System architecture and basic platform for intelligent high-speed railway

Purpose-This paper aims to provide top-level design and basic platform for intelligent application in China high-speed railway.Design/methodology/approach-Based on the analysis for the future development trends of world railway,combined with the actual development needs in China high-speed railway,The definition and scientific connotation of intelligent high-speed railway(IHSR)are given at first,and then the system architecture of IHSR are outlined,including 1 basic platform,3 business sectors,10 business fields,and 18 innovative applications.At last,a basic platform with cloud edge integration for IHSR is designed.Findings-The rationality,feasibility and implementability of the system architecture of IHSR have been verified on and applied to the Beijing-Zhangjiakou high-speed railway,providing important support for the construction and operation of the world’s first IHSR.Originality/value-This paper systematically gives the definition and connotation of the IHSR and put forward the system architecture of IHSR for first time.It will play the most important role in the design,construction and operation of IHSR.

Interacted Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Polyamines on Root System Architecture of Citrus Seedlings

Either arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） or polyamines （PAs） may change root system architecture （RSA） of plants, whereas the interaction of AMF and PAs on RSA remains unclear. In the present study, we studied the interaction between AMF （Paraglomus occultum） and exogenous PAs, including putrescine （Put）, spermidine （Spd） and spermine （Spin） on mycorrhizal development of different parts of root system, plant growth, RSA and carbohydrate concentrations of 6-m-old citrus （Citrus tangerine Hort. ex Tanaka） seedlings. After 14 wk of PAs application, PA-treated mycorrhizal seedlings exhibited better mycorrhizal colonization and numbers of vesicles, arbuscules, and entry points, and the best mycorrhizal status of taproot, first-, second-, and third-order lateral roots was respectively found in mycorrhizal seedlings supplied with Put, Spd and Spm, suggesting that PAs might act as a regulated factor of mycorrhizal development through transformation of root sucrose more into glucose for sustaining mycorrhizal development. AMF usually notably increases RSA traits （taproot length, total length, average diameter, projected area, surface area, volume, and number of first-, second-, and third-order lateral roots） of only PA-treated seedlings. Among the three PA species, greater positive effects on RSA change and plant biomass increment of the seedlings generally rank as Spd〉Spm〉Put, irrespective of whether or not AMF colonization. PAs significantly changed the RSA traits in mycorrhizal but not in non-mycorrhizal seedlings. It suggests that the application of PAs （especially Spd） to AMF plants would optimize RSA of citrus seedlings, thus increasing plant growth （shoot and root dry weight）.

Identification of QTL and underlying genes for root system architecture associated with nitrate nutrition in hexaploid wheat

The root system architecture(RSA) of a crop has a profound effect on the uptake of nutrients and consequently the potential yield. However, little is known about the genetic basis of RSA and resource adaptive responses in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). Here, a high-throughput germination paper-based plant phenotyping system was used to identify seedling traits in a wheat doubled haploid mapping population, Savannah×Rialto. Significant genotypic and nitrate-N treatment variation was found across the population for seedling traits with distinct trait grouping for root size-related traits and root distribution-related traits. Quantitative trait locus(QTL) analysis identified a total of 59 seedling trait QTLs. Across two nitrate treatments, 27 root QTLs were specific to the nitrate treatment. Transcriptomic analyses for one of the QTLs on chromosome 2 D, which was found under low nitrate conditions, revealed gene enrichment in N-related biological processes and 28 differentially expressed genes with possible involvement in a root angle response. Together, these findings provide genetic insight into root system architecture and plant adaptive responses to nitrate, as well as targets that could help improve N capture in wheat.

Research of the Streaming Media System Architecture Based on Net-RAID

In the typical streaming media system, the streaming media server is system bottleneck with the expansion of Internet subscribers. This paper proposes an innovational high performance streaming media system architecture (HPSMS) based on the logical separation of streaming media transport protocol. The system avoids expensive store-and-forward data copies between streaming media server and storage devices, improves the system performance greatly. The system bandwidth continuously increases with the expansion of storage system capacity is the highlight. The performance of the proposed HPSMS is evaluated through a practical prototype implementation.

