Navigating the pathways:TAR-DNA-binding-protein-43 aggregation,axonal transport,and local synthesis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathology

Neurons are highly polarized cells with axons reaching over a meter long in adult humans.To survive and maintain their proper function,neurons depend on specific mechanisms that regulate spatiotemporal signaling and metabolic events,which need to be carried out at the right place,time,and intensity.Such mechanisms include axonal transport,local synthesis,and liquid-liquid phase separations.Alterations and malfunctions in these processes are correlated to neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS).

Leucine Supplementation in a Chronically Protein-Restricted Diet Enhances Muscle Weight and Postprandial Protein Synthesis of Skeletal Muscle by Promoting the mTOR Pathway in Adult Rats

Low protein intake causes a decrease in protein deposition in most animal tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether leucine supplementation would increase the synthesis rate of protein and muscle weight in adult rats, which chronically consume only 58.8% of their protein requirements. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of three dietary treatments including a 20% casein diet （CON）, a 10% casein ＋ 0.44% alanine diet （R）, and a 10% casein ＋ 0.87% leucine diet （RL）. After a 10 d dietary treatment, plasma amino acid levels were measured after feeding, the gastrocnemius muscles and soleus muscles were harvested and weighed, and the fractional synthesis rate （FSR） and mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling proteins in skeletal muscle were measured. Regarding the plasma amino acid level, the RL group had the highest concentration of leucine （P 〈 0.05） and the lowest concentration of isoleucine （P 〈 0.05） among the three groups, and the CON group had a lower concentration of valine （P 〈 0.05） than the R and RL groups. Compared with the R and RE groups, the CON group diet significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） feed intake, protein synthesis rate, and the phosphorylation of eukaryutic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 （4E-BP1）, and decreased the weight of abdominal adipose. Compared with the R group, the RL group significantly increased in gastrocnemius muscle weight, protein synthesis rate, and phosphorylation of both ribosomal protein $6 kinase 1 （56K1） and 4E-BP1. In conclusion, when protein is chronically restricted in adult rat diets, leucine supplementation moderately improves body weight gain and increases muscle protein synthesis through mTOR activation,

An Isomeric Swapping of a Phenylhydrazone Derivative Discovered by Structural Study Revealing a Branched Pathway of Fischer Indole Synthesis

In an attempt to synthesize an indole derivative,methyl 5-nitro-1H-indole-2-carb-oxylate,an isomeric change of methyl 2-[2-（4-nitrophenyl） hydrazono] propanoate from E to Z geometry was observed.The two isomers were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.The Z isomer is stabilized in a six-membered ring conformation constructed by an intramolecular hydrogen bond.This isomeric change added a branched pathway in the mechanism of Fischer indole synthesis.

Tuning the phase evolution pathway of LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4) synthesis from binary intermediates to ternary intermediates with thermal regulating agent

Transition metal cation ordering is essential for controlling the electrochemical performance of cubic spinel LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4)(LNMO),which is conventionally adjusted by optimizing the high temperature sintering and annealing procedures.In this present work,multiple characterization techniques,including 6,7Li NMR,XRD and HRTEM,have been combined to trace the phase transformation and morphology evolution during synthesis.It has been illustrated that simultaneous formation of LiMn_(2)O_(4)(LMO)and LiNiO_(2)(LNO)binary oxides and their conversion into highly reactive LixNi^(3+)_(y)Mn_(3.5+)_(z)O ternary intermediate is a thermal dynamically difficult but crucial step in the synthesis of LNMO ternary oxide.A new strategy of modifying the intermediates formation pathway from binary mode to ternary mode using thermal regulating agent has been adopted.LNMO synthesized with thermal regulating agent exhibits supreme rate capability,long-cycling performance(even at elevated temperature)and excellent capacity efficiency.At a high rate of 100 C,the assembled battery delivers a discharge capacity of 99 mAh g^(-1).This study provides a way to control the formation pathway of complex oxides using thermal regulating agent.

