Green synthesis of ZSM-5 using silica fume and catalytic co-cracking of lignin and plastics for production of monocyclic aromatics

ZSM-5 with hierarchical pore structure was synthesized by a simple two-step hydrothermal crystallization from silica fume without using any organic ammonium templates.The synthesized ZSM-5 were oval shaped particles with a particle size about 2.0 μm and weak acid-dominated with proper Brønsted(B)and Lewis(L)acid sites.The ZSM-5 was used for catalytic co-cracking of n-octane and guaiacol,lowdensity polyethylene(LDPE)and alkali lignin(AL)to enhance the production of benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene and xylene(BTEX).The most significant synergistic effect occurred at n-octane/guaiacol at 1:1 and LDPE/AL at 1:3,under the condition,the achieved BTEX selectivity were 24%and 33%(mass)higher than the calculated values(weighted average).The highest BTEX selectivity reached 88.5%,which was 3.7%and 54.2%higher than those from individual cracking LDPE and AL.The synthesized ZSM-5 exhibited superior catalytic performance compared to the commercial ZSM-5,indicating potential application prospect.

In-situ Synthesis of ZSM-5 Zeolite from Metakaolin/Spinel and Its Catalytic Performance on Methanol Conversion

ZSM-5 zeolite was in-situ synthesized from metakaolin or s alumina sources, respectively. The ZSM-5 zeolite was characterized pinel by incorporating additional silica and by X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectroscopy and N2 adsorption measurement. This supported zeolite was tested on the methanol to propylene （MTP） processes. Experimental results showed that the ZSM-5 zeolite exhibited high selectivity for propylene. The yield of propylene on ZSM-5 zeolite made from metakaolin was increased by 17.73%, while that on ZSM-5 zeolite made from spinel was raised by 9.90%, compared to that achieved with the commercial ZSM-5 zeolite. The significant increase in propylene production is probably due to the distinctive morphology of the ZSM-5 zeolite, which possessed a rough external surface covered with sphere-like particles and distribution of small crystals sized at around 400--500 nm. This morphology could help to generate more crystal defects so that more active centers could be exposed to the reaction mixture. In addition, the zeolite product had a gradient pore distribution and many medium Brǒnsted acid sites, both of which might also contribute to the increased propylene production.

In-situ Synthesis of ZSM-5 with Different Si/AlRatios on Honeycomb-shaped Cordierite and their Behavior on NO Decomposition

Zeolites ZSM-5 with different Si/Al ratios were in-situ synthesized on the surface ofhoneycomb-shaped cordierite support for the first time. Characterizations of XRD and SEM wereperformed and it has been proved that the zeolite ZSM-5 was grown on the surface of the cordieritehomogeneously. NO decomposition on the Cu exchanged ZSM-5/cordierite monolith catalysts wasalso studied. It was found that the monolith catalysts have a fine initial activity at 673K and GHSVof 10,000h-1. Such method should be a good way to make auto exhaust converter with monolithcatalyst for NOx removal.

Rapid synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst for amination of ethanolamine

ZSM-5 zeolite was rapidly synthesized in system containing ethylenediamine from the initial gel: (5?8) Na2O: 44 EDA:Al2O3:100 SiO2:4000 H2O. The crystals were lath-shaped. The effect of pretreatment and alkalinity on crystallinity was investigated. The pretreatment of silicate source can cut down the crystallization time. Tuning the system alkalinity and controlling crystallization time can ensure forming of pure crystal.

Synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite membranes without organic templates using a varying-concentration technique

Template-free nanosized ZSM-5 seeds with an average size of 15 nm were prepared from a synthesis solution with the composition 12Na2O∶100SiO2∶2Al2O3∶2500H2O. By the use of these seeds, thin ZSM-5 zeolite membranes were prepared on the outer surface of a porous α-alumina tube with a pore size of 2 μm in a gel system by varying-concentration synthesis with organic-free template. The first composition synthesis sol-gel was the same as seeds of molar composition and the second one was 12Na2O∶100SiO2∶2Al2O3∶5000H2O at 180 ℃ for 10 h, respectively. XRD shows that the film consists of well-crystallized ZSM-5 zeolite. SEM investigation indicats that the zeolite films on the supports are defect free and the film thickness is approximately 8 μm. The permeances for H2, N2, CH4 and CO2 are 8.94×10-7, 3.27×10-7, 3.9×10-7, 3.14×10-7 and 0.874×10-7 mol·m2·s-1·Pa-1, respectively. The ideal selectivity of membrane at room temperature for H2/CO2, H2/N2, H2/CH4 are 2.84, 2.73 and 2.29, respectively.