Technical Requirements and System Architecture of IPTV Services

Delivering IPTV services entails a complex integration of a variety of industries as well as the support of network,computer,and image processing technologies. That is to say,the IPTV architecture should carry a myriad of services and technologies. In light of current telecom/TV status,the IPTV architecture can be set up on the convergence of the three networks to deliver comprehensive services and make Live TV,TV on Demand (TVOD),and Time-shifted TV services accessible on one platform. It also supports local and cross-regional user and service certification,provides EPG and smooth TV images and guarantees secured content as well.

An Exploration on Logical Ideas of System Architecture Modeling

China’s space technology has gradually improved from the early stages’ introduction, absorption and re-innovation based on backward design to independent innovation based on forward design. It is necessary to develop a new approach of systems engineering to improve the quality and efficiency of space systems design considering the large number of original design problems expected in the future. Adopting Model-Based Systems Engineering(MBSE) and Digital Twin method are important development initiatives in the field of modern engineering design. In the initial phase of system design, it is necessary to generate firm system architecture models based on the needs of stakeholders. The quality of the system design in this phase has a great impact on the detailed design and implementation for the subsequent system, and also plays an important role in the performance, development progress and cost of the whole system. Through the collaboration of cross-professional teams, modeling and model execution, comparing the model execution with expected results, MBSE has enabled digital model-level verification and validation before test verification and validation based on physical products, thus improving the design exactness, completeness and greatly reducing design errors or defects. This paper explores the logical ideas behind modeling of system architectures in order to promote the adoption of MBSE in the field of space systems.

Constitutive basis of root system architecture:uncovering a promising trait for breeding nutrient-and drought-resilient crops

Root system architecture(RSA)plays a pivotal role in efficient uptake of essential nutrients,such as phosphorous(P),nitrogen(N),and water In soils with heterogeneous nutrient distribution,root plasticity can optimize acquisition and plant growth.Here,we present evidence that a constitutive RSA can confer benefits for sorghum grown under both sufficient and limiting growth conditions.Our studies,using P efficient SC103 and inefficient BTx635 sorghum cultivars,identified significant differences in root traits,with SC103 developing a larger root system with more and longer lateral roots,and enhanced shoot biomass,under both nutrient sufficient and deficient conditions.In addition to this constitutive attribute,under P deficiency,both cultivars exhibited an initial increase in lateral root development;however,SC103 still maintained the larger root biomass.Although N deficiency and drought stress inhibited both root and shoot growth,for both sorghum cultivars,SC103 again maintained the better performance.These findings reveal that SC103,a P efficient sorghum cultivar,also exhibited enhanced growth performance under N deficiency and drought.Our results provide evidence that this constitutive nature of RSA can provide an avenue for breeding nutrient-and drought-resilient crops.

Genetic dissection of maize seedling root system architecture traits using an ultra-high density bin-map and a recombinant inbred line population

Maize（Zea mays） root system architecture（RSA）mediates the key functions of plant anchorage and acquisition of nutrients and water. In this study,a set of 204 recombinant inbred lines（RILs） was derived from the widely adapted Chinese hybrid ZD958（Zheng58 Chang7-2）,genotyped by sequencing（GBS） and evaluated as seedlings for 24 RSA related traits divided into primary,seminal and total root classes. Signi ficant differences between the means of the parental phenotypes were detected for 18 traits,and extensive transgressive segregation in the RIL population was observed for all traits. Moderate to strong relationships among the traits were discovered. A total of 62 quantitative trait loci（QTL） were identi fied that individually explained from1.6% to 11.6%（total root dry weight/total seedling shoot dry weight） of the phenotypic variation. Eighteen,24 and 20 QTL were identi fied for primary,seminal and total root classes of traits,respectively. We found hotspots of 5,3,4 and 12 QTL in maize chromosome bins 2.06,3.02-03,9.02-04,and 9.05-06,respectively,implicating the presence of root gene clusters or pleiotropic effects. These results characterized the phenotypic variation and genetic architecture of seedling RSA in a population derived from a successful maize hybrid.