View synthesis based on the serial images from camera lengthways motion

For the pre-acquired serial images from camera lengthways motion, a view synthesis algorithm based on epipolar geometry constraint is proposed in this paper. It uses the whole matching and maintaining order characters of the epipolar line, Fourier transform and dynamic programming matching theories, thus truly synthesizing the destination image of current viewpoint. Through the combination of Fourier transform, epipolar geometry constraint and dynamic programming matching, the circumference distortion problem resulting from conventional view synthesis approaches is effectively avoided. The detailed implementation steps of this algorithm are given, and some running instances are presented to illustrate the results.

Jak_1/STAT_3 pathway mediates the inhibition of lipoxin A_4 on TNF-α-induced DNA synthesis of glomerular mesangial cells in rats

Objective： To examine whether lipoxin A4 （LXA4） has an inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α-induced DNA synthesis of glomerular mesangial cells of rat, and explore the molecular mechanisms of LXA4 action. Methods： Glomerular mesangial cells of rat were cultured and preincubated with LXA4 at different concentrations, and then treated with TNF-α（ 10 ng/ml）. DNA synthesis was assessed by the incorporation of [^3H]-thymidine in mesangial cells. Expression of cyclin E protein was determined by Western blotting analysis. Activities of signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 （STAT3） were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay （EMSA）. Results： TNF-α-stimulated DNA synthesis of mesangial cells, upregulafion of cyclin E protein and STAT3 activities were inhibited by LXA4 in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion： TNF-α-induced DNA synthesis of mesangial cells can be inhibited by TXA4 probably through the mechanism of Jak1/STAT3 pathway-dependent signal transduction.

Tetraketide α-pyrone reductases in sporopollenin synthesis pathway in Gerbera hybrida:diversification of the minor function

The structurally robust biopolymer sporopollenin is the major constituent of the exine layer of pollen wall and plays a vital role in plant reproductive success.The sporopollenin precursors are synthesized through an ancient polyketide biosynthetic pathway consisting of a series of anther-specific enzymes that are widely present in all land plant lineages.Tetraketideα-pyrone reductase 1(TKPR1)and TKPR2 are two reductases catalyzing the final reduction of the carbonyl group of the polyketide synthase-synthesized tetraketide intermediates to hydroxylatedα-pyrone compounds,important precursors of sporopollenin.In contrast to the functional conservation of many sporopollenin biosynthesis associated genes confirmed in diverse plant species,TKPR2’s role has been addressed only in Arabidopsis,where it plays a minor role in sporopollenin biosynthesis.We identified in gerbera two non-anther-specific orthologues of AtTKPR2,Gerbera reductase 1(GRED1)and GRED2.Their dramatically expanded expression pattern implies involvement in pathways outside of the sporopollenin pathway.In this study,we show that GRED1 and GRED2 are still involved in sporopollenin biosynthesis with a similar secondary role as AtTKPR2 in Arabidopsis.We further show that this secondary role does not relate to the promoter of the gene,AtTKPR2 cannot rescue pollen development in Arabidopsis even when controlled by the AtTKPR1 promoter.We also identified the gerbera orthologue of AtTKPR1,GTKPR1,and characterized its crucial role in gerbera pollen development.GTKPR1 is the predominant TKPR in gerbera pollen wall formation,in contrast to the minor roles GRED1 and GRED2.GTKPR1 is in fact an excellent target for engineering male-sterile gerbera cultivars in horticultural plant breeding.

A Synthesis of Fundamental Parameters of Spiral Arms, Based on Recent Observations in the Milky Way

Recent advances in the position and shape of each spiral arm in the Milky Way (pitch angle, shape, number, inter-arm separation at the Sun) are evaluated and compared, and a statistical analysis yields an updated idealized Galactic map. Earlier tabular results were published in five blocks of 15 to 20 each, covering 1980 to 2007 [1-4]. This paper presents the latest two blocks, each between 15 and 20 entries of published spiral arm researches since 2008. Using this revised Galactic map, and a discussion on the width of the Sagittarius arm (major or minor or equal), an interpretation of orbital streamlines for the gas and magnetic fields is presented for 2 major arms and for 4 major arms in the Milky Way. Our interpretation for all the recent data favors the following: a four-arm non-circular spiral pattern for the Milky Way;the Sagittarius arm being likely an equal arm;the inter-arm separation at the Sun’s location converging near 3.0 kpc. We emphasize that these conclusions encompass all the data, and thus can vary somewhat from the results of data obtained from a single filter (only CO data, say).

