch and the storage proteins are the main nutritious substances in crop grains,and their composition and content in grains play a decisive role in the grain quality of rice and other staple food crops.This review has mainly summarized the new advances in the expression regulation of starch and storage protein synthesis related genes in rice grains.Moreover,the challenges of the starch and storage protein synthesis substances in rice genetic improvement were also discussed.This review will provide important information for genetic improvement of grain quality in rice and,potentially,other staple cereals.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0900400,2019YFD0900200)National Natural Science Foundation of China for Outstanding Youth Science Foundation(31922086)+3 种基金National Nature Science Foundation of China(32172988)the Young Top-Notch Talent Support Program of National Ten-Thousand Talents Program,the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-45)Outstanding Talents and Innovative Team of Agricultural Scientific Research(Ministry of Agriculture)Supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2019YFN0036).
文摘Background:Nutrient regulation has been proven to be an effective way to improve the flesh quality in fish.As a necessary nutrient for fish growth,protein accounts for the highest proportion in the fish diet and is expensive.Although our team found that the effect of protein on the muscle hardness of grass carp was probably related to an increased collagen content,the mechanism for this effect has not been deeply explored.Moreover,few studies have explored the protein requirements of sub-adult grass crap(Ctenopharyngodon idella).Therefore,the effects of different dietary protein levels on the growth performance,nutritional value,muscle hardness,muscle fiber growth,collagen metabolism and related molecule expression in grass carp were investigated.Methods:A total of 450 healthy grass carp(721.16±1.98 g)were selected and assigned randomly to six experimen-tal groups with three replicates each(n=25/replicate),and were fed six diets with 15.91%,19.39%,22.10%,25.59%,28.53%and 31.42%protein for 60 d.Results:Appropriate levels of dietary protein increased the feed intake,percentage weight gain,specific growth rate,body composition,unsaturated fatty acid content in muscle,partial free amino acid content in muscle,and muscle hardness of grass carp.These protein levels also increased the muscle fiber density,the frequency of new muscle fibers,the contents of collagen and IGF-1,and the enzyme activities of prolyl 4-hydroxylases and lysyloxidase,and decreased the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2.At the molecular level,the optimal dietary protein increased col-lagen type Iα1(Colα1),Colα2,PI3K,Akt,S6K1,La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 6a(LARP6a),TGF-β1,Smad2,Smad4,Smad3,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2,MyoD,Myf5,MyoG and MyHC relative mRNA levels.The levels of the myostatin-1 and myostatin-2 genes were downregulated,and the protein expression levels of p-Smad2,Smad2,Smad4,p-Akt,Akt,LARP6 and Smad3 were increased.Conclusions:The appropriate levels of dietary protein promoted the growth of sub-adult grass carp and improved muscle hardness by promoting the growth of muscle fibers,improving collagen synthesis and depressing collagen degradation.In addition,the dietary protein requirements of sub-adult grass carp were 26.21%and 24.85%according to the quadratic regression analysis of growth performance(SGR)and the muscle hardness(collagen content),respectively.
基金funded in part by National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Grant AR-044474(T.A.Davis)National Institute of Child Health and Human Development HD-072891(T.A.Davis)by the USDA/ARS under Cooperative Agreement no.6250-510000-055(T.A.Davis)
文摘Background： The rapid gain in lean mass in neonates requires greater rates of protein synthesis than degradation. We previously delineated the molecular mechanisms by which insulin and amino acids, especially leucine, modulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis and how this changes with development. In the current study, we identified mechanisms involved in protein degradation regulation. In experiment 1,6- and 26-d-old pigs were studied during 1） euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic, 2） euinsulinemic-euglycemiohyperaminoacidemic, and 3） hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic clamps for 2 h. In experiment 2, 5-d-old pigs were studied during 1） euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic-euleucinemic, 2） euinsulinemic-euglycemic-hypoaminoacidemic- hyperleucinemic, and 3） euinsulinemic-euglycemic-euaminoacidemic-hyperleucinemic clamps for 24 h. We determined in muscle indices of ubiquitin-proteasome, i.e., atrogin-1 （MAFbx） and muscle RING-finger protein-1 （MuRF1） and autophagy-lysosome systems, i.e., unc51-1ike kinase 1 （UKL1）, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 （LC3）, and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 （Lamp-2）. For comparison, we measured ribosomal protein 56 （rpS6） and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E （elF4E） activation, components of translation initiation. Results： Abundance of atrogin-1, but not MuRF1, was greater in 26- than 6-d-old pigs and was not affected by insulin, amino acids, or leucine. Abundance of ULK1 and LC3 was higher in younger pigs and not affected by treatment. The LC3-11/LC3-1 ratio was reduced and ULK1 phosphorylation increased by insulin, amino acids, and leucine. These responses were more profound in younger pigs. Abundance of Lamp-2 was not affected by treatment or development. Abundance of elF4E, but not rpS6, was higher in 6- than 26-d-old-pigs but unaffected by treatment. Phosphorylation of elF4E was not affected by treatment, however, insulin, amino acids, and leucine stimulated rpS6 phosphorylation, and the responses decreased with development.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32071517,82072106)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(Grant No.2020JM-100).