ROLE OF NITROGEN SENSING AND ITS INTEGRATIVE SIGNALING PATHWAYS IN SHAPING ROOT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The Green Revolution of the 1960s boosted crop yields in part through widespread production of semidwarf plant cultivars and extensive use of mineral fertilizers.The beneficial semidwarfism of cereal Green Revolution cultivars is due to the accumulation of plant growth-repressing DELLA proteins,which increases lodging resistance but requires a high-nitrogen fertilizer to obtain high yield.Given that environmentally degrading fertilizer use underpins current worldwide crop production,future agricultural sustainability needs a sustainable Green Revolution through reducing N fertilizer use while boosting grain yield above what is currently achievable.Despite a great deal of research efforts,only a few genes have been demonstrated to improve N-use efficiency in crops.The molecular mechanisms underlying the coordination between plant growth and N metabolism is still not fully understood,thus preventing significant improvement.Recent advances of how plants sense,capture and respond to varying N supply in model plants have shed light on how to improve sustainable productivity in agriculture.This review focuses on the current understanding of root developmental and metabolic adaptations to N availability,and discuss the potential approaches to improve N-use efficiency in high-yielding cereal crops.

Statistical modeling of nitrogen-dependent modulation of root system architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plant root development is strongly affected by nutrient availability. Despite the importance of structure and function of roots in nutrient acquisition,statistical modeling approaches to evaluate dynamic and temporal modulations of root system architecture in response to nutrient availability have remained as widely open and exploratory areas in root biology. In this study,we developed a statistical modeling approach to investigate modulations of root system architecture in response to nitrogen availability. Mathematical models were designed for quantitative assessment of root growth and root branching phenotypes and their dynamic relationships based on hierarchical con figuration of primary and lateral roots formulating the fishbone-shaped root system architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana. Time-series datasets reporting dynamic changes in root developmental traits on different nitrate or ammonium concentrations were generated for statistical analyses. Regression analyses unraveled key parameters associated with：（i） inhibition of primary root growth under nitrogen limitation or on ammonium;（ii） rapid progression of lateral root emergence in response to ammonium; and（iii） inhibition of lateral root elongation in the presence of excess nitrate or ammonium. This study provides a statistical framework for interpreting dynamic modulation of root system architecture,supported by metaanalysis of datasets displaying morphological responses of roots to diverse nitrogen supplies.

Research on Architecture of Risk Assessment System Based on Block Chain

The risk assessment system has been applied to the information security,energy,medical and other industries.Through the risk assessment system,it is possible to quantify the possibility of the impact or loss caused by an event before or after an event,thereby avoiding the risk or reducing the loss.However,the existing risk assessment system architecture is mostly a centralized architecture,which could lead to problems such as data leakage,tampering,and central cheating.Combined with the technology of block chain,which has the characteristics of decentralization,security and credibility,collective maintenance,and untamperability.This paper proposes a new block chainbased risk assessment system architecture and a consensus mechanism algorithm based on DPOS improvement.This architecture uses an improved consensus mechanism to achieve a safe and efficient risk assessment solving the problem of data tampering in the risk assessment process,avoiding data leakage caused by improper data storage.A convenient,safe and fast risk assessment is achieved in conjunction with the improved consensus mechanism.In addition,by comparing existing risk assessment architecture,the advantages and impacts of the new block chain-based risk assessment system architecture are analyzed.

Developing architecture of a traveler information system for dynamic equilibrium in traffic networks

Having criticized the current architecture of Advanced Traveler Information Systems （ATISs）, this work discusses a new base of requirements to develop a new paradigm for traffic information systems. It mainly integrates three dimensions within a traffic system： drivers＇ pattern of behavior and preferences, urban traffic desires, and capabilities of traffic information service providers. Based on the above, functional segments from several related backgrounds are brought together to structure a new architecture, called Interactive Traveler Information System （ITIS）. The main interactive feature of this new architecture is a two-way communication track between drivers and the traffic information system provider-in fact, a decision on choosing a road at a particular time for an individual will be made based on the utility of both sides. This new configuration consists of driver-side smartphone application, centric traffic prediction, and decision-maker units, which will shape a new approach of decision-making processes. These all work together to satisfy the designated goal of ITIS, which is preserving the Wardrop equilibrium condition in the traffic network level. Finally, we concentrate on a comparison study, which shows a differentiation between performance of the proposed ITIS and the current ATIS model in a real situation. This has been done with simulations of analogical scenarios. The most noticeable advantage of the proposed architecture is not being limited to a saturation limit, and the positive effect of increasing system penetration in the performance of the newly introduced information system. In conclusion, new research subjects are suggested to be carried out.

