Community-based prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases

The Annual Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China(2022)intricate landscape of cardiovascular health in China.This is the third section of the report with a specific focus on community-based prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases(CVD).This section of the report underscores the importance of initiatives outlined in the"Healthy China 2030 Plan,"emphasizing the comprehensive prevention and control strategy for chronic diseases.A key aspect of this plan involves the establishment of national demonstration areas aimed at comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases.By 2020,488 such areas had been set up across China,surpassing the initial target and covering a significant proportion of counties and districts.The report highlights the successful implementation of these strategies in Lishan district,Anshan city,where demonstration areas for comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases were launched in 2013.Over the course of seven years,the number of healthy units increased substantially,leading to improvements in managing risk factors for CVD among residents.Significant reductions in prevalence rates of overweight,obesity,smoking,passive smoking,and drinking were observed,along with the development of healthier behaviors among residents.Similarly,Qiaokou district in Wuhan City,designated as a national demonstration area in 2014,implemented comprehensive public health promotion initiatives.Notably,special clinics for hypertension intervention were established,contributing to an increase in self-reported rates of hypertension,a slight decrease in prevalence,and a remarkable improvement in the control rate among treated patients.Overall,these efforts underscore the effectiveness of community-based approaches in driving positive health outcomes and advancing the comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases,particularly cardiovascular diseases,in China.

Analysis of risk factors for lymphedema of the lower limbs after endometrial cancer surgery and suggestions for prevention and treatment:Retraction

In the article titled“Analysis of risk factors for lymphedema of the lower limbs after endometrial cancer surgery and suggestions for prevention and treatment”by Zhang Q and Liu L(J Integr Nurs 2021;3(2):67-71.doi:10.4103/jin.jin_13_21),[1]the content and results data of this article was questioned by International database(Web of Science)institution.This article was then investigated by the publisher and Journal of Integrative Nursing(JIN).The investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process:(1)Discrepancies in scope;(2)Discrepancies in the description of the research reported;(3)Discrepancies between the availability of data and the research described;(4)Inappropriate citations;(5)Incoherent,meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the article;(6)The ethical approval by an Institutional Review Board(IRB)committee or equivalent not provided in this article.The editorial office of JIN sent emails many times but received no replies and reasonable explanations from the authors.Therefore,this article is retracted.

Application of traditional Chinese herbal medicine in the prevention and treatment of swine viral infectious diseases

This study aims to explore the current application status and development prospects of Chinese herbal medicine in preventing and treating swine viral infectious diseases over the past five years.By adopting the method of literature review,we collect,organize,and analyze relevant research literature,with the goal of summarizing and summarizing the research progress in this field.Through research,we found that swine infectious diseases have caused serious economic losses in the breeding industry and that some diseases cannot be fully protected by using vaccines.Therefore,we need new means to prevent diseases.The use of Chinese herbal medicine for the prevention and treatment of related diseases has become a reliable means.This study first briefly introduces the common infectious diseases of pigs and the risks and challenges faced by prevention and treatment,then reads the literature comparing the treatment with Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine,proving the reliability of traditional Chinese medicine treatment and the unique advantages of Chinese herbal medicine.Afterwards,we summarized the literature on the prevention and treatment of related swine diseases with Chinese herbal medicine in the past five years,and finally made a summary and outlook,hoping to provide ideas for relevant researchers and workers.

Effect of Health Management in Raising Awareness Rate of Disease Prevention and Treatment in Patients with Prehypertension

Objective: To analyze the effect of health management on improving the awareness rate of disease prevention and treatment in patients with prehypertension, so as to provide guidance for clinical management of patients with prehypertension. Methods: 108 patients diagnosed with prehypertension in our hospital were divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group was not given management measures, while the experimental group was given health management. The incidence of hypertension and cognition level of hypertension knowledge were compared between the two groups after management. Results: The incidence of hypertension in the experimental group was 7.41% lower than that in the control group 29.63%. The cognitive level of hypertension in the patients (66.54 ± 1.25) was significantly higher than that in the patients without health management (41.45 ± 2.45), and P < 0.05;Conclusion: For patients with prehypertension, the implementation of health management is helpful to improve their cognition of hypertension, master related prevention knowledge, and reduce the incidence of hypertension.

