Comparative studies between humans and golden Syrian hamsters via thromboelastography

Background:Thromboelastography(TEG)is a widely utilized clinical testing method for real-time monitoring of platelet function and the thrombosis process.Lipid metab-olism disorders are crucial risk factors for thrombosis.The lipid metabolism charac-teristics of hamsters resemble those of humans more closely than mice and rats,and their relatively large blood volume makes them suitable for studying the mechanisms of thrombosis related to plasma lipid mechanisms.Whole blood samples from golden Syrian hamsters and healthy humans were obtained following standard clinical pro-cedures.TEG was employed to evaluate coagulation factor function,fibrinogen(Fib)function,platelet function,and the fibrinolytic system.Methods:The whole blood from hamster or healthy human was isolated following the clinical procedure,and TEG was employed to evaluate the coagulation factor func-tion,Fib function,platelet function,and fibrinolytic system.Coagulation analysis used ACLTOP750 automatic coagulation analysis pipeline.Blood routine testing used XN-2000 automatic blood analyzer.Results:TEG parameters revealed that hamsters exhibited stronger coagulation fac-tor function than humans(reaction time[R],p=0.0117),with stronger Fib function(alpha angle,p<0.0001;K-time[K],p<0.0001).Platelet function did not differ signifi-cantly(maximum amplitude[MA],p=0.077).Hamsters displayed higher coagulation status than humans(coagulation index[CI],p=0.0023),and the rate of blood clot dissolution in hamsters differed from that in humans(percentage lysis 30 min after MA,p=0.02).Coagulation analysis parameters indicated that prothrombin time(PT)and activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT)were faster in hamsters than in hu-mans(PT,p=0.0014;APTT,p=0.03),whereas the Fib content was significantly lower in hamsters than in humans(p<0.0001).No significant difference was observed in thrombin time(p=0.1949).Conclusions:In summary,TEG could be used to evaluate thrombosis and bleeding parameters in whole blood samples from hamsters.The platelet function of hamsters closely resembled that of humans,whereas their coagulation function was signifi-cantly stronger.

Identification of optimal reference genes in golden Syrian hamster with ethanol-and palmitoleic acid-induced acute pancreatitis using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction

Background:Acute pancreatitis(AP)is a severe disorder that leads to high morbidity and mortality.Appropriate reference genes are important for gene analysis in AP.This study sought to study the expression stability of several reference genes in the golden Syrian hamster,a model of AP.Methods:AP was induced in golden Syrian hamster by intraperitoneal injection of ethanol(1.35 g/kg)and palmitoleic acid(2 mg/kg).The expression of candidate genes,including Actb,Gapdh,Eef2,Ywhaz,Rps18,Hprt1,Tubb,Rpl13a,Nono,and B2m,in hamster pancreas at different time points(1,3,6,9,and 24 h)posttreatment was analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The expression stability of these genes was calculated using Best Keeper,Comprehensive Delta CT,Norm Finder,and ge Norm algorithms and Ref Finder software.Results:Our results show that the expression of these reference genes fluctuated during AP,of which Ywhaz and Gapdh were the most stable genes,whereas Tubb,Eef2,and Actb were the least stable genes.Furthermore,these genes were used to normalize the expression of TNF-αmessenger ribonucleic acid in inflamed pancreas.Conclusions:In conclusion,Ywhaz and Gapdh were suitable reference genes for gene expression analysis in AP induced in Syrian hamster.

Attitudes of the Host Population towards Syrian Refugees: A New Theoretical Perspective

This study delves into the nuanced attitudes of the host community in Izmir,Turkey,towards Syrian refugees,employing a robust threat and benefit theoretical model.It scrutinizes the multifaceted factors contributing to perceived threats and benefits,elucidates the reasons behind the variation in these attitudes,identifies the individuals responsible for holding these perspectives,pinpoints the specific contexts in which they manifest,examines the temporal dimension of these attitudes,and dissects the profound impact they have on mutual adaptation processes and the formulation of migration policies.A diverse group of 34 participants from the host community actively engaged in semi-structured interviews,comprising 16 females and 18 males across an age spectrum spanning 19 to 64 years.Thematic analysis methodically uncovered that economic and demographic considerations prominently constitute the bedrock of perceived threats,while conversely,the study illuminated financial contributions as pivotal benefits.The in-depth understanding garnered from this study holds significant promise for fostering enduring mutual adaptation between the host and refugee communities,thereby cultivating a more harmonious coexistence.Additionally,this nuanced insight informs the strategic development of immigration policies,ensuring they align with the evolving dynamics of this complex relationship.