Two-way Video Synthesis Hardware System Based on DM642

DM642 is a DSP chip specially used for video processing that offered by TI company,it adds a lot of peripheral devices and inter faces based on C6000 series of chips,with the high speed computing ability,it has a wide range of applications in multimedia field.This pa per analyzes and describes the works and the main functional modules of two-way video synthesis hardware system based on DM642.

Metagenomic analysis revealing the metabolic role of microbial communities in the free amino acid biosynthesis of Monascus rice vinegar during fermentation

Free amino acid(FAA)is the important component of vinegar that infl uences quality perception and consumer acceptance.FAA is one of the major metabolites produced by microorganisms;however,the microbial metabolic network on FAA biosynthesis remains unclear.Through metagenomic analysis,this work aimed to elucidate the roles of microbes in FAA biosynthesis during Monascus rice vinegar fermentation.Taxonomic profiles from functional analyses showed 14 dominant genera with high contributions to the metabolism pathways.The metabolic network for FAA biosynthesis was then constructed,and the microbial distribution in different metabolic pathways was illuminated.The results revealed that 5 functional genera were closely involved in FAA biosynthesis.This study illuminated the metabolic roles of microorganisms in FAA biosynthesis and provided crucial insights into the functional attributes of microbiota in vinegar fermentation.

Efficient electrocatalytic urea synthesis from CO_(2)and nitrate over the scale-up produced FeNi alloy-decorated nanoporous carbon

Electrocatalytic urea synthesis provides a favorable strategy for conventional energy-consuming urea synthesis,but achieving large-scale catalyst synthesis with high catalytic efficiency remains challenging.Herein,we developed a simple method for the preparation of a series of FeNi-alloy-based catalysts,named FeNi@nC-T(n represents the content of nanoporous carbon as 1,3,5,7 or 9 g and T=900,950,1000 or 1100°C),for highly performed urea synthesis via NO_(3)−and CO_(2)co-reduction.The FeNi@7C-1000 achieved a high urea yield of 1041.33 mmol h^(−1)gFeNi^(−1)with a Faradaic efficiency of 15.56%at–1.2 V vs.RHE.Moreover,the scale-up synthesized FeNi@7C-950-S(over 140 g per batch)was achieved with its high catalytic performance and high stability maintained.Mechanism investigation illuminated that the Ni and Fe sites catalyze and stabilize the key*CO and*N intermediates and minimize the C–N coupling reaction barriers for highly efficient urea synthesis.

Exploring nitrogen reduction reaction mechanisms in electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis:A comprehensive review

The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction(eNRR)holds significant promise as a sustainable alternative to the conventional large-scale Haber Bosch process,offering a carbon footprint-free approach for ammonia synthesis.While the process is thermodynamically feasible at ambient temperature and pressure,challenges such as the competing hydrogen evolution reaction,low nitrogen solubility in electrolytes,and the activation of inert dinitrogen(N_(2))gas adversely affect the performance of ammonia production.These hurdles result in low Faradaic efficiency and low ammonia production rate,which pose obstacles to the commercialisation of the process.Researchers have been actively designing and proposing various electrocatalysts to address these issues,but challenges still need to be resolved.A key strategy in electrocatalyst design lies in understanding the underlying mechanisms that govern the success or failure of the electrocatalyst in driving the electrochemical reaction.Through mechanistic studies,we gain valuable insights into the factors affecting the reaction,enabling us to propose optimised designs to overcome the barriers.This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various mechanisms involved in eNRR on the electrocatalyst surface.It delves into the various mechanisms such as dissociative,associative,Mars-van Krevelen,lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction and surface hydrogenation mechanisms of nitrogen reduction.By unravelling the intricacies of eNRR mechanisms and exploring promising avenues,we can pave the way for more efficient and commercially viable ammonia synthesis through this sustainable electrochemical process by designing an efficient electrocatalyst.