Field Prevention and Control of Tobacco Black Shank in Guizhou Province

[Objectives]The paper was to explore the prevention and therapeutic schedule of tobacco black shank.[Methods]Different concentrations of 25 g/L fludioxonil·37.5 g/L metalaxyl-M,10 billion/mL Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,110 g/L amino acids·24 g/L manganese zinc,120 g/L calcium·20 g/L magnesium,and 4%metalaxyl-M·64%mancozeb were employed to assess their efficacy in controlling tobacco black shank.The disease index was subsequently evaluated.[Results]25 g/L fludioxonil·37.5 g/L metalaxyl-M+10 billion/mL B.amyloliquefaciens+110 g/L amino acids·24 g/L manganese zinc(transplanting dosage)or 120 g/L calcium·20 g/L magnesium(sealing dosage)(transplanting dosage:750 mL/hm 2+1.2×104 mL/hm 2+1.5×103 mL/hm 2,sealing dosage:1.5×103 mL/hm 2+1.2×104 mL/hm 2+1.5×103 mL/hm 2)resulted in a notable impact on the prevention of tobacco black shank.The incidence in the treated area was 10.78%,a 35.72%reduction compared to the control.The estimated yield was 99700 yuan/hm 2,a 34.91%increase compared to the control.25 g/L fludioxonil·37.5 g/L metalaxyl-M+10 billion/mL B.amyloliquefaciens+120 g/L calcium·20 g/L magnesium+4%metalaxyl-M·64%mancozeb(control dosage:1.5×103 mL/hm 2+1.2×104 mL/hm 2+1.5×103 mL/hm 2+1.5×103 g/hm 2,1.5×103 mL/hm 2+1.2×104 mL/hm 2+1.5×103 mL/hm 2+1.5×103 g/hm 2,with an interval of 7 d between applications)demonstrated a significant efficacy in controlling tobacco black shank.At 7 d following the second application,the relative preventive efficacy was observed to be 88.99%.Additionally,the estimated yield was 109900 yuan/hm 2,representing an increase of 244.51%compared to the control.[Conclusions]During the transplanting and sealing stages,25 g/L fludioxonil·37.5 g/L metalaxyl-M+10 billion/mL B.amyloliquefaciens+110 g/L amino acids·24 g/L manganese zinc(transplanting dosage)or 120 g/L calcium·20 g/L magnesium(sealing dosage)may be employed to enhance the growth of tobacco plants and mitigate the occurrence of tobacco black shank.Additionally,25 g/L fludioxonil·37.5 g/L metalaxyl-M+10 billion/mL B.amyloliquefaciens+120 g/L calcium·20 g/L magnesium+4%metalaxyl-M·64%mancozeb can be utilized for the treatment of tobacco black shank during the initial incidence stage.

Low Birth Weight and Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnant Women in Lomé (Togo) in 2021: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Since 2012, the World Health Organization has recommended intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPT-SP) to prevent malaria-related complications in pregnant women. Ten years following these recommendations, we conducted this study to estimate the coverage for three doses of IPT-SP (IPT3) as well as the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW), and its associated factors in Lomé (Togo) in 2021. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and March 2021. An exhaustive recruitment of women and their newborns was carried out in the maternity wards of the Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital Center. Data from antenatal consultations and clinical data of the newborns were collected. Multivariate logistic regression was carried out to determine factors associated with LBW. Results: A total of 252 mother-child pairs were included in this study. Median age of the mothers was 27 years, IQR [24-31]. More than a third (35.3%) of the mothers were primigravida. IPT3 coverage was 66.7% and 14.7% of newborns had a LBW. The prevalence of LBW was 33.3% [23.3-43.4] in women who had received fewer than 3 doses of IPT-SP and 5.4% [2.0-8.8] in those who had received at least 3 doses of IPT-SP (p Conclusion: Ten years following recommendations of the WHO on IPT-SP, malaria prevention based on IPT-SP is not optimal among pregnant women in Lomé, and the proportion of LBW children remains high. Actions to strengthen the three-dose IPT-SP policy are needed to prevent malaria and its consequences among newborns in Togo.

