The relationship between the supply and demand for ecosystem services(ESs)is a key issue for the rational allocation of natural resources and optimisation of sustainable development capacity.This paper investigateed t...The relationship between the supply and demand for ecosystem services(ESs)is a key issue for the rational allocation of natural resources and optimisation of sustainable development capacity.This paper investigateed the dynamic evolution features of supply and demand of four ESs in Lanzhou of China,namely,water supply,food supply,carbon fixation and soil retention services.The crosssectional data of 2005 and 2017 were used for calculating ESs value and its supply and demand through ArcGIS software,InVEST model,elastic coefficient model and coupling coordination model.Results showed that:1)from 2005 to 2017,the supply of water supply services increased,the demand of soil retention services decreased,and the supply and demand of food supply and carbon fixation services increased.The high-value areas of service supply were mainly distributed in the rocky mountain areas in the southeast and northwest with high vegetation coverage,while the high-value areas of demand were mainly distributed in the urban areas and surrounding areas with high population density.2)There were five different types of coupling relations.Water supply service was dominated by a negative coupling type D,which means that the decrease in demand for ESs has had a positive response on the supply of ESs.Negative coupling type C was the main type of food supply and carbon fixation services,which means that the increase in demand for ESs has had a negative response on the supply of ESs.All three services were supplemented by a positive coupling type A,which means that the increase in demand for ESs has had a positive response on the supply of ESs.Soil retention service generally exhibits a positive coupling type B,which means that the decrease in demand for ESs has had a negative response on the supply of ESs.3)Over the past 12 yr,the coordination degree of supply and demand of water supply,food supply and soil retention services decreased,and the coordination degree of carbon fixation service increased.Various types of ES had a low degree of coupling and coordination,showing different characteristics of temporal and spatial evolution.The areas with imbalanced ESs supply and demand were mainly distributed in urban areas dominated by construction land.The research results are valuable to the optimisation of urban and rural ecological environments and the sustainable development of territory space under the framework of ecological civilisation,including similar ecologically vulnerable areas in other developing countries.展开更多
In many rural areas the management of natural resources is confronted with the tragedy of the common problem;not only historically but also in modern times. Especially where biodiversity loss appears and ecosystem ser...In many rural areas the management of natural resources is confronted with the tragedy of the common problem;not only historically but also in modern times. Especially where biodiversity loss appears and ecosystem services (ESS) decline, the lack of public management might be related to inappropriate institutional setups. Two distinct directions of thought prevail on the subject. On one hand, proponents of property rights and minimal state intervention eagerly analyse the feat of modern institutions and view private property and payments for ecosystem services (PES) as solution. On the other hand, common pool resource management (CPM) has regained interest because nature is not a straight commodity and cooperation in ESS provision is needed (partly also to facilitate PES). In this paper, the two aspects are combined in a hybrid institution. We suggest a new way of approaching institutional questions in ESS provision as synthesis of private and publically controlled ESS provision. It is contemplated as ESS governance of local eco-nets given the potential for inclusion of public management. In principle, the result is a controlled framework of land sharing between farm land (private ownership) and communally managed?land (public ownership). Some land is devoted to hedges, wetlands, etc. Land is an immobile resource and can be used for EESs based on planned species prevalence, whereas communities compete also for labour which can move (or not). Governance is acting in competing constituencies and is a mean to control the regulating entities (public ESS management). At a meta-level we combine the need for public management with advantages of a competitive neo-classical framework. This contribution to CPM investigates a model of a group whose well-being is based on ESS provision in a cultural landscape. By statutory regulations, land (field margins), is ex-tracted from farms for ESS;in particular a leader (called reeve) guides farmers. Two institutions are compared: (1) labour in public land for ESS based farming (i.e.?it is controlled by public authority), or (2) it can migrate seeking higher rents in neighbouring communities.展开更多
