Measurement of mass attenuation coefficients,effective atomic numbers,and electron densities for different parts of medicinal aromatic plants in low-energy region

The mass attenuation coefficients(l/q) for different parts(root, flower, stem, and leaf) of three medicinal aromatic plants(Teucrium chamaedrys L. subsp. sinuatum,Rheum ribes, and Chrysophthalmum montanum) were measured using an ^(241)Am photon source in a stable geometry and calculated using the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code System-extended(MCNPX) code and the WinXCOM program. The experimental and theoretical MCNPX and WinXCOM values exhibited good agreement.The measured mass attenuation coefficient values were then used to compute the effective atomic number(Z_(eff))and electron density(N_E) of the samples. The results reveal that S1-S(stem of Teucrium chamaedrys L. subsp. sinuatum) has the highest values of l/q and Zeff.

Attenuation coefficients of gamma and X-rays passing through six materials

The aim of this study was to determine the attenuation of gamma and X-rays with different energies caused by passage through different materials.To this end,different materials with a range of atomic numbers were chosen to measure gamma and X-ray attenuation coefficients and to explore the mechanisms of interaction of gamma and X-rays with matter of various kinds.It is shown that the attenuation coefficients first decrease and then increase with increase in the radiation(photon)energy.The attenuation of gamma and X-rays passing through materials with high atomic number is greater than that in materials with low atomic number.The attenuation minimum is related to the atomic number of the irradiated materials.The larger the atomic number is,the lower the energy corresponding to attenuation minimum is.Photoelectric and Compton effects are the main processes when gamma rays pass through individual materials with high and low atomic numbers,respectively.Therefore,for radiotherapy and radiation protection,different methods should be considered and selected for the use of gamma and X-rays of different energies for use in different materials.

The Physical Significance of the Synthetic Running Correlation Coefficient and Its Applications in Oceanic and Atmospheric Studies

In order to study the temporal variations of correlations between two time series,a running correlation coefficient(RCC)could be used.An RCC is calculated for a given time window,and the window is then moved sequentially through time.The current calculation method for RCCs is based on the general definition of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient,calculated with the data within the time window,which we call the local running correlation coefficient(LRCC).The LRCC is calculated via the two anomalies corresponding to the two local means,meanwhile,the local means also vary.It is cleared up that the LRCC reflects only the correlation between the two anomalies within the time window but fails to exhibit the contributions of the two varying means.To address this problem,two unchanged means obtained from all available data are adopted to calculate an RCC,which is called the synthetic running correlation coefficient(SRCC).When the anomaly variations are dominant,the two RCCs are similar.However,when the variations of the means are dominant,the difference between the two RCCs becomes obvious.The SRCC reflects the correlations of both the anomaly variations and the variations of the means.Therefore,the SRCCs from different time points are intercomparable.A criterion for the superiority of the RCC algorithm is that the average value of the RCC should be close to the global correlation coefficient calculated using all data.The SRCC always meets this criterion,while the LRCC sometimes fails.Therefore,the SRCC is better than the LRCC for running correlations.We suggest using the SRCC to calculate the RCCs.

A generalized method of converting CT image to PET linear attenuation coefficient distribution in PET/CT imaging

The accuracy of attenuation correction in positron emission tomography scanners depends mainly on deriving the reliable 511-keV linear attenuation coefficient distribution in the scanned objects. In the PET/CT system, the linear attenu- ation distribution is usually obtained from the intensities of the CT image. However, the intensities of the CT image relate to the attenuation of photons in an energy range of 40 keV-140 keV. Before implementing PET attenuation correction, the intensities of CT images must be transformed into the PET 511-keV linear attenuation coefficients. However, the CT scan parameters can affect the effective energy of CT X-ray photons and thus affect the intensities of the CT image. Therefore, for PET/CT attenuation correction, it is crucial to determine the conversion curve with a given set of CT scan parameters and convert the CT image into a PET linear attenuation coefficient distribution. A generalized method is proposed for con- verting a CT image into a PET linear attenuation coefficient distribution. Instead of some parameter-dependent phantom calibration experiments, the conversion curve is calculated directly by employing the consistency conditions to yield the most consistent attenuation map with the measured PET data. The method is evaluated with phantom experiments and small animal experiments. In phantom studies, the estimated conversion curve fits the true attenuation coefficients accurately, and accurate PET attenuation maps are obtained by the estimated conversion curves and provide nearly the same correction results as the true attenuation map. In small animal studies, a more complicated attenuation distribution of the mouse is obtained successfully to remove the attenuation artifact and improve the PET image contrast efficiently.