Combined prevention and treatment measures are essential to control nosocomial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a highly contagious positive-sense,single-stranded RNA virus that has rapidly spread worldwide.As of December 17,2023,772838745 confirmed cases including 6988679 deaths have been reported globally.This virus primarily spreads through droplets,airborne transmission,and direct contact.Hospitals harbor a substantial number of confirmed coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)patients and asymptomatic carriers,accompanied by high population density and a larger susceptible population.These factors serve as potential triggers for nosocomial infections,posing a threat during the COVID-19 pandemic.Nosocomial infections occur to varying degrees across different countries worldwide,emphasizing the urgent need for a practical approach to prevent and control the intra-hospital spread of COVID-19.This study primarily concentrated on a novel strategy combining preventive measures with treatment for combating COVID-19 nosocomial infections.It suggests preventive methods,such as vaccination,disinfection,and training of heathcare personnel to curb viral infections.Additionally,it explored therapeutic strategies targeting cellular inflammatory factors and certain new medications for COVID-19 patients.These methods hold promise in rapidly and effectively preventing and controlling nosocomial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic and provide a reliable reference for adopting preventive measures in the future pandemic.

Analysis of International Cooperation Management Strategies of Enterprises under the Background of the“Belt and Road”

With the deepening of the“Belt and Road”initiative,Chinese enterprises are facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges for international cooperation.This paper mainly analyzes the current situation,existing problems,and coping strategies of enterprise international cooperation management in the context of the“Belt and Road”.This article expounds on the importance of the“Belt and Road”initiative for international cooperation of enterprises and analyzes the key links of international cooperation management of enterprises from the aspects of internationalization strategy,cross-cultural management,risk prevention and control,and resource integration.Finally,combined with the case,this paper puts forward the management strategies and suggestions that enterprises should adopt in international cooperation,to provide a useful reference for Chinese enterprises in international cooperation in the construction of the“Belt and Road.”

Expert Consensus on Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 Infection in Patients with Lung Cancer

Corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)infection has become a major public health issue affecting human health.The main goal of epidemic prevention and control at the current stage in China is to“protect people’s health and prevent severe cases”.Patients with lung cancer who receive antitumor therapy have low immunity,and the risk of severe illness and death once infected is much higher than healthy people,so they are vulnerable to COVID-19 infection.At present,less attention has been paid to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection in patients with lung cancer in domestic guidelines and consensus.Based on the published data in China and abroad,we proposed recommendations and formed expert consensus on the vaccination of COVID-19,the use of neutralizing antibodies and small molecule antiviral drugs for patients with lung cancer,for physician’s reference.

Research progress on cardiotoxicity mechanism of doxorubicin and prevention and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine

Doxorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic.As a broad-spectrum antitumor drug,it is widely used in clinic.However,doxorubicin is dose-dependent and shows obvious cardiotoxicity,which limits its clinical application.At present,the mechanism of doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity has not been fully clarified.Reducing cardiotoxicity and improving the scope of clinical application have become the focus of research in recent years.This paper reviews the mechanism of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity and the prevention and treatment of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity with traditional Chinese medicine,in order to provide reference for the combined application of doxorubicin.

Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases in College Students

Objective:This paper aims to discuss the prevention and treatment strategies of gastrointestinal diseases in college students.Methods:A sample of 60 college students suffering from gastrointestinal diseases,from August 2021 to August 2022,was used to discuss the symptoms,causes,prevention strategies,and treatment strategies of gastrointestinal diseases based on questionnaire survey.Results:The high-incidence types of gastrointestinal diseases in college students mainly included chronic gastritis,acute gastritis,duodenal ulcer,and dyspepsia,which were closely related to mental state,diet,and living habits.Conclusion:There are many causes of gastrointestinal diseases in college students.During the period of active symptomatic treatment,it is necessary to focus on the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases in colleges and universities,correct the unhealthy lifestyle of students,and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases.