As the proportion of renewable energy infiltrating the power grid increases,suppressing its randomness and volatility,reducing its impact on the safe operation of the power grid,and improving the level of new energy c...As the proportion of renewable energy infiltrating the power grid increases,suppressing its randomness and volatility,reducing its impact on the safe operation of the power grid,and improving the level of new energy consumption are increasingly important.For these purposes,energy storage stations(ESS)are receiving increasing attention.This article discusses the structure,working principle,and control methods of grid-following and grid-forming energy-storage converters,which are currently commonly used.A simulation analysis was conducted to investigate their dynamic response characteristics.The advantages and disadvantages of two types of energy storage power stations are discussed,and a configuration strategy for hybrid ESS is proposed.This paper presents research on and a simulation analysis of grid-forming and grid-following hybrid energy storage systems considering two types of energy storage according to different capacity scenarios.Finally,a comparative analysis between the systems is presented.A simulation model was established using PSD-BPA(Power System Department-Bonneville Power Administration)to analyze the impact of the capacity ratio of grid-following and grid-forming ESS on their dynamic response characteristics in a hybrid ESS.In addition,a development direction for future ESSs is indicated.展开更多
Energy storage systems(ESS)and permanent magnet synchronous generators(PMSG)are speculated to be able to exhibit frequency regulation capabilities by adding differential and proportional control loops with different c...Energy storage systems(ESS)and permanent magnet synchronous generators(PMSG)are speculated to be able to exhibit frequency regulation capabilities by adding differential and proportional control loops with different control objectives.The available PMSG kinetic energy and charging/discharging capacities of the ESS were restricted.To improve the inertia response and frequency control capability,we propose a short-term frequency support strategy for the ESS and PMSG.To this end,the weights were embedded in the control loops to adjust the participation of the differential and proportional controls based on the system frequency excursion.The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy was verified using PSCAD/EMTDC.The simulations revealed that the proposed strategy could improve the maximum rate of change of the frequency nadir and maximum frequency excursion.Therefore,it provides a promising solution of ancillary services for frequency regulation of PMSG and ESS.展开更多
There are many characteristics to describe the performance of an ion source, such as beam current, emittance, energy spread of the extracted beam and so on. Among them, the beam emittance is always the one that make u...There are many characteristics to describe the performance of an ion source, such as beam current, emittance, energy spread of the extracted beam and so on. Among them, the beam emittance is always the one that make us suspicious. So it is especially important to measure and study the emittance of ion beams. Now, there are two kinds of methods to measure ion beam emittance. One is destructive method. With this method,展开更多
The ESS software package is prepared for electrical data processing in the fields of coal prospecting, hydrogeologicai engineering, and can be used in the other fields of electrical data processing. It can be operated...The ESS software package is prepared for electrical data processing in the fields of coal prospecting, hydrogeologicai engineering, and can be used in the other fields of electrical data processing. It can be operated on any kind of microcomputer which has an internal memories of more than 512kB.The ESS software package would be leading the office operation to an automatic data processing period and the field work free from the tedious, repeated data treating and mapping, so that the engineers would have more time to analyse and interpret field data. Undoubtedly, it is of benefit to improving the relibility of the geological evaluation.展开更多
Ecosystem services(ESs)refer to the continuous provisioning of ecosystem goods and services that benefit human beings.Over recent decades,rapid urbanization has exerted significant pressure on coastal ecosystems,resul...Ecosystem services(ESs)refer to the continuous provisioning of ecosystem goods and services that benefit human beings.Over recent decades,rapid urbanization has exerted significant pressure on coastal ecosystems,resulting in biodiversity and habitat loss,environmental pollution,and the depletion of natural resources.In response to these environmental challenges,the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)were proposed.Given the pressing need to address these issues,understanding the changes in ESs under the SDGs is crucial for formulating specific ecological strategies.In this study,we first analyzed land use and cover change in the Zhejiang coasts of China during 2000–2020.Then,we investigated the spatiotemporal configuration of ESs by integrating carbon storage(CS),soil retention(SR),habitat quality(HQ)and water yield(WY)using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model.The driving mechanisms of ESs,which varied by space and time,were also explored using the Geo-detector method.The results revealed that,over the past two decades:1)the Zhejiang coasts have experienced a significant increase of 2783.72 km^(2) in built-up land areas and a continuous decrease in farmland areas due to rapid urbanization;2)owing to higher precipitation,extensive vegetation cover,and reduced anthropogenic disturbances,forests emerge as a crucial land use type for maintaining ecosystem services such as HQ,CS,WY,and SR;3)ESs have generally declined across the entire Zhejiang coasts,with a significant decrease observed in the northern areas and an increase in the southern areas spatially;4)the expansion of built-up land areas emerged as the primary factor affecting ecosystem services,while the vegetation factor has been increasingly significant and is expected to become predominant in the near future.Our study provides insights of understanding of ecosystem service theory and emphasizing the importance of preserving biodiversity for long-term sustainable development,and valuable scientific references to support the ecological management decision-making for local governments.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41861034)。