Evolving technologies for growing,imaging and analyzing 3D root system architecture of crop plants

A plant＇s ability to maintain or improve its yield under limiting conditions,such as nutrient de ficiency or drought,can be strongly in fluenced by root system architecture（RSA）,the three-dimensional distribution of the different root types in the soil. The ability to image,track and quantify these root system attributes in a dynamic fashion is a useful tool in assessing desirable genetic and physiological root traits. Recent advances in imaging technology and phenotyping software have resulted in substantive progress in describing and quantifying RSA. We have designed a hydroponic growth system which retains the three-dimensional RSA of the plant root system,while allowing for aeration,solution replenishment and the imposition of nutrient treatments,as well as high-quality imaging of the root system. The simplicity and flexibility of the system allows for modi fications tailored to the RSA of different crop species and improved throughput. This paper details the recent improvements and innovations in our root growth and imaging system which allows for greater image sensitivity（detection of fine roots and other root details）,higher ef ficiency,and a broad array of growing conditions for plants that more closely mimic those found under field conditions.

Hierarchical Architecture for Enterprise Information System under Dynamic Environment

In a dynamic environment, it is vital for enterpris e to have flexible information system architecture to integrate ERP, Supply Chain Management (SCM) and E-Commerce (EC). The traditional systems are established o n the ERP-centered flat architecture. This architecture has some disadvantages in supporting the dynamics of enterprises. Firstly, ERP is already a very expens ive and complex system; the extension based on it can only increase the complexi ty and make the implementation more expensive and risky. Secondly, under the arc hitecture, the flexibility is reduced sharply although the execution efficiency is maintained. In a rapid changing environment, flexibility is also an equally i mportant factor besides execution efficiency. Thirdly, it cannot support the dyn amic collaboration efficiently. The prevailing of the flat architecture is not d ue to its advantage but to the big software providers. From the system viewpoint , a hierarchical architecture is proposed. Difference from the current architect ure, in the hierarchical paradigm, ERP is put in the bottom level rather centere d. SCM is the center system, which adopts a multi-agent structure. EC is regard ed as its foreground interface, while ERP and other information system of the pa rtner or internal units are the background executors. EC is the extension of mar ket agent and purchase agent. It fulfills the function of trade on Internet by s ending orders to be executed to SCM and receiving the progress information of th e orders from SCM. After receiving orders from EC, the agent in charge of schedu le in SCM makes preliminary plan in form of instructions (which may be infeasibl e) based on the information of source. Trough the coordination of multi agent, the plan is adjusted to be feasible. Compared with current ERP-centered flat ar chitecture, the hierarchical structure pays more attention to dynamic collaborat ion rather the optimization within the enterprise. At last, two engineering case s, Beijing Shang Pu Electric Ltd and Qingtao Tianyue International Building Mate rial Free Trade City, are presented to illustrate the idea.

Design and implementation of information acquisition system architecture for multi-sensor robots

A multi-layer controller architecture based on digital signal processor （DSP） and on-chip MCU was proposed for multi-sensor information acquisition system; it consisted of a data acquisition unit and a data fusion unit, and used a host controller to connect the two units into an integrated system. Compared with architectures of traditional acquisition system, this architecture had good openness and good adaptability of algorithms in hardware. To validate its feasibility, a small-scale prototype was cleverly designed, which adopted ADμCS12, TMS320F206 and 89C51 as controllers, and had 16-channel ADC and 12- channel DAC with high accuracy of 12-bit. The interfaces between different controllers were introduced in detail. Some basic parameters of the prototype were presented by board-level tests and by comparison with other two systems. The prototype was employed to provide on-line state measurement, parameter estimation and decision-making for trajectory tracking of wheeled mobile robot. Experimental results show that the prototype achieves the goals of data acquisition, fusion and control perfectly.

Research on system architecture of modeling and simulation

The modeling and simulation(M&S)architecture describes and defines the relationship between the different parts of a simulation.The simulation system architecture and simulation support platform architecture are discussed separately.The simulation support platform architecture consists of the management layer,the resource layer,the communication layer,the application layer and the infrastructure layer.The best way is to design and realize the M&S collaborative environment for simulation support platform in the resource-communication-application three-dimension space.