Multivariate analysis of oral mucosal ulcers during orthodontic treatment

BACKGROUND Orthodontic treatment can easily cause local soft tissue reactions in the oral cavity of patients under mechanical stress,leading to oral mucosal ulcers and affecting their quality of life.At present,only limited literature has explored the factors leading to oral ulcers in orthodontic treatment,and these research results are still controversial.AIM To investigate the current status and related factors of oral mucosal ulcers during orthodontic treatment,aiming to provide a valuable reference for preventing this disease in clinical practice.METHODS A total of 587 patients who underwent orthodontic treatment at the Peking University School of Stomatology and Hospital of Stomatology between 2020 and 2022 were selected and allocated to an observation or control group according to the incidence of oral mucosal ulcers during orthodontic therapy.A questionnaire survey was constructed to collect patient data,including basic information,lifestyle and eating habits,treatment details,mental factors,and trace element levels,and a comparative analysis of this data was performed between the two groups.RESULTS A logistic regression model with oral ulcers as the dependent variable was established.The regression results showed that age(≥60 years:odds ratio[OR]:6.820;95%confidence interval[CI]:2.226–20.893),smoking history(smoking:OR:4.434;95%CI:2.527–7.782),toothbrush hardness(hard:OR:2.804;95%CI:1.746–4.505),dietary temperature(hot diet:OR:1.399;95%CI:1.220–1.722),treatment course(>1 year:OR:3.830;95%CI:2.203–6.659),and tooth brushing frequency(>1 time per day:OR:0.228;95%CI:0.138–0.377)were independent factors for oral mucosal ulcers(P<0.05).Furthermore,Zn level(OR:0.945;95%CI:0.927–0.964)was a protective factor against oral ulcers,while the SAS(OR:1.284;95%CI:1.197–1.378)and SDS(OR:1.322;95%CI:1.231–1.419)scores were risk factors.CONCLUSION Age≥60 years,smoking history,hard toothbrush,hot diet,treatment course for>1 year,tooth brushing frequency of≤1 time per day,and mental anxiety are independent risk factors for oral mucosal ulcers.Therefore,these factors should receive clinical attention and be incorporated into the development and optimization of preventive strategies for reducing oral ulcer incidence.

Animal models of hepatitis E infection: Advances and challenges

Hepatitis E virus(HEV)is one of the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide.Although most of HEV infections are asymptomatic,some patients will develop the symptoms,especially pregnant women,the elderly,and patients with preexisting liver diseases,who often experience anorexia,nausea,vom-iting,malaise,abdominal pain,and jaundice.HEV infection may become chronic in immunosuppressed individuals.In addition,HEV infection can also cause several extrahepatic manifestations.HEV exists in a wide range of hosts in nature and can be transmitted across species.Hence,animals susceptible to HEV can be used as models.The establishment of animal models is of great significance for studying HEV transmission,clinical symptoms,extrahepatic manifestations,and therapeutic strategies,which will help us understand the pathogenesis,prevention,and treatment of hepatitis E.This review summarized the animal models of HEV,including pigs,monkeys,rabbits,mice,rats,and other animals.For each animal species,we provided a concise summary of the HEV genotypes that they can be infected with,the cross-species transmission pathways,as well as their role in studying extrahepatic manifestations,prevention,and treatment of HEV infection.The advantages and disadvantages of these animal models were also emphasized.This review offers new perspectives to enhance the current understanding of the research landscape surrounding HEV animal models.

Comprehensive approach to esophageal variceal bleeding:From prevention to treatment

Esophageal variceal bleeding is a severe complication often associated with portal hypertension,commonly due to liver cirrhosis.Prevention and treatment of this condition are critical for patient outcomes.Preventive strategies focus on reducing portal hypertension to prevent varices from developing or enlarging.Primary prophylaxis involves the use of non-selective beta-blockers,such as propranolol or nadolol,which lower portal pressure by decreasing cardiac output and thereby reducing blood flow to the varices.Endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)may also be employed as primary prophylaxis to prevent initial bleeding episodes.Once bleeding occurs,immediate treatment is essential.Initial management includes hemodynamic stabilization followed by pharmacological therapy with vasoactive drugs such as octreotide or terlipressin to control bleeding.Endoscopic intervention is the cornerstone of treatment,with techniques such as EVL or sclerotherapy applied to directly manage the bleeding varices.In cases where bleeding is refractory to endoscopic treatment,transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt may be considered to effectively reduce portal pressure.Long-term management after an acute bleeding episode involves secondary prophylaxis using betablockers and repeated EVL sessions to prevent rebleeding,complemented by monitoring and managing liver function to address the underlying disease.In light of new scientific evidence,including the findings of the study by Peng et al,this editorial aims to review available strategies for the prevention and treatment of esophageal varices.