文摘As a key coordinator of metabolism,AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)is vitally involved in skeletal muscle maintenance.AMPK exerts its cellular effects through its function as a serine/threonine protein kinase by regulating many downstream targets and plays important roles in the development and growth of skeletal muscle.AMPK is activated by phosphorylation and exerts its function as a kinase in many processes,including synthesis and degradation of proteins,mitochondrial biogenesis,glucose uptake,and fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism.Skeletal muscle atrophy is a result of various diseases or disorders and is characterized by a decrease in muscle mass.The pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of skeletal muscle atrophy are still under investigation.In this review,we discuss the role of AMPK in skeletal muscle metabolism and atrophy.We also discuss targeting AMPK for skeletal muscle treatment,including exercise,AMPK activators including 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribonucleoside and metformin,and low-level lasers.These studies show the important roles of AMPK in regulating muscle metabolism and function;thus,the treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy needs to take into account the roles of AMPK.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number 2017YFD0500500).
文摘Since starch digestion in the small intestine provides more energy than digestion in the rumen of ru-minants,reducing dietary rumen degradable starch(RDS)content is beneficial for improving energy utilization of starch in ruminants.The present study tested whether the reduction of rumen degradable starch by restricting dietary corn processing for growing goats could improve growth performance,and further investigated the possible underlying mechanism.In this study,twenty-four 12-wk-old goats were selected and randomly allocated to receive either a high RDS diet(HRDS,crushed corn-based concen-trate,the mean of particle sizes of corn grain=1.64 mm,n=12)or a low RDS diet(LRDS,non-processed corn-based concentrate,the mean of particle sizes of corn grain>8 mm,n=12).Growth performance,carcass traits,plasma biochemical indices,gene expression of glucose and amino acid transporters,and protein expression of the AMPK-mTOR pathway were measured.Compared to the HRDS,LRDS tended to increase the average daily gain(ADG,P=0.054)and decreased the feed-to-gain ratio(F/G,P<0.05).Furthermore,LRDS increased the net lean tissue rate(P<0.01),protein content(P<0.05)and total free amino acids(P<0.05)in the biceps femoris(BF)muscle of goats.LRDS increased the glucose concen-tration(P<0.01),but reduced total amino acid concentration(P<0.05)and tended to reduce blood urea nitrogen(BUN)concentration(P=0.062)in plasma of goats.The mRNA expression of insulin receptors(INSR),glucose transporter 4(GLUT4),L-type amino acid transporter 1(LAT1)and 4F2 heavy chain(4F2hc)in BF muscle,and sodium-glucose cotransporters 1(SGLT1)and glucose transporter 2(GLUT2)in the small intestine were significantly increased(P<0.05)in LRDS goats.LRDS also led to marked activation of p70-S6 kinase(S6K)(P<0.05),but lower activation of AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)(P<0.05)and eukaryotic initiation factor 2a(P<0.01).Our findings suggested that reducing the content of dietary RDS enhanced postruminal starch digestion and increased plasma glucose,thereby improving amino acid utilization and promoting protein synthesis in the skeletal muscle of goats via the AMPK-mTOR pathway.These changes may contribute to improvement in growth performance and carcass traits in LRDS goats.
基金National Program on Key Basic Research Project by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2014CB745100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21676190 and 21621004)the Innovative Talents and Platform Program of Tianjin(16PTGCCX00140 and 16PTSYJC00050).
文摘Poly(ethylene terephthalate)hydrolase(PETase)from Ideonella sakaiensis exhibits a strong ability to degrade poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET)at room temperature,and is thus regarded as a potential tool to solve the issue of polyester plastic pollution.Therefore,we explored the interaction between PETase and the substrate(a dimer of the PET monomer ethylene terephthalate,2PET),using a model of PETase and its substrate.In this study,we focused on six key residues around the substrate-binding groove in order to create novel high-efficiency PETase mutants through protein engineering.These PETase mutants were designed and tested.The enzymatic activities of the R61A,L88F,and I179F mutants,which were obtained with a rapid cell-free screening system,exhibited 1.4 fold,2.1 fold,and 2.5 fold increases,respectively,in comparison with wild-type PETase.The I179F mutant showed the highest activity,with the degradation rate of a PET film reaching 22.5 mg perμmol·L^-1 PETase per day.Thus,this study has created enhanced artificial PETase enzymes through the rational protein engineering of key hydrophobic sites,and has further illustrated the potential of biodegradable plastics.