The Impact of Syrian Crises on the Jordanian External Trade

Jordan＇s economy is influenced significantly by events taking place in the region, and many successive events in the region occurred during the past two decades, resulted in successive waves of migrations in large numbers to Jordan. The Syrian crisis impact goes beyond the waves of refugees but extended to influence the trade routes to and from Jordan through Syrian route and ports. This research aims to analyze the impact of the Syrian crisis on the Jordanian trade through the use of regression analysis and the use of dummy variable to reflect the Syrian crisis, analyzed the monthly data for the period 2005-2015. In addition, it has used other statistical methods such as records, and has been the Syrian crisis impact analysis on the volume of trade, imports, total export, re-exported, and the national exports. In spite of the lack of trade stop with Syria completely, study showed that there is a significant decline in the trade exchange between Jordan and Syria, but the Syrian crisis may affect the Jordanian imports, the trade volume, trade balance while the study did not show any trace of the Syrian crisis on the national exports. Finally, the study recommends that there are needs for analytical studies and the use of econometric models to demonstrate the impact of the Syrian crisis measures on all sectors and on the sets of Jordanian goods imported and exported.

ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION OF SYRIAN HAMSTER EMBRYO CELLS BY 5．3－MeV α PARTICLES AND A TUMOR PROMOTER PHORBOL ESTER

The primary Syrian hamster embryo(SHE) cells were used to study the oncogenic transformation by ￣(238)pu α particles or X-rays alone or in combination with a chemical promoter phorbol ester.Survival curves of SHE cells following exposure to α-particles or X-rays were fitted to single-or multi-target models,respectively. Model parameters were: Do = 0. 55 Gy. n = 1 for α particles 4 Do = 1.44 Gy. Dq = 3.0 Gy. n=7.7 for X-rays.Incidence of α particles or X-rays induced cell transformation was dose-dependant.α particles were more efficient in inducing cell transformation than that of X-rays. The enhancement of SHE cell transformation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA) following exposure to α particles of 0. 25-1. 00 Gy was observed.

Surgical restoration of drop-hand syndrome with tendon transfer in patients injured in the Syrian civil war

Background:The radial nerve is one of the most common war-related injury sites due to penetrating cutting tool injuries or gunshot wounds,resulting in drop-hand syndrome.The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of tendon transfer in patients with drop-hand syndrome who had been injured in the Syrian Civil War.Methods:This level-II,prospective,comparative study included 13 civilians injured in the Syrian Civil War 2015 and 2017.The palmaris longus tendon was used for transfer to the extensor pollicis longus for thumb extension.The pronator teres was transferred to the extensor carpi radialis brevis for wrist extension.The flexor carpi radialis was transferred to the extensor digiti communis for 2 nd,3 rd,4 th,and 5 th finger extension.All outcomes of thumb abduction and extension,wrist extension,wrist flexion,and finger extension were assessed.Results:There was a high level of radial nerve injury in all patients included in the study.The time from injury to treatment ranged from 1.5 months to 9 months.The mechanism of injury most commonly observed was a gunshot wound,which was observed in 8 patients(61.5%),followed by a penetrating cutting tool injury(n=3;23.1%)and humerus fracture(n=2;15.4%).Conclusions:In radial nerve injuries,successful results can be achieved with tendon transfer.All patients regained thumb abduction of up to approximately 60°.All the patients were able to bend the wrist,grip,and extend the fingers while in wrist flexion,neutral wrist and wrist extension positions.Although the reason for the radial injury varied,the postoperative outcomes were good for all patients,and the rehabilitation period progressed successfully in patients who underwent tendon transfer repair within 90 days of injury.