Synthesis of ZSM-5/MOR Co-crystalline Zeolite without Template and the Catalytic Application Thereof

A ZSM-5/MOR co-crystalline zeolite was synthesized without using the template. The physico-chemical properties of the zeolite were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and TPD and then compared with the co-crystalline zeolite synthesized with a template. Analytical results indicated that they were similar in structure and composition. The influences ofpH value and Si/Al ratio on synthesis were studied. It was found that a high pH value or a low Si/AI ratio could provide better environment for mordenite （MOR） crystallization. The zeolites applied as catalysts in naphtha catalytic cracking for producing ethylene and propylene showed outstanding catalytic performance with the total yield of ethylene and propylene reaching 55 m%. The process could achieve most favorable efficiency when the catalyst contained 5 m% of MOR.

The Effect of Surfactant on Synthesis of ZSM-5 in a Super-Concentrated System

ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized in a super-concentrated system using different kinds of surfactants. The ZSM-5 samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, FT-IR and BET techniques. The surfactant could change the properties of ZSM-5 zeolite, including the crystallinity, the crystal grain size, the surface area, the pore volume and the Si/Al mole ratio.

Synthesis of ZSM-5 with the silica source from industrial hexafluorosilicic acid as transalkylation catalyst

A new effective process to improve the utilization of industrial fluorosilicic acid of phosphate fertilizer by-product has been investigated to comprehensive application of the silicon and fluorine source. Two-step ammoniation was applied to recover high-quality silica. The recovered silica can be used to hydrothermal synthesize ZSM-5 zeolite without impurity phase contamination, which was confirmed by XRD, TG, SEM, BET and EDS characteristic techniques. It was found that with the increase of SiO_2/Al_2O_3 ratio and the extension of reaction time, the crystal type transform from the orthorhombic to the monoclinic phase. The impurity fluorine content of the recovered SiO_2 from H_2SiF_6 has great influence on the hydrothermal process for ZSM-5 crystal structure formation.Moreover, the increase of fluorine ions content in the hydrothermal process can control the crystal morphology and size of synthesized ZSM-5. Catalytic properties of synthesized HZSM-5 with different SiO_2/Al_2O_3 ratio in transalkylation of toluene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene show good and stable catalytic performance. The ZSM-5 synthesized with recovered silica source exhibits similar catalyst life as the performance of small particle size HZSM-5, because the ZSM-5 synthesized with the silica source from industrial hexafluorosilicic acid prefers a thin disk crystal along the b axis direction, which shortens the diffusion distance of generated products.

Facile One-Pot Synthesis of ZSM-5 Aggregates with Interand Intra-Crystalline Mesopores for Methanol to Gasoline Conversion

ZSM-5 aggregates consisting of superfine and hierarchical nanocrystals(combined with micropores and intra-crystalline mesopores) with an average size of 30 nm were prepared through one-pot synthesis with the assistance of anionic polyacrylamide(APAM). The resultant zeolites(AHN-ZSM-5) were characterized by XRD, ICP-OES, SEM, TEM, BET, NH_3-TPD, Py-IR, and TG analyses and evaluated in the methanol to gasoline(MTG) reaction. Characterization results show that the hierarchical ZSM-5 aggregates possessed two kinds of mesopores, namely inter-and intra-crystalline mesopores. The amount of APAM considerably influenced the mesoporosity and textural properties of AHN-ZSM-5 zeolites. With the addition of APAM in the synthesis, the AHN-ZSM-5 zeolites exhibited large mesopore volume, large external surface area, and appropriate acidity. When applied in the MTG reaction, AHN-ZSM-5 demonstrated a catalytic lifetime that was 1.6 times longer than that of conventional ZSM-5 synthesized in the absence of APAM.