文摘The relationship between the supply and demand for ecosystem services(ESs)is a key issue for the rational allocation of natural resources and optimisation of sustainable development capacity.This paper investigateed the dynamic evolution features of supply and demand of four ESs in Lanzhou of China,namely,water supply,food supply,carbon fixation and soil retention services.The crosssectional data of 2005 and 2017 were used for calculating ESs value and its supply and demand through ArcGIS software,InVEST model,elastic coefficient model and coupling coordination model.Results showed that:1)from 2005 to 2017,the supply of water supply services increased,the demand of soil retention services decreased,and the supply and demand of food supply and carbon fixation services increased.The high-value areas of service supply were mainly distributed in the rocky mountain areas in the southeast and northwest with high vegetation coverage,while the high-value areas of demand were mainly distributed in the urban areas and surrounding areas with high population density.2)There were five different types of coupling relations.Water supply service was dominated by a negative coupling type D,which means that the decrease in demand for ESs has had a positive response on the supply of ESs.Negative coupling type C was the main type of food supply and carbon fixation services,which means that the increase in demand for ESs has had a negative response on the supply of ESs.All three services were supplemented by a positive coupling type A,which means that the increase in demand for ESs has had a positive response on the supply of ESs.Soil retention service generally exhibits a positive coupling type B,which means that the decrease in demand for ESs has had a negative response on the supply of ESs.3)Over the past 12 yr,the coordination degree of supply and demand of water supply,food supply and soil retention services decreased,and the coordination degree of carbon fixation service increased.Various types of ES had a low degree of coupling and coordination,showing different characteristics of temporal and spatial evolution.The areas with imbalanced ESs supply and demand were mainly distributed in urban areas dominated by construction land.The research results are valuable to the optimisation of urban and rural ecological environments and the sustainable development of territory space under the framework of ecological civilisation,including similar ecologically vulnerable areas in other developing countries.
文摘In many rural areas the management of natural resources is confronted with the tragedy of the common problem;not only historically but also in modern times. Especially where biodiversity loss appears and ecosystem services (ESS) decline, the lack of public management might be related to inappropriate institutional setups. Two distinct directions of thought prevail on the subject. On one hand, proponents of property rights and minimal state intervention eagerly analyse the feat of modern institutions and view private property and payments for ecosystem services (PES) as solution. On the other hand, common pool resource management (CPM) has regained interest because nature is not a straight commodity and cooperation in ESS provision is needed (partly also to facilitate PES). In this paper, the two aspects are combined in a hybrid institution. We suggest a new way of approaching institutional questions in ESS provision as synthesis of private and publically controlled ESS provision. It is contemplated as ESS governance of local eco-nets given the potential for inclusion of public management. In principle, the result is a controlled framework of land sharing between farm land (private ownership) and communally managed?land (public ownership). Some land is devoted to hedges, wetlands, etc. Land is an immobile resource and can be used for EESs based on planned species prevalence, whereas communities compete also for labour which can move (or not). Governance is acting in competing constituencies and is a mean to control the regulating entities (public ESS management). At a meta-level we combine the need for public management with advantages of a competitive neo-classical framework. This contribution to CPM investigates a model of a group whose well-being is based on ESS provision in a cultural landscape. By statutory regulations, land (field margins), is ex-tracted from farms for ESS;in particular a leader (called reeve) guides farmers. Two institutions are compared: (1) labour in public land for ESS based farming (i.e.?it is controlled by public authority), or (2) it can migrate seeking higher rents in neighbouring communities.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Gigawatt Hour Level Lithiumion Battery Energy Storage System Technology,NO.2021YFB2400100Integrated and Intelligent Management and Demonstration Application of Gigawatt Hour Level energy storage station,NO.2021YFB2400105).