Requirements and Architecture Concept for a Data Processing System in Local Area Smart Grid

WINNER, a German research project, integrates local photovoltaic systems, charging infrastructure for electric vehicles and tenant households, focusing devices with and without smart grid abilities. The project＇s goal is to manage the local power grid operations in a way that allows locally produced energy to be consumed locally. This local optimised consumption is done by using currently available devices. Further, we want to analyse accruing data streams and optimise the usage of local devices to manage this time-base shifted consumption scenario by implementing a non-hard real-time processing system. In this paper, we outline the project＇s primary objectives from a technical point of view. First, we present ＂Wohnnngswirtschaftlich integrierte netzneutrale Elektromobilitat in Quartier und Region＂ （WINNER） and some related research projects. We describe the integration tasks, the data sources, and sinks. So, a project overview can be given. Afterwards, we compare our approach and already developed technologies. Requirements are derived from the system overview. According to them, we can outline an architectural View of the core component of data stream processing within this scenario. Finally, the results are discussed, and consequences are drawn.

A protocol of field-based phenotyping procedure for no-till wheat root system architecture based on data-driven model-assist

Field-based phenotyping(FBP)of crop root systemarchitecture(RSA)provides away to quantify the root growth and distribution in fieldwith a smaller scale.Studies on a better understanding of the interrelations between field crop root physiological traits,root developmental phases and environmental changes are hindered due to deficiency of in situ root system architecture testing and quantitative methods for field crop.The present study aimed to propose a protocol for field-based wheat root system architecture with technical details of key operational procedures.Phenotyping of RSA traits from root spatial coordinate data acquisition and visualization software presented scaled illustrations of wheat RSA dynamics and root developmental phases which also revealed the root topological heterogeneities,eitherwithin a plant oramong individuals.Percentage of horizontal and vertical soil coverage by root showed that root foraging capability along soil depth was better than within the horizontal dimension.In brief,our data indicated that FBP ofwheat RSA could be achieved using the protocol of datadriven model-assisted phenotyping procedure.The proposed protocol was demonstrated useful for FBP of RSAs.It was proved effective to illustrate the topological structures of the wheat root system and to quantify RSAderived parameters,this could be a useful tool for characterizing and analyzing the structural distortion,heterogeneous distribution and the soil space exploration characteristics of wheat root.

NEW INSIGHTS INTO PRINCIPLES FOR DESIGNING ARCHITECTURE OF ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM FOR TOOL INTEGRATION ─IN THE CASE OF PRODUCTION MACHINES DESIGN

CAD/CAM integration is broadly viewed as tool integration. From this point of view, both CAD/CAM software and hardware are considered as tools. A great advantage of this view point is that a very flexible paradigm is introduced, in which the CAD/CAM system for a particular industrial application can be customized and built by selecting a set of tools. This paper intends to shed some lights on the principles for designing the architecture of such a tool integration environment. Although such an environment is no more than a computer program sys. tem itself, its particular characteristics arising from its unique role, i.e., tool integration, make the discussion on the designing of an environment architecture nontrivial. The paper externalizes the author's experiences in implementing an tool integration environment for production machines.In particular, the discussion renders some insights into the concepts such as tool integration models, various views of an environment architecture, classification of data into tool-data and environment data, and employment of the information relativity principle in making an environment architecture flexible. The paper will take production machines design as a target application that an environment system is developed for, owing to its extreme complexity and thus make sense of coverage of other engineering applications.

Architecture of Graphics System with 3D Acceleration Support for Embedded Operating Systems

An increasing number of tasks now require the use of hardware accelerators to reduce the time required for computation and display the computational results.This paper presents a new graphics system architecture for operating systems(OSs)with microkernel architecture,including real-time OSs.The proposed system architecture provides capabilities for displaying graphical images on various information display devices and for accelerating graphical operations on GPU.The architecture of the graphics system uses a concept of allocators to manage system and video memory,provides an abstraction of memory operations with a single interface for video memory management,and simplifies memory handling where incorrect operation is the cause of many failures.A comparison between the performance of a real-time OS and Linux OS implementing the graphics system using the example of a glmark2 benchmark is presented,thereby the superiority of the proposed architecture in several scenarios is demonstrated.