Synthesis of ZSM-5 Zeolite with Small Crystallite and its Application in Aromatiration of Propane

By optimizing the orystallization condition, a procedure for the synthesis of small crystallite zeolite ZSM-5 was developed. Compared with the larger crystallite ZSM-5. the smaller one exhibits higher catalytic performance in aromatization reaction of propane.

Synthesis of ZSM-5 Monoliths with Hierarchical Porosity

A new route to synthesize ZSM-5 monoliths with hierarchical pore structure has been referred to in this study. The successful incorporation of the macropores and mesopores within the ZSM-5 struc- ture was achieved through transforming the skeleton of the macroporous silica gel into zeolite ZSM-5 using carbon materials as the transitional template. The ZSM-5 crystal covered part of the macroporous material, and provided micropores to the macroporous silica gel. The structure of carbon monolith was studied after dissolving the silica contained in the carbon/silica composite.

BmSLC7A5 is essential for silk protein synthesis and larval development in Bombyx mori

Insects produce silk to form cocoons,nests,and webs,which are important for their survival and reproduction.However,little is known about the molecular mecha-nism of silk protein synthesis at the translation level.The solute carrier family 7(SLC7)genes are involved in activating the target of rapamycin complex 1(TORC1)signaling pathway and protein translation process,but the physiological roles of SLC7 genes in silk-producing insects have not been reported.Here,we found that amino acid signaling regulates silk protein synthesis and larval development via the L-type amino acid trans-porter 1(LAT1;also known as SLC7A5)in Bombyx mori.A total of 12 SLC7 homologs were identified in the silkworm genome,among which BmSLC7A5 was found to be a silk gland-enriched gene and may be involved in leucine transport.Bioinformatics analy-sis indicated that SLC7A5 displays high homology and a close phylogenetic relationship in silk-producing insects.Subsequently,we found that leucine treatment significantly in-creased silk protein synthesis by improving the transcription and protein levels of silk genes.Furthermore,systemic and silk gland-specific knockout of BmSLC7A5 led to de-creased silk protein synthesis by inhibiting TORC1 signaling,and somatic mutation also resulted in arrested development from the 5th instar to the early pupal stage.Altogether,our study reveals that BmSLC7A5 is involved in regulating silk protein synthesis and larval development by affecting the TORC1 signaling pathway,which provides a new strategy and target for improving silk yield.

无有机模板法制备Cu-ZSM-5催化剂及其选择性催化氧化苯乙烯

不使用任何有机模板剂,硝酸铜和正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)经过酸性水解、碱性陈化和水热晶化,制备得到四配位铜修饰ZSM-5沸石(Cu-ZSM-5)。考察凝胶的Si/Al摩尔比、pH值、晶化温度和晶化时间对Cu-ZSM-5的晶型和相对结晶度的影响。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外漫反射谱和X-射线光电子能谱等手段对Cu-ZSM-5进行分析表征。结果表明:Cu-ZSM-5沸石具有MFI结构,结晶度高,无其他杂晶;铜原子以四配位为主。四配位铜是催化氧化苯乙烯的活性位点;在m(Cu-ZSM-5-50)=0.1 g、n(TBHP)/n(Styrene)=1.5、T=60℃、t=5 h条件下,苯乙烯转化率和苯甲醛选择性分别为76.5%和69.4%,表明Cu-ZSM-5-50具有较高的催化活性和较好的重复利用性。该制备方法不使用有机模板剂,无需高温焙烧,Cu-ZSM-5催化剂的制备成本大大降低。