Research progress and key scientific problems of traditional Chinese moxibustion

Moxibustion Moxibustion(written as“jiū(灸)”in Chinese),also known as“jiūruò(灸焫)”in ancient Chinese,was described in the ancient Chinese book Shuo Wen Jie Zi as having the meaning of burning and possessing the properties of fire,while sharing the same pronunciation as“jiǔ(久).”“Moxibustion is a method of curing diseases that uses lighted moxa to press and cauterize acupoints.”Moxibustion is a traditional external treatment method that involves the application of moxa wool or other materials,either directly or indirectly(such as through burning or fumigation),to stimulate specific points or areas on body surface.It is used for purposes such as prevention,treatment,rehabilitation,and health care.Moxibustion originated in ancient times,prevailed during the Qin and Han dynasties(221 B.C.E.–220 C.E.),experienced a period of decline during the Ming and Qing dynasties(1368–1912 C.E.),and was revitalized in the contemporary era.

Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis:A systematic review for prevention and treatment

BACKGROUND Post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is comparatively complex application. Researchers has been investigated prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP), since it has been considered to be the most common complication of ERCP. Although ERCP can lead various complications, it can also be avoided. AIM To study the published evidence and systematically review the literature on the prevention and treatment for PEP. METHODS A systematic literature review on the prevention of PEP was conducted using the electronic databases of ISI Web of Science, PubMed and Cochrane Library for relevant articles. The electronic search for the review was performed by using the search terms “Post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis” AND “prevention” through different criteria. The search was restricted to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) performed between January 2009 and February 2019. Duplicate studies were detected by using EndNote and deleted by the author. PRISMA checklist and flow diagram were adopted for evaluation and reporting. The reference lists of the selected papers were also scanned to find other relevant studies. RESULTS 726 studies meeting the search criteria and 4 relevant articles found in the edited books about ERCP were identified. Duplicates and irrelevant studies were excluded by screening titles and abstracts and assessing full texts. 54 studies were evaluated for full text review. Prevention methods were categorized into three groups as (1) assessment of patient related factors;(2) pharmacoprevention;and (3) procedural techniques for prevention. Most of studies in the literature showed that young age, female gender, absence of chronic pancreatitis, suspected Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, recurrent pancreatitis and history of previous PEP played a crucial role in posing high risks for PEP. 37 studies designed to assess the impact of 24 different pharmacologic agents to reduce the development of PEP delivered through various administration methods were reviewed. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used to reduce risks for PEP. Rectal administration of indomethacin immediately prior to or after ERCP in all patients is recommended by European Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines to prevent the development of PEP. The majority of the studies reviewed revealed that rectally administered indomethacin had efficacy to prevent PEP. Results of the other studies on the other pharmacological interventions had both controversial and promising results. Thirteen studies conducted to evaluate the efficacy of 4 distinct procedural techniques to prevent the development of PEP were reviewed. Pancreatic Stent Placement has been frequently used in this sense and has potent and promising benefits in the prevention of PEP. Studies on the other procedural techniques have had inconsistent results. CONCLUSION Prevention of PEP involves multifactorial aspects, including assessment of patients with high risk factors for alternative therapeutic and diagnostic techniques, administration of pharmacological agents and procedural techniques with highly precise results in the literature.

2018 Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension——A report of the Revision Committee of Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension

Table of Contents Preamble 1 Prevalence of hypertension in Chinese population 1.1 Prevalence,incidence and epidemic trend of hypertension in Chinese population 1.2 Awareness,treatment and control of Hypertension in China 1.3 Important risk factors for hypertension in Chinese population 2 Hypertension and cardiovascular risk 2.1 Relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular risk 2.2 Cardiovascular risk characteristics of hypertension population in China 3 Diagnostic evaluation 3.1 Medical history 3.2 Physical examination 3.3 Laboratory examinations 3.4 Genetic analysis 3.5 BP measurement 3.6 Evaluation of target organ damage.