Variation of diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance in the Arctic Ocean

The diffuse attenuation coefficient （Kd） for downwelling irradiance is calculated from solar irradiance data measured in the Arctic Ocean during 3rd and 4th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （CHINARE）, including 18 stations and nine stations selected for irradiance profiles in seawater respectively. In this study, the variation of attenuation coefficient in the Arctic Ocean was studied, and the following results were obtained. First, the relationship between attenuation coefficient and chlorophyll concentration in the Arctic Ocean has the form of a power function. The best fit is at 443 nm, and its determination coefficient is more than 0.7. With increasing wavelength, the determination coefficient decreases abruptly. At 550 nm, it even reaches a value lower than 0.2. However, the exponent fitted is only half of that adapted in low-latitude ocean because of the lower chlorophyll-specific absorption in the Arctic Ocean. The upshot was that, in the case of the same chlorophyll concentration, the attenuation caused by phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Arctic Ocean is lower than in low-latitude ocean. Second, the spectral model, which exhibits the relationship of attenuation coefficients between 490 nm and other wavelength, was built and provided a new method to estimate the attenuation coefficient at other wavelength, if the attenuation coefficient at 490 nm was known. Third, the impact factors on attenuation coefficient, including sea ice and sea water mass, were discussed. The influence of sea ice on attenuation coefficient is indirect and is determined through the control of enter- ing solar radiation. The linear relationship between averaging sea ice concentration （ASIC, from 158 Julian day to observation day） and the depth of maximum chlorophyll is fitted by a simple linear equation. In addition, the sea water mass, such as the ACW （Alaskan Coastal Water）, directly affects the amount of chlo- rophyll through taking more nutrient, and results in the higher attenuation coefficient in the layer of 30-60 m. Consequently, the spectral model of diffuse attenuation coefficient, the relationship between attenuation coefficient and chlorophyll and the linear relationship between the ASIC and the depth of maximum chlorophyll, together provide probability for simulating the process of diffuse attenuation coefficient during summer in the Arctic Ocean.

Pocket formula for mass attenuation coefficient, effective atomic number, and electron density of human tissues

We have proposed a pocket formula for mass attenuation coefficient(μ/ρ), mass energy absorption coefficient(μ_(en)/ρ), and effective atomic number(Z_(eff)) in different tissues of human organs. We have also assigned a new chemical formula for all studied tissues based on their composition. We have introduced a new parameter called effective composition index(C_(eff)). Based on this, we have introduced a new method to compute the effective atomic number. The evaluated photon interaction parameters are graphically represented. The evaluated average, maximum,minimum, and standard deviations of effective atomic number are tabulated. The proposed formula produces a mass attenuation coefficient, mass energy absorption coefficient, and effective atomic number from their

Mass attenuation coefficient of olive peat material for absorbing gamma ray energy

The mass attenuation coefficients (l/q) of a natural material, i.e., olive peat, were measured at photon energies of 0.059, 0.356, 0.662, 1.17, and 1.332 MeV and compared with those of concrete and Pb. The experimental samples were irradiated with 214Am, 133Ba, 137Cs, and 60Co point sources using a transmission arrangement. The olive peat samples were obtained from different areas in Jordan, namely Mafraq (sample M), Kerak (sample K), Ajloun (sample A), and Irbid (sample I), and photon energies were measured using a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector with an energy resolution of 7.6% at 662 keV. The differences in the l/q of olive peat samples and the calculated l/q of concrete were consistently within 0.7% at photon energies of 0.356–1.332 MeV. This finding indicates that olive peat can be used in radiation applications in the field of medical physics. Finally, the half-value layer (HVL) of the experimental samples was measured, and results were compared with those of concrete and Pb. Pb and concrete exhibited minimal HVL values due to their high density, and the HVL of olive peat revealed lower shielding effectiveness than that of concrete.

Computation of synthetic surface heat transfer coefficient of 7B50 ultra-high-strength aluminum alloy during spray quenching

According to inverse heat transfer theory, the evolutions of synthetic surface heat transfer coefficient（SSHTC） of the quenching surface of 7B50 alloy during water-spray quenching were simulated by the Pro CAST software based on accurate cooling curves measured by the modified Jominy specimen and temperature-dependent thermo-physical properties of 7 B50 alloy calculated using the JMat Pro software. Results show that the average cooling rate at 6 mm from the quenching surface and 420-230 ℃（quench sensitive temperature range） is 45.78℃/s. The peak-value of the SSHTC is 69 kW/（m^2·K） obtained at spray quenching for 0.4 s and the corresponding temperature of the quenching surface is 160 ℃. In the initial stage of spray quenching, the phenomenon called ＂temperature plateau＂ appears on the cooling curve of the quenching surface. The temperature range of this plateau is 160-170℃ with the duration about 3 s. During the temperature plateau, heat transfer mechanism of the quenching surface transforms from nucleate boiling regime to single-phase convective regime.