Research Progress on Synthesis of Superoxide Dismutase Mimics

Research on the synthesis of superoxide dismutase mimics by chemical and biologi-cal synthetic methods were reviewed.The advantages and limitations were analyzed.A prospect for the future development of superoxide dismutase mimics is proposed.

Templated synthesis of transition metal phosphide electrocatalysts for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions

Transition metal phosphides(TMPs)have been regarded as alternative hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalysts owing to their comparable activity to those of noble metal-based catalysts.TMPs have been produced in various morphologies,including hollow and porous nanostructures,which are features deemed desirable for electrocatalytic materials.Templated synthesis routes are often responsible for such morphologies.This paper reviews the latest advances and existing challenges in the synthesis of TMP-based OER and HER catalysts through templated methods.A comprehensive review of the structure-property-performance of TMP-based HER and OER catalysts prepared using different templates is presented.The discussion proceeds according to application,first by HER and further divided among the types of templates used-from hard templates,sacrificial templates,and soft templates to the emerging dynamic hydrogen bubble template.OER catalysts are then reviewed and grouped according to their morphology.Finally,prospective research directions for the synthesis of hollow and porous TMP-based catalysts,such as improvements on both activity and stability of TMPs,design of environmentally benign templates and processes,and analysis of the reaction mechanism through advanced material characterization techniques and theoretical calculations,are suggested.

The structure-directing role of heterologous seeds in the synthesis of zeolite

Zeolites have been widely used as catalysts,ion-exchangers,and adsorbents in chemical industries,detergent industry,steel industry,glass industry,ceramic industry,medical and healthfield,and environmentalfield,and recently applied in energy storage.Seed-assisted synthesis is a very effective approach in promoting the crystallization of zeolites.In some cases,the target zeolite cannot be formed in the absence of seed zeolite.In homologous seed-assisted synthesis,the structure of the seed zeolite is the same to that of the target zeolite,while the structure of the seed zeolite is different to that of the target zeolite in the heterologous seed-assisted synthesis.In this review,we briefly summarized the heterologous seed-assisted syntheses of zeolites and analyzed the structure-directing effect of heterologous seeds and surveyed the“common composite building units(CBUs)hypothesis”and the“common secondary building units(SBUs)hypothesis”.However,both hypotheses cannot explain all observations on the heterologous seed-assisted syntheses.Finally,we proposed that the formation of the target zeolite does need nuclei with the structure of target zeolite and the formation of the nuclei of the target zeolite can be promoted by either the undissolved seed crystals with the same CBUs or SBUs to the target zeolite or by the facilitated appropriate distribution of the specific building units due to the presence of the heterologous seed that does not have any common CBUs and SBUs with the target zeolite.

Facile synthesis of hierarchical NaX zeolite from natural kaolinite for efficient Knoevenagel condensation

Zeolite catalysts have found extensive applications in the synthesis of various fine chemicals.However,the micropores of zeolites impose diffusion limitations on bulky molecules,greatly reducing the catalytic efficiency.Herein,we explore an economic and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing hierarchical NaX zeolite that exhibits improved catalytic performance in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction for producing the useful fine chemical 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylate.The synthesis was achieved via a low-temperature activation of kaolinite and subsequent in-situ transformation strategy without any template or seed.Systematic characterizations reveal that the synthesized NaX zeolite has both intercrystalline and intra-crystalline mesopores,smaller crystal size,and larger external specific surface area compared to commercial NaX zeolite.Detailed mechanism investigations show that the inter-crystalline mesopores are generated by stacking smaller crystals formed from in-situ crystallization of the depolymerized kaolinite,and the intra-crystalline mesopores are inherited from the pores in the depolymerized kaolinite.This synthesis strategy provides an energy-saving and effective way to construct hierarchical zeolites,which may gain wide applications in fine chemical manufacturing.

Optimal synthesis of heat-integrated distillation configurations using the two-column superstructure

In the realm of the synthesis of heat-integrated distillation configurations,the conventional approach for exploring more heat integration possibilities typically entails the splitting of a single column into a twocolumn configuration.However,this approach frequently necessitates tedious enumeration procedures,resulting in a considerable computational burden.To surmount this formidable challenge,the present study introduces an innovative remedy:The proposition of a superstructure that encompasses both single-column and multiple two-column configurations.Additionally,a simultaneous optimization algorithm is applied to optimize both the process parameters and heat integration structures of the twocolumn configurations.The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through a case study focusing on industrial organosilicon separation.The results underscore that the superstructure methodology not only substantially mitigates computational time compared to exhaustive enumeration but also furnishes solutions that exhibit comparable performance.