文摘As the proportion of renewable energy infiltrating the power grid increases,suppressing its randomness and volatility,reducing its impact on the safe operation of the power grid,and improving the level of new energy consumption are increasingly important.For these purposes,energy storage stations(ESS)are receiving increasing attention.This article discusses the structure,working principle,and control methods of grid-following and grid-forming energy-storage converters,which are currently commonly used.A simulation analysis was conducted to investigate their dynamic response characteristics.The advantages and disadvantages of two types of energy storage power stations are discussed,and a configuration strategy for hybrid ESS is proposed.This paper presents research on and a simulation analysis of grid-forming and grid-following hybrid energy storage systems considering two types of energy storage according to different capacity scenarios.Finally,a comparative analysis between the systems is presented.A simulation model was established using PSD-BPA(Power System Department-Bonneville Power Administration)to analyze the impact of the capacity ratio of grid-following and grid-forming ESS on their dynamic response characteristics in a hybrid ESS.In addition,a development direction for future ESSs is indicated.
基金supported by Open Fund of National Engineering Research Center for Offshore Wind Power“Stabilization Mechanism and Control Technology of the Intelligent Wind-Storage Integration System Based on Voltage-Source and Self-Synchronizing Control(HSFD22007)”.
文摘Energy storage systems(ESS)and permanent magnet synchronous generators(PMSG)are speculated to be able to exhibit frequency regulation capabilities by adding differential and proportional control loops with different control objectives.The available PMSG kinetic energy and charging/discharging capacities of the ESS were restricted.To improve the inertia response and frequency control capability,we propose a short-term frequency support strategy for the ESS and PMSG.To this end,the weights were embedded in the control loops to adjust the participation of the differential and proportional controls based on the system frequency excursion.The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy was verified using PSCAD/EMTDC.The simulations revealed that the proposed strategy could improve the maximum rate of change of the frequency nadir and maximum frequency excursion.Therefore,it provides a promising solution of ancillary services for frequency regulation of PMSG and ESS.
文摘There are many characteristics to describe the performance of an ion source, such as beam current, emittance, energy spread of the extracted beam and so on. Among them, the beam emittance is always the one that make us suspicious. So it is especially important to measure and study the emittance of ion beams. Now, there are two kinds of methods to measure ion beam emittance. One is destructive method. With this method,
文摘The ESS software package is prepared for electrical data processing in the fields of coal prospecting, hydrogeologicai engineering, and can be used in the other fields of electrical data processing. It can be operated on any kind of microcomputer which has an internal memories of more than 512kB.The ESS software package would be leading the office operation to an automatic data processing period and the field work free from the tedious, repeated data treating and mapping, so that the engineers would have more time to analyse and interpret field data. Undoubtedly, it is of benefit to improving the relibility of the geological evaluation.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Fundation (No.41901121,42276234)Open Funding of Zhejiang Collaborative Innovation Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research (No.LHGTXT-2024-004)+1 种基金Science and Technology Major Project of Ningbo (No.2022Z181)Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection,Ministry of Natural Resources (No.2023CZEPK04)。
文摘Ecosystem services(ESs)refer to the continuous provisioning of ecosystem goods and services that benefit human beings.Over recent decades,rapid urbanization has exerted significant pressure on coastal ecosystems,resulting in biodiversity and habitat loss,environmental pollution,and the depletion of natural resources.In response to these environmental challenges,the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)were proposed.Given the pressing need to address these issues,understanding the changes in ESs under the SDGs is crucial for formulating specific ecological strategies.In this study,we first analyzed land use and cover change in the Zhejiang coasts of China during 2000–2020.Then,we investigated the spatiotemporal configuration of ESs by integrating carbon storage(CS),soil retention(SR),habitat quality(HQ)and water yield(WY)using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model.The driving mechanisms of ESs,which varied by space and time,were also explored using the Geo-detector method.The results revealed that,over the past two decades:1)the Zhejiang coasts have experienced a significant increase of 2783.72 km^(2) in built-up land areas and a continuous decrease in farmland areas due to rapid urbanization;2)owing to higher precipitation,extensive vegetation cover,and reduced anthropogenic disturbances,forests emerge as a crucial land use type for maintaining ecosystem services such as HQ,CS,WY,and SR;3)ESs have generally declined across the entire Zhejiang coasts,with a significant decrease observed in the northern areas and an increase in the southern areas spatially;4)the expansion of built-up land areas emerged as the primary factor affecting ecosystem services,while the vegetation factor has been increasingly significant and is expected to become predominant in the near future.Our study provides insights of understanding of ecosystem service theory and emphasizing the importance of preserving biodiversity for long-term sustainable development,and valuable scientific references to support the ecological management decision-making for local governments.