Mathematical Proof of the Synthetic Running Correlation Coefficient and Its Ability to Reflect Temporal Variations in Correlation

The running correlation coefficient(RCC)is useful for capturing temporal variations in correlations between two time series.The local running correlation coefficient(LRCC)is a widely used algorithm that directly applies the Pearson correlation to a time window.A new algorithm called synthetic running correlation coefficient(SRCC)was proposed in 2018 and proven to be rea-sonable and usable;however,this algorithm lacks a theoretical demonstration.In this paper,SRCC is proven theoretically.RCC is only meaningful when its values at different times can be compared.First,the global means are proven to be the unique standard quantities for comparison.SRCC is the only RCC that satisfies the comparability criterion.The relationship between LRCC and SRCC is derived using statistical methods,and SRCC is obtained by adding a constraint condition to the LRCC algorithm.Dividing the temporal fluctuations into high-and low-frequency signals reveals that LRCC only reflects the correlation of high-frequency signals;by contrast,SRCC reflects the correlations of high-and low-frequency signals simultaneously.Therefore,SRCC is the ap-propriate method for calculating RCCs.

A rapid assessment method for calculating the drag coefficient in wave attenuation by vegetation

Vegetation in wetlands is a large-scale nature-based resource that can provide multiple benefits to human beings and the environment,such as wave attenuation in coastal zones.Traditionally,there are two main calibration approaches to calculate the attenuation of wave driven by vegetation.The first method is a straightforward one based on the exponential attenuation of wave height in the direction of wave transmission,which,however,overlooks the crucial drag coefficient(CD).The other method is in accordance with more complicate equations for predicting the damping factor,which is regarded as a function of CD.In this study,a new relation,combining these above two conventional approaches,is proposed to predict the CD in an operative approach.Results show that values yielded by the new assessment method perform a strong linear relationship with a collection of historical observations,with a promising R2 value of 0.90.Besides,the linear regression derives a new predictive equation for the bulk drag coefficient.Additionally,a calibrated value of 4 for the empirical plant drag coefficient(CP)is revealed.Overall,this new equation,with the superiority of the convenient exponential regression,is expected to be a rapid assessment method for calculating wave attenuation by vegetation and predicting the drag coefficient.

Variation in downwelling diffuse attenuation coefficient in the northern South China Sea

The diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance(Kd(λ)) is an important parameter for ocean studies.Based on the optical profile data measured during three cruises in the northern South China Sea in autumn from 2003 to 2005,variations in the Kd(λ) spectra were analyzed.The variability of Kd(λ) shows much distinct features in both magnitude and spectra pattern,it is much higher in coastal waters than that of open oceanic waters;and the blue-to-green(443/555) ratio of Kd(λ) tends to increase with chlorophyll a concentration([Chl-a]) from open ocean to coastal waters.These characteristics can be explained most by the increase of aw+p(443)/aw+p(555) with [Chl-a].In short waveband,the relation between Kd(λ)-Kw(λ) and [Chl-a] can be well described by a power law function,indicating the large contribution of phytoplankton to the variations in Kd(λ).As for the spectral model of the diffuse attenuation coefficient,there are good linear relationships between Kd(490) and Kd(λ) in other wavelengths with own slope and intercept of a linear functions in the spectral range 412-555 nm.Kd(490) is well correlated with the spectral ratio of remote sensing reflectance;and should enough measurement data are given,this empirical algorithm would be used in the Kd(λ) retrieval from ocean color satellite data.The variation in Kd(λ) provides much useful information for us to study the bio-optical property in the northern South China Sea.

A comprehensive study for mass attenuation coefficients of different parts of the human body through Monte Carlo methods

The gamma-ray mass attenuation coefficients of blood,bone,lung,eye lens,adipose,tissue,muscle,brain and skin were calculated at different energies(60,80,150,400,500,600,1000,1250,1500,and 2000 keV) by various theoretical methods such as FLUKA,GEANT4 Monte Carlo(MC) methods and XCOM program in this work.Calculated coefficients were also compared with the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) values.Obtained results were highly in accordance with each other and NIST values.Our results showed that FLUKA was quite convenient in comparison to GEANT4 in the calculation of the mass attenuation coefficients of the used human body samples for low-energy photons(60,80,and 150 keV) when compared with the NIST values.