Determination of Nitrate and Nitrite Contents of Syrian White Cheese

The levels of nitrate and nitrite were determined in 102 samples of Syrian white cheese which represents the major production of total cheeses, manufactured mainly from cow’s milk and sheep’s milk in a less degree. Determination of nitrate and nitrite levels has been made by spectrophotometric method. The results for nitrate in cow’s and sheep’s milk cheeses reveal an average of 5.10 and 6.25 mg/kg, respectively. The results for nitrite in cow’s and sheep’s milk cheese were found to contain 1.24 and 1.31 mg/kg as an average, respectively. Several factors can play a role in the interpretation of the high nitrate content, such as livestock nutrition by forge with high nitrate load and water contaminated with nitrogen fertilizer and domestic effluents, primitive production techniques in many cases, and adding nitrate salts to prevent the growth of gas-producing bacteria caused by failing in the hygienic conditions. There is a necessity to apply strict controls to reduce the presence of these two anions in the Syrian white cheese.

An Integrated Approach to Syrian Refugees’ Health Care in Lebanon

The purpose of this paper is to learn from the integrated health care approach for the Syrian Armenian refugees by the HKCC （Howard Karagheusian Commemorative Corporation） in Burj Hammoud in Lebanon from the perspective of the beneficiaries themselves, i.e. the Syrian Armenian refugees. One hundred families who had been residing in Burj Hammoud and who had been regularly benefiting from the health services of the HKCC for at least one year were interviewed. The interviewees used a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed and emerging themes were mapped. The Syrian Armenian refugees who participated in this study generally expressed their satisfaction with the equitable access afforded by the HKCC’s integrated health care approach. There were several reasons why the HKCC’s integrated approach to serve refugees and the local population on equal footing was given positive reviews by the sampled refugees. Based on the responses of the refugees, these reasons are mainly （a） the convenient location of the center, which is walking distance for most refugees; （b） the ability of the treating doctors to communicate with the refugees in Armenian, which facilitates diagnosis and understanding of the health problems; （c） suitable opening hours; （d） friendly staff; and （e） thorough doctors. The results do not statistically represent the overall refugee population that is served by the HKCC; due to the study’s limited demographic scope, the results cannot be generalized. This limitation was due to lack of funding to cover the whole beneficiary Syrian Armenian refugee population. The HKCC’s approach has helped in providing access to treatment and preventive measures to a refugee population that was in need of it; as a consequence, it may have improved the health outcomes of this refugee population, especially in regard to the immunization of children. An integrated approach to healthcare which provides “equal ability by refugees and host nationals to access the same healthcare resources from the same providers” seemed to have been successful in the case of the HKCC. This paper provided first exploration of an integrated health approach for refugee healthcare provision in Lebanon.

Aligning Europe： The Syrian Refugee Crisis and the Geopolitics of the Region

This article examines the Syrian refugee crisis as a case study in order to understand how foreign policy practices developed by the US in the Middle East and Europe＇s refugee policy for handling mass influxes are interconnected. With international politics evolving in a dynamic and not static manner, the authors note that the conflicts driving today＇s refugee crisis are symptomatic of the shifting structure of international system that has been developed over the past 70 years with the emphasis being placed on the regional realities and the geopolitical competitions in the Middle East. In this respect, the authors provide an overview of the changing nature of the foreign policy strategy of the US in a globalizing multi-polar world and its linkage with migration movements in the Middle East. By acknowledging and taking advantage of one of the oldest and most enduring concepts of international relations, the authors outline the dynamics of the balance of power strategy in an emerging multi-polar world and describe the prudent pursuit of an ＂offshore balancing＂ grand strategy by the US and firmly consistent with America＇s global interests. By bringing forward a fi＇amework analysis which recognizes the soaring refugee and migration flows as the spillover effect of the US sponsored ＂offshore balancing＂ regional strategy for setting the principles and paving the way towards gradually establishing a functional balance of power in the Middle East, the authors draw special attention to the influential role of the EU and its incomplete attempt, via the refugee crisis, to adjust to the US＇s grand strategy which allows for fairer shifting of global burdens and security threats with profound repercussions on regional and international stability.