Traditional Chinese medicine for prevention and treatment of hepatocarcinoma: From bench to bedside

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has played a positive role in the management of hepatocarcinoma. Hepatocarcinoma patients may present Qi-stagnation, damp-heat, blood stasis, Qi-deficiency, Yin-deficiency and other TCM syndromes(Zheng). Modern treatments such as surgery, transarterial chemoembolization(TACE) and high intensity focus ultrasound treatment would influence the manifestation of TCM syndromes. Herbs with traditional efficacy of tonifying Qi, blood and Yin, soothing liver-Qi stagnation, clearing heat and detoxifying and dissolving stasis, have been demonstrated to be potent to prevent hepatocarcinogenesis. TCM has been widely used in all aspects of integrative therapy in hepatocarcinoma, including surgical resection, liver transplantation, TACE, local ablative therapies and even as monotherapy for middle-advanced stage hepatocarcinoma. Clinical practices have confirmed that TCM is effective to alleviate clinical symptoms, improve quality of life and immune function, prevent recurrence and metastasis, delay tumor progression, and prolong survival time in hepatocarcinoma patients. The effective mechanism of TCM against hepatocarcinoma is related to inducing apoptosis, autophagy, anoikis and cell senescence, arresting cell cycle, regulating immune function, inhibiting metastasis and angiogenesis, reversing drug resistance and enhancing effects of chemotherapy. Along with the progress of research in this field, TCM will contribute more to the prevention and treatment of hepatocarcinoma.

Effect of applying selenium fertilizer to improve soil and increase selenium level in food for prevention and treatment of Kaschin-Beck disease

For prevention and treatment of Kaschin-Beck disease by applying Se fertilizer to soil to increase Se up to normal level for the wheat grains is introduced in this paper. After use this measure the intake of Se by the residents in the exemplary area increased from 10.4μg to 33.6 μg per day in average. After supplementing Se to human body one year, there is no new patient found among 300 healthy children in the exemplary area but 4 patients found among 264 healthy children in the control area. It is shown that by applying Se fertilizer to KBD area is a effective way for preventing and cure this disease.

Early prevention and treatment of biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevention and treatment of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). METHODS: OLT was performed in 18 patients with end-stage liver disease, including 6 patients with primary liver cancer. Except 1 patient was infused only through the portal vein, others were infused through the portal vein and hepatic artery of the donor. The biliary tract was reconstructed using choledochocholedostomic anastomosis in 17 patients, and using Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomic anastomosis in 1 patient. RESULTS: Four patients with biliary complication were found. In one patient, biliary leakage was found around the T-tube on day 14 postoperatively, and disappeared after re-opening of the tube. In one patient undergoing Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomic anastomosis, biliary leakage was found on day 12 postoperatively and reoperation was performed. The T-tube was removed from the anastomosis after reoperation, and abdominal infection was controlled, but high fever recurred on day 49 postoperatively. The patient died on day 52 postoperatively. Autopsy revealed biliary leakage and biliary tract necrosis. In another patient, biliary leakage was found on day 3 after operation, and was treated by adequate drainage. Four months after operation, biliary sludge in the common tract was found and treated successfully with oral chemolysis. But biliary sludge or stone recur on one and half year after OLT. Spincterotomy and basket extraction were performed via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and the biliary sludge or stone was cleared out. In case 4, biliary drainage tube cholangiogram showed anastomotic stenosis one month after operation. Three months later, biliary sludge or stone was found beyond anastomotic stenosis. After oral chemolysis (ursodeoxycholic acid) and irrigation with heparinized saline solution via the biliary drainage tube, the biliary sludge disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the incidence of biliary complications, adequate infusion of the hepatic artery, complete slushing of the biliary tract, and reduction of injury to the blood supply of the donor biliary tract are essential. Most biliary complications can be treated successfully by non-operative treatment or minimally invasive operation.