基金Funding from National Research Foundation(NRF)of South Africa and South African National Seed Organization(SANSOR)respectively is acknowledged.
文摘Seed storage reserves and organelles after scarification(chemical,mechanical,control)of bambara groundnut with different seed coat colours(cream,light brown and brown)were examined in relation to germination vigour.Seed storage proteins,oil and sugar content,starch granules and protein bodies,germination vigour index(GVI)and mean germination time(MGT)were measured.There were significant(p<0.05)effects of seed scarification on protein body diameter,seed oil content and sugar content.Chemical scarification resulted in seeds having larger starch granules,followed by the control and mechanical scarification that resulted in seeds having smaller starch granules.Mechanical scarification had the highest(p>0.05)protein density,followed by chemical scarification and control seeds that had the lowest protein density.Seeds from the control had the highest oil content,followed by seeds from mechanical scarification and seeds from chemical scarification that had the lowest oil content.Seeds from the control and chemical scarification had larger diameter of protein bodies and sugar content.Seed coat colour significantly(p<0.05)influenced the area and diameter of protein bodies,starch granule area,seed sugar content.Brown seeds produced larger protein bodies and the highest oil content,while light brown seeds had larger area of starch granules and the highest sugar content.Seed storage reserves had an influence on bambara groundnut germination vigour.While favouring dark coloured seeds such as light brown and brown,bambara groundnut seed users should adapt chemical seed scarification to enhance germination vigour of this crop.
文摘为了探究太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)在0℃和4℃冷藏过程中的品质变化,首先对牡蛎不同组织(闭壳肌、外套膜、鳃和内脏团)在冷藏过程中的表观变化进行观察,利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)分析冷藏过程中各组织中全蛋白的变化,进一步通过Western blotting鉴定闭壳肌中肌球蛋白重链(myosin heavy chain,MHC)、肌动蛋白、副肌球蛋白(paramyosin,PM)和原肌球蛋白(tropomyosin,TM)的降解情况,采用荧光光谱分析闭壳肌冷藏过程中内源性丝氨酸蛋白酶和组织蛋白酶B的活力变化,以闭壳肌的pH、K值和质构特性等为评价指标,分析其在冷藏过程中品质的变化。结果显示,随着冷藏时间延长,闭壳肌由紧实变得绵软,表观变化最明显。Western blotting结果显示,在0℃和4℃冷藏过程中,闭壳肌中MHC分别在第3天和第1天开始降解,表明低温有利于降低蛋白酶解速率;但是,肌动蛋白、PM和TM无明显变化。闭壳肌中丝氨酸蛋白酶和组织蛋白酶B活力在冷藏过程中总体呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在0、4℃冷藏过程中,pH值从初始的6.79开始呈现下降趋势,至第11天时分别为6.52、5.84;K值分别在第9天和第5天超过二级鲜度范围(40%);闭壳肌硬度和咀嚼性均在第1天达到峰值,随后逐渐下降,弹性呈现下降趋势;闭壳肌中MHC的降解最为明显,并与牡蛎品质劣化密切相关。研究可为牡蛎冷藏保鲜提供理论参考。
基金supported by the National Key Research and Develop-ment Program of China(2021YFC2100503)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170085,31961133014)+2 种基金Young Scholars Pro-gram of Shandong University(M.L.),Distinguished Scholars Program of Shandong University(G.Z.),Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyFundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesState Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology Open Projects Fund(M2022-07).
文摘Lactate is an important bulk chemical with widespread applications and a major byproduct of other chemicals bioprocess in microbial fermentation.Lactate dehydrogenase A(LdhA)catalyzes the synthesis of lactate from pyruvate.Lysine acetylation is an evolutionarily conserved post-translational modification;however,the mech-anisms underlying the regulation of LdhA function by lysine acetylation in Escherichia coli remain poorly under-stood.Herein,we demonstrate acetylation of E.coli LdhA occurs via enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms.Further,we show carbon source type and concentration affect the lysine acetylation status of LdhA via a non-enzymatic mechanism.Lysine acetylation significantly inhibits the enzymatic activity and protein level of LdhA.The results of the present study demonstrate lysine acetylation of E.coli LdhA is irreversible.Understanding of the effects of lysine acetylation on LdhA function may provide a new perspective for regulating lactate production in microbial synthesis.