Calculation of photon attenuation coefficient and dose rate in concrete with the addition of SiO_2 and MnFe_2O_4 nanoparticles using MCNPX code and comparison with experimental results

One of the most important safety features of nuclear facilities is the shielding material used to protect the operating personnel from radiation exposure. The most common materials used in radiation shielding are concretes. In this study, a Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended code is used to calculate the gamma-ray attenuation coefficients and dose rates for a new concrete material composed of MnFe_2O_4 nanoparticles, which is then compared with the theoretical and experimental results obtained for a SiO_2 nanoparticle concrete material. According to the results, the average relative differences between the simulations and the theoretical and experimental results for the linear attenuation coefficient(l) in the SiO_2 nanoparticle materials are 6.4% and 5.5%, respectively. By increasing the SiO_2 content up to 1.5% and the temperature of MnFe_2O_4 up to 673 K, l is increased for all energies. In addition, the photon dose rate decreases up to 9.2% and3.7% for MnFe_2O_4 and SiO_2 for gamma-ray energies of0.511 and 1.274 MeV, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that the addition of SiO_2 and MnFe_2O_4 nanoparticles to concrete improves its nuclear properties and could lead to it being more useful in radiation shielding.

Studies on mass attenuation coefficients for some body tissues with different medical sources and their validation using Monte Carlo codes

The mass attenuation coefficients of the breasts,lungs,kidneys,pancreas,liver,eye lenses,thyroid,brain,ovary,heart,large intestines,blood,skin,spleen,muscle,and cortical bone were measured at different sources(i.e.,0.021,0.029,0.03,0.14,0.218,0.38,0.412,0.663,0.83,and 1.25 MeV)using various methods including the Monte Carlo N-particle transport code(MCNP),the geometry and tracking code(GEANT4),and theoretical approach described in this study.Mass attenuation coefficients were also compared with the values from the national institute of standards and technology(NIST-XCOM).The values obtained were similar to those obtained using NISTXCOM.Our results show that the theoretical method is quite convenient in comparison with GEANT4 and MCNP in the calculation of the mass attenuation coefficients of the human body samples applied when compared with the NIST values and demonstrated an acceptable difference.

Measurement of Mass Attenuation Coefficients of Indium With Characteristic X-rays From Targets Excited by Energetic Proton

The mass attenuation coefficients of indium are systematically measured byusing the characteristic X-rays from elemental or compound targets excited by energeticproton in the X-ray energy range 2.6 to 29.1 keV.The accuracy of experimental data isimproved to be±1%.The photoeletric cross sections are obtained by subtracting thescattering cross section from the measured total cross sections.Comparisons of our ex-perimental results with the available data of earlier investigations as well as with thetheoretical calculations are presented and discussed.

Study the Attenuation Coefficient of Granite to Use It as Shields against Gamma Ray

The present work investigates the linear and mass attenuation coefficients for gamma rays practically and theoretically by using spectroscopy gamma ray (UCS-20) and program (XCOM)) for various types of common use granite, and compares them with the lead because of its high blocking ability for this type of radiation. This paper concluded through linear and mass attenuation coefficients measurements that these coefficients decrease with increasing incident photons energy. Measurements also showed that the linear attenuation coefficients appropriate linearly with density while mass attenuation coefficients do not get affected.

Comparison of the simulated gamma-ray attenuation coefficients with the real measurements

The gamma-ray linear and the mass attenuation coefficients of Pb, Al, Cu, and plexiglass materials were calculated from both experimental and theoretical(simulation) methods. For the experimental results, a spectrometer, which was consisted of a Na I(Tl) inorganic scintillation detector, was used. The theoretical attenuation values were calculated by means of the FLUKA Monte Carlo(MC) and XCOM programs. Obtained attenuation coefficients from the experiment and the theoretical methods were compared with each other and literature values.

Direct Analytical Method to Calculate Photopeak Efficiency and Photopeak Attenuation Coefficient of NaI(Tl) Well-Type Detector

In this paper full-energy peak (photopeak) efficiency and photopeak attenuation coefficient of 3'' × 3'' NaI(Tl) well-type scintillation detector were calculated using gamma-rayisotropic radiating point sources (with photon energy: 0.245, 0.344, 0.662, 0.779, 0.964, 1.1732, 1.333 and 1.408 MeV) placed outside the detector well. These energies were obtained from 152Eu, 137Cs and 60Co. The relations between the full energy peak efficiency and photopeak attenuation coefficients, were plotted vs. photon energy at different sources to detector distance, and it found that the full energy peak efficiency decreased by increasing the distance between the source and the detector.

Photon attenuation parameters for some tissues from Geant4simulation, theoretical calculations and experimental data:a comparative study

Mass attenuation coefficients, effective atomic numbers, effective electron densities and Kerma relative to air for adipose, muscle and bone tissues have been investigated in the photon energy region from 20 keV up to 50 MeV with Geant4 simulation package and theoretical calculations. Based on Geant4 results of the mass attenuation coefficients, the effective atomic numbers for the tissue models have been calculated. The calculation results have been compared with the values of the Auto-Zeff program and with other studies available in the literature. Moreover, Kerma of studied tissues relative to air has been determined and found to be dependent on the absorption edges of the tissue constituent elements.