ZSM-5分子筛形貌对苯-乙醇烷基化催化性能的调控作用

采用水热法制备了环状、薄片、类球状聚集体和小晶粒4种不同形貌和尺寸的纳米ZSM-5分子筛,用XRD、SEM、BET、MAS-NMR和NH3-TPD对所合成分子筛进行了表征,并考察分子筛形貌对苯和乙醇烷基化性能的影响.实验结果表明:在相近的硅铝比下,不同形貌的分子筛具有相似的弱酸峰强度,短b轴和中空结构的存在会降低分子筛的强酸峰强度,分子筛的强酸峰强度直接影响烷基化性能;分子筛颗粒形貌对催化烷基化性能有较大影响,4种形貌分子筛催化苯和乙醇烷基化性能优劣顺序为:薄片ZSM-5>环状ZSM-5>类球状团聚体ZSM-5>小晶粒ZSM-5.其中,具有薄片结构的H-ZSM-5分子筛在烷基化反应过程中表现出相对较好的催化性能.综合对比结果表明:较低的强酸强度、较大的比表面积和孔容、较多的直形孔道占比下,分子筛的烷基化性能较好,产物乙苯的选择性越高.

晶种法直接水热合成含磷ZSM-5分子筛及其芳构化性能研究

费托合成油品向高辛烷值汽油转化的流化床体系中,水蒸气的存在极易导致ZSM-5分子筛发生不可逆的水热失活,而磷的引入能提高ZSM-5分子筛的水热稳定性。采用晶种法在无胺体系下直接水热合成了含磷ZSM-5分子筛(HS-P-Z5),并与常规浸渍法得到的含磷ZSM-5分子筛(IM-P-Z5)进行了对比。通过XRD、SEM和N2吸/脱附等对水热处理前后的ZSM-5分子筛进行了表征,通过水洗实验考察了磷元素的流失情况,并以1-辛烯为探针分子评价了ZSM-5分子筛的芳构化性能。结果表明,HS-P-Z5比IM-P-Z5具有更高强度的特征衍射峰、更多的微孔结构和酸量。水洗实验和NMR表征结果表明,HS-P-Z5具有更加稳定的磷铝结构,磷物种不易被洗掉,故其具有更好的水热稳定性,在水热处理后能够保留更多分子筛的微孔结构以及强酸位点。HS-P-Z5-ST(ST表示水热处理)具有最高的芳烃选择性,在反应时间730 min时,其芳烃选择性为23.1%,高于IMP-Z5-ST(18.4%)以及Z5-ST(11.2%)。

环状ZSM-5分子筛在苯和乙醇烷基化反应中的应用

低温下采用水热晶化法合成了环状中空ZSM-5分子筛,并以磷酸二氢铵为前体,制备了不同磷负载量的环状中空ZSM-5催化剂,采用XRD,SEM,NH_(3)-TPD,Py-FTIR等方法对催化剂进行表征,并在气相连续流动固定床反应器上对苯和乙醇烷基化制乙苯进行性能评价和稳定性考察。实验结果表明,环状中空ZSM-5催化剂进行磷改性后,催化剂的酸强度降低,随着磷负载量的增加,乙苯选择性逐渐增加,甲苯和丙苯选择性逐渐降低;当磷负载量达到3%(w)后,催化剂外表面强酸位基本消失,此时乙苯选择性最高;在n(苯)∶n(乙醇)=8∶1、340℃、1.0 MPa、WHSV=1 h^(-1)条件下,对该催化剂进行了寿命考察,在300 h反应过程中,乙醇转化率超过99.9%,苯的转化率维持在11%左右,乙基苯的选择性最高达到98.4%,二甲苯相对含量最低达到0.11%。

微量掺杂Mn改性Ni/ZSM-5用于等离子催化甲烷部分重整制氢

使用微量的Mn元素对浸渍法制备的Ni/ZSM-5催化剂进行了掺杂改性,并将其应用于低温等离子体催化甲烷重整制氢的反应中。研究结果表明,掺杂后的双金属催化剂可以有效提升甲烷转化率。同时利用XRD、EDS和H_(2)-TPR等技术手段对催化剂进行了表征,表征结果表明,催化剂改性后金属分散度得到改善、氧化还原能力提升。活性评价证实了改性催化剂在介质阻挡放电等离子中的制氢活性得到增强。