Microfluidic-oriented synthesis of enriched iridium nanodots/carbon architecture for robust electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)is considered as a promising candidate to achieve ammonia synthesis because of clean electric energy,moderate reaction condition,safe operating process and harmless by-products.However,the chemical inertness of nitrogen and poor activated capacity on catalyst surface usually produce low ammonia yield and faradic efficiency.Herein,the microfluidic technology is proposed to efficiently fabricate enriched iridium nanodots/carbon architecture.Owing to in-situ co-precipitation reaction and microfluidic manipulation,the iridium nanodots/carbon nanomaterials possess small average size,uniform dispersion,high conductivity and abundant active sites,producing good proton activation and rapid electrons transmission and moderate adsorption/desorption capacity.As a result,the as-prepared iridium nanodots/carbon nanomaterials realize large ammonia yield of 28.73 μg h^(-1) cm^(-2) and faradic efficiency of 9.14%in KOH solution.Moreover,the high ammonia yield of 11.21 μg h^(-1) cm^(-2) and faradic efficiency of 24.30%are also achieved in H_(2)SO_(4) solution.The microfluidic method provides a reference for large-scale fabrication of nano-sized catalyst materials,which may accelerate the progress of electrocatalytic NRR in industrialization field.

Synthesis and Modulation of Low-Dimensional Transition Metal Chalcogenide Materials via Atomic Substitution

In recent years,low-dimensional transition metal chalcogenide(TMC)materials have garnered growing research attention due to their superior electronic,optical,and catalytic properties compared to their bulk counterparts.The controllable synthesis and manipulation of these materials are crucial for tailoring their properties and unlocking their full potential in various applications.In this context,the atomic substitution method has emerged as a favorable approach.It involves the replacement of specific atoms within TMC structures with other elements and possesses the capability to regulate the compositions finely,crystal structures,and inherent properties of the resulting materials.In this review,we present a comprehensive overview on various strategies of atomic substitution employed in the synthesis of zero-dimensional,one-dimensional and two-dimensional TMC materials.The effects of substituting elements,substitution ratios,and substitution positions on the structures and morphologies of resulting material are discussed.The enhanced electrocatalytic performance and photovoltaic properties of the obtained materials are also provided,emphasizing the role of atomic substitution in achieving these advancements.Finally,challenges and future prospects in the field of atomic substitution for fabricating low-dimensional TMC materials are summarized.

Boosting Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis via Tuning of N Dopants in TiO_(2)@CN-Supported Ru Catalysts

Nitrogen(N)-doped carbon materials as metal catalyst supports have attracted signifi cant attention,but the eff ect of N dopants on catalytic performance remains unclear,especially for complex reaction processes such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS).Herein,we engineered ruthenium(Ru)FTS catalysts supported on N-doped carbon overlayers on TiO_(2)nanoparticles.By regulating the carbonization temperatures,we successfully controlled the types and contents of N dopants to identify their impacts on metal-support interactions(MSI).Our fi ndings revealed that N dopants establish a favorable surface environment for electron transfer from the support to the Ru species.Moreover,pyridinic N demonstrates the highest electron-donating ability,followed by pyrrolic N and graphitic N.In addition to realizing excellent catalytic stability,strengthening the interaction between Ru sites and N dopants increases the Ru^(0)/Ru^(δ+)ratios to enlarge the active site numbers and surface electron density of Ru species to enhance the strength of adsorbed CO.Consequently,it improves the catalyst’s overall performance,encompassing intrinsic and apparent activities,as well as its ability for carbon chain growth.Accordingly,the as-synthesized Ru/TiO_(2)@CN-700 catalyst with abundant pyridine N dopants exhibits a superhigh C_(5+)time yield of 219.4 mol CO/(mol Ru·h)and C_(5+)selectivity of 85.5%.