FURTHER STUDIES ON THE MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF SYRIAN GOLDEN HAMSTER EMBRYO CELLS IN VITR0 BY THORIUM DIOXIDE AND RARE EARTH IRON MINERAL DUSTS

Malignant transformation of hamsterembryo cells was induced in vitro by rareearth iron mineral dusts(MP),naturalthorium(Th02) and MP plus Th02.Dusts of MP,MP plus Th02 or Th02 were added into themedium with the final concentration of 17.0,

Measure of Multifunctional Agriculture-Syrian Experts’ Perception

Multifunctionality, as a feature of agriculture, is subject to different interpretations, depending on the state and context. The core concept of Multifunctionality of Agriculture (MFA) is that the agricultural sector has multiple roles. These roles are not confined to food and fiber production, but also to the provision of several non-market commodities. In this study, we have interviewed 30 Syrian experts from different fields of sciences so as to examine their understanding of the concept of multifunctional agriculture and its elements and look closely into the importance of the elements of MFA in Syrian agricultural policy context from an expert’s point of view. The results show that wider roles of agriculture are highly acknowledged among the chosen experts but few of them are working on it. In its broadest sense, no undivided acceptance of the concept of multifunctionality has been found. The Syrian agriculture policies have elements which support and improve MFA, but it is not clearly recognized as such.

The Uniform Carcinogenic Action of Alkylnitrosoureas in Syrian Hamsters

The carcinogenic effects of a number of alkylnitrosoureas in Syrian golden hamsters have been compared by administering them by gavage as solutions in corn oil/ethyl acetate.The compounds were methyl-,ethyl-,2-hydroxyethyl-,2-oxopropyl-,and 2-phenylethylnitrosourea and the dialkylnitrosoureas dimethyl- and diethylnitrosourea,ethylnitrosohydroxyethylurea, ethylnitroso-2-oxopropylurea,2-oxopropylnitrosochloroethylurea,and hydroxyethylnitroso- ethylurea.All were given at approximately equimolar doses and,in most cases,to male and female hamsters.Most of the hamsters died with tumors associated with the treatments.Methyl- nitrosourea,ethylnitrosourea,and hydroxyethylnitrosourea,but not oxopropylnitrosourea, gave rise to a high incidence of tumors of the forestomach,while the dialkylnitrosoureas pro- duced smaller numbers of forestomach tumors.All of the alkylnitrosoureas induced hemangio- sarcomas of the spleen,which was the most common tumor produced by these carcinogens. Tumors of other types were uncommon,except that ethylnitrosourea and ethylnitrosohydroxy- ethylurea induced tumors of the cervix in about half of the animals and ethylnitrosooxopropyl- urea induced some nervous system tumors.The small number of common target organs of alkylnitrosoureas in hamsters contrasted sharply with the broad spectrum of tumors they in- duced in rats,depending on the nature of the alkyl groups,and with a quite different order of potency in the latter species,1989 Academic Press.Inc.

The Inevitable Fall of the Dreamers:on the Comparison between the Syrian in Salome and Zhou Chong in Thunderstorm

As a world-renowned masterpiece of Irish outstanding playwright Oscar Wilde,the soul of the aestheticism movement,Salome,which adapted from the story of the daughter of Herodias in New Testament,has been continuing its glamorous and unique charm not only in the field of literature but in other artistic field.At present,academic studies about Salome has been developing many different interpretation from various angles,such as aestheticism,feminist studies,and other very insightful theories.And Thunderstorm written by Chinese playwright Cao Yu has the same theme as Salome-the inevitable death of dreamers,though the young Syrian and Zhou Chong are in different society systems.This paper would go deeper on the topic of the fall of these two sup⁃porting characters.

Syrian Go 捕捉一只流离失所的小朋友

“你们的炮火炸不毁我们心中的创造力。” 这句话被涂鸦在一间临时教室的墙壁上，创作者是叙利亚的小学生们。 在经历了长达5年多的内战摧残后，叙利亚教育系统遭受到了巨大的冲击与损失。