碱处理改性ZSM-5分子筛孔结构对VOCs吸附性能的影响

采用氢氧化钠和四丙基氢氧化铵混合碱溶液处理制备一系列改性ZSM-5分子筛,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N_(2)吸附、水接触角测定等手段对改性样品进行了分析表征,采用固定床吸附器对比评价5A、NaY和不同碱改性ZSM-5分子筛吸附剂对正己烷和乙酸乙酯的动态吸附性能。结果表明:氢氧化钠和四丙基氢氧化铵摩尔浓度均为0.2 mol/L的碱改性ZSM-5-G-3样品的比表面积及总孔体积分别为425 m^(2)/g和0.585 cm^(3)/g,比改性前高硅ZSM-5-G-1样品分别提高了17.7%和174.6%,介孔比表面积增加8.6倍,达到317 m^(2)/g,介孔体积增加12.3倍,达到0.531 cm^(3)/g;随着碱溶液浓度的增加,改性分子筛材料水接触角减小;25℃时,正己烷和乙酸乙酯在ZSM-5-G-3吸附剂床层上的穿透吸附量分别为76.99和101.08 mg/g,比改性前ZSM-5-G-1吸附剂床层分别提高了40.3%和17.4%。改性ZSM-5-G-3样品对挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)吸附性能的显著提高主要归因于碱改性提供了更多的吸附位和介孔结构。

氨三乙酸配位辅助原位合成Ni@B-HZSM-5对苯和甲醇烷基化反应的影响

利用氨三乙酸离子(NTA3-)与Ni2+的配位作用在强碱溶液中原位合成了负载B-Ni的HZSM-5分子筛(Ni@B-HZSM-5)。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、低温N_(2)吸附-脱附、吡啶红外光谱(Py-IR)、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和H_(2)程序升温还原(H_(2)-TPR)等手段对Ni@B-HZSM-5催化剂进行了表征,采用固定床反应器评价其苯和甲醇烷基化反应性能,并与浸渍法负载的Ni/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂进行了对比。结果表明:原位合成的Ni@B-HZSM-5催化剂中B和Ni分布均匀,具有丰富的弱酸和适宜的加氢能力,甲醇加氢形成甲烷的副反应在一定程度上被抑制;在温度460℃、H_(2)压力0.4 MPa、n(苯)∶n(甲醇)=1.2∶1和质量空速2 h^(-1)条件下,4%Ni@B2-HZSM-5催化苯和甲醇烷基化反应,苯转化率可达46.4%,甲苯和二甲苯总选择性达到95.9%,其中C8芳烃选择性为35.1%,C8芳烃中乙苯摩尔分数为6.1%;并表现出优异的稳定性,比浸渍法Ni/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂性能更佳。

Co/Zr/Al_(2)O_(3)-Pt/ZSM-5催化剂的制备及其合成气转化制液体燃料性能研究

以Co基催化剂耦合沸石分子筛催化剂应用于合成气催化转化可以有效改善催化剂的产物选择性。本研究通过浸渍法制备得到Zr/Al_(2)O_(3)载体和Pt/ZSM-5催化剂,再通过超声分散法制备了Co/Al_(2)O_(3)、Co/Zr/Al_(2)O_(3)和Co/Zr/Al_(2)O_(3)-Pt/ZSM-5催化剂。通过系列表征技术对载体和催化剂理化性质进行分析,评价了催化剂费-托合成反应性能。结果表明,Zr的引入有助于提升Co/Zr/Al_(2)O_(3)上Co物种的还原性,改善催化活性,增加C_(12+)重质烃的选择性。当Co/Zr/Al_(2)O_(3)与Pt/ZSM-5耦合后,由于贵金属Pt的助剂效应,进一步促进Co物种的还原,Co/Zr/Al_(2)O_(3)-Pt/ZSM-5催化剂的CTY值提高至8.3×10^(−5) mmol/(g·s),同时具有较低的CH_(4)、C_(2)−C_(4)产物选择性。此外,Pt/ZSM-5的酸性促进C_(12+)产物的部分裂解,使产物分布向C_(5)−C_(11)液态烃偏移,C_(5)−C_(11)产物选择性达到45.9%。本研究为设计和制备高效的费-托合成催化剂提供了参考。