Coxsackievirus B3 HFMD animal models in Syrian hamster and rhesus monkey

Coxsackievirus B3(CVB3)is the pathogen causing hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD),which manifests across a spectrum of clinical severity from mild to severe.However,CVB3-infected mouse models mainly demonstrate viral myocarditis and pancreatitis,failing to replicate human HFMD symptoms.Although several enteroviruses have been evaluated in Syrian hamsters and rhesus monkeys,there is no comprehensive data on CVB3.In this study,we have first tested the susceptibility of Syrian hamsters to CVB3 infection via different routes.The results showed that Syrian hamsters were successfully infected with CVB3 by intraperitoneal injection or nasal drip,leading to nasopharyngeal colonization,acute severe pathological injury,and typical HFMD symptoms.Notably,the nasal drip group exhibited a longer viral excretion cycle and more severe pathological damage.In the subsequent study,rhesus monkeys infected with CVB3 through nasal drips also presented signs of HFMD symptoms,viral excretion,serum antibody conversion,viral nucleic acids and antigens,and the specific organ damages,particularly in the heart.Surprisingly,there were no significant differences in myocardial enzyme levels,and the clinical symptoms resembled those often associated with common,mild infections.In summary,the study successfully developed severe Syrian hamsters and mild rhesus monkey models for CVB3-induced HFMD.These models could serve as a basis for understanding the disease pathogenesis,conducting pre-trial prevention and evaluation,and implementing post-exposure intervention.

Securitization and De-securitization􀋖Turkey-Syria Relations since the Syrian Crisis

The article focuses on the nature of the relations between Turkey and Syria during the Syrian crisis.Although the relationship between Turkey and Syria had undergone some ups and downs in the last several years,both countries tried their best to improve their economic,political,cultural,and diplomatic relations.Indeed,Turkey introduced its model,“Moderate Islamic ideologies”,through Syria in the Middle East and North Africa(MENA).The“Arab Spring”of 2011 was a very good opportunity for Turkey to introduce its democratic Islamic dogmas which were welcomed by the Muslim Brotherhood leaders in some Arab Countries.But,the President of Syria,Bashar Al Assad,and his allies were very critical of Turkey’s policy.Thus,the article mainly explores the role of Turkey in Syria’s internal affairs,in particular,Erdogan’s policy towards Syrian crises.Besides,it examines Turkey’s domestic challenges and how Turkey has presented itself as a big supporter of the Arab Spring in the MENA.However,the article has found out that the current policies of Turkey towards the Syrian crisis are critical within the Middle East region.In other words,the conflicts and the wars against the Islamic State(ISIS)and the Kurdistan Workers’Party(PKK)weakened the bilateral relations.The Syrian refugees and the PKK are posing overwhelming challenges to Turkey’s economy and internal security.

The Unbreakable Link of Syrian State-Business Relationships: Its Impact on Turkey-based Expatriate Syrian Businesspeople

State-business relationships in pre-2011 Syria were strongly dominated by the Assad regime.Due to the conflict,millions of Syrians,including thousands of businesspeople,were forced to leave Syria.Home countries have been argued to play a crucial role in a diaspora’s development.Even though many Syrian businesspeople have emigrated to Turkey,long-term strict state-business relationships continue to affect the interactions of the Syrian businesspeople in Turkey.This paper examines how Syrian statebusiness ties shape the behaviors of the Turkey-based Syrian businesspeople.The paper argues that,although the activities of the business diaspora might need to be conducted cautiously due to their ties with the home government,and in order to improve economic activity in the host country,the businesspeople have developed specific ways to balance the impact of their home government.

无镁诱导仓鼠原代皮质神经元电生理学特性

目的无镁细胞外液建立癫痫放电模型,利用全细胞膜片钳技术,检测仓鼠原代皮质神经元的电生理学特性。方法采用生后1~2 d新生叙利亚仓鼠,分离大脑皮质培养原代神经元培养至第12天,分别予有镁细胞外液(有镁组)和无镁细胞外液(无镁组)孵育3 h,3 h后均更换为正常孵育液继续培养24 h。利用全细胞膜片钳技术,电压钳模式下记录神经元兴奋性突触后电流(excitatory postsynaptic currents,EPSC),电流钳模式下记录神经元兴奋性突触后电位(excitatory postsynaptic potentials,EPSP)。结果与有镁组相比,无镁组仓鼠原代皮质神经元EPSC[(124.38±75.15)Hz vs.(33.93±22.32)Hz,P<0.001]及EPSP[(37.05±38.37)Hz vs.(5.63±9.52)Hz,P<0.01]的频率升高,且差异有统计学意义;而两组之间EPSC及EPSP的振幅、曲线下面积和半宽度的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论无镁处理后仓鼠原代皮质神经元兴奋性升高,仓鼠原代皮质神经元可用于构建癫痫细胞模型。