Systematic Evaluation of Deep Neural Network based Dynamic Modeling Method for AC Power Electronic System

Since the high penetration of renewable energy complicates the dynamic characteristics of the AC power electronic system(ACPES),it is essential to establish an accurate dynamic model to obtain its dynamic behavior for ensure the safe and stable operation of the system.However,due to the no or limited internal control details,the state-space modeling method cannot be realized.It leads to the ACPES system becoming a black-box dynamic system.The dynamic modeling method based on deep neural network can simulate the dynamic behavior using port data without obtaining internal control details.However,deep neural network modeling methods are rarely systematically evaluated.In practice,the construction of neural network faces the selection of massive data and various network structure parameters.However,different sample distributions make the trained network performance quite different.Different network structure hyperparameters also mean different convergence time.Due to the lack of systematic evaluation and targeted suggestions,neural network modeling with high precision and high training speed cannot be realized quickly and conveniently in practical engineering applications.To fill this gap,this paper systematically evaluates the deep neural network from sample distribution and structural hyperparameter selection.The influence on modeling accuracy is analyzed in detail,then some modeling suggestions are presented.Simulation results under multiple operating points verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Systematic evaluation of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of spastic cerebral palsy

Background:Botulinum toxin type A(BTX-A)is a neuromuscular blocking agent.BTX-A inhibits acetylcholine release,causes neuromuscular transmission impairment,and decreases muscle spasms.Objective:To explore the efficacy and safety of BTX-A injection in the treatment of spastic cerebral palsy through systematic evaluation and to provide a reference for the clinical use of BTX-A.Methods:We used“Cerebral palsy”and“BTX-A”as the subject terms and used a combination of subject terms and free words for the search.We searched 7 databases,including CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,Sinomed,PubMed,Embase,and Web of science.Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria,we screened the articles by reading their titles,abstracts,and full texts and finally included relevant literature for systematic evaluation.Result:A total of 93 papers were systematically evaluated,revealing that BTX-A injection treatment can effectively reduce muscle tone,increase joint mobility,improve gait and motor posture,and enhance gross motor movements in patients with spastic cerebral palsy.The benefits of BTX-A treatment can be sustained for 3–6 months,with motor ability improvement lasting up to 1 year.Combining BTX-A treatment with rehabilitation or external fixation therapy can enhance its efficacy.However,the effectiveness of BTX-A treatment is influenced by several factors,such as the dosage,number of injections,and patient age.Adverse reactions to BTX-A treatment are typically mild and can be relieved within 1–2 weeks.Conclusion:BTX-A injection is relatively safe but reversible.

Evaluation of soil nutrient status in poplar forest soil by soil nutrient systematic approach

A study was conducted to evaluate the soil nutrient status of poplar plantation by Soil Nutrient Systematic Approach (SNSA) in Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, China. Soil physiochemical properties were analyzed in laboratory through collection soil samples of study site. Ten treatments of application different fertilizers were designed such as CK, optimum treatment (N, P, K, Zn), N(P, K, Zn), P(N, K, Zn), K(N, P, Zn), +Mg(N, P, K, Zn, Mg), Zn (N,P,K), +2P(N, 2P, K, Zn), +2K(N, P, 2K, Zn), and 2N+2P+2K(2N, 2P, 2K, Zn) for field experiment to test the effect on tree height, diameter (DBH) growth, and dry weight of poplar. The results showed that there was no significant difference in tree heights between treatments with different fertilizers, diameter growth of poplar trees in treatments of lack of N and Zn was significantly slower than that of trees in optimum treatment, and dry weight of poplar dropped significantly for treatment of CK as well as treatments without application N and Zn. It is concluded that N and Zn were main limiting factor for poplar growth. Results from laboratory analysis and field experiment were uniform per-fectly, which proved that SNSA was reliable in evaluating soil nutrient status of poplar plantation.

Efficacy and safety of Yangxinshi tablet for chronic heart failure:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND The specific benefits of Yangxinshi tablet(YXST)in the treating chronic heart failure(CHF)remain uncertain.AIM To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of YXST in the treatment of CHF.METHODS Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)investigating YXST for CHF treatment were retrieved from eight public databases up to November 2023.Meta-analyses of the included clinical studies were conducted using Review Manager 5.3.RESULTS Twenty RCTs and 1845 patients were included.The meta-analysis results showed that the YXST combination group,compared to the conventional drug group,significantly increased the clinical efficacy rate by 23%[relative risk(RR)=1.23,95%CI:1.17-1.29],(P<0.00001),left ventricular ejection fraction by 6.69%[mean difference(MD)=6.69,95%CI:4.42-8.95,P<0.00001]and 6-min walk test by 49.82 m(MD=49.82,95%C:38.84-60.80,P<0.00001),and reduced N-terminal pro-Btype natriuretic peptide by 1.03 ng/L[standardized MD(SMD)=-1.03,95%CI:-1.32 to-0.74,P<0.00001],brain natriuretic peptide by 80.95 ng/L(MD=-80.95,95%CI:-143.31 to-18.59,P=0.01),left ventricular end-diastolic diameter by 3.92 mm(MD=-3.92,95%CI:-5.06 to-2.78,P<0.00001),and left ventricular endsystolic diameter by 4.34 mm(MD=-4.34,95%CI:-6.22 to-2.47,P<0.00001).Regarding safety,neither group reported any serious adverse events during treatment(RR=0.54,95%CI:0.15-1.90,P=0.33).In addition,Egger's test results indicated no significant publication bias(P=0.557).CONCLUSION YXST effectively improves clinical symptoms and cardiac function in patients with CHF while maintaining a favorable safety profile,suggesting its potential as a therapeutic strategy for CHF.

Systematic evaluation and trial sequential analysis of warming acupuncture combined with joint mobilization in the treatment of scapulohumeral periarthritis

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of warming acupuncture combined with joint mobilization for the treatment of scapulohumeral periarthritis.Methods:A search for published randomized controlled trials(RCT)investigating warming acupuncture combined with joint mobilization for the treatment of scapulohumeral periarthritis was performed using the Cochrane Library,PubMed,Embase,and Web of Science databases.According to requirements of the Cochrane systematic review,all evaluations of RCT investigating warming acupuncture with joint mobilization in the treatment of scapulohumeral periarthritis were performed via method quality assessment,data extraction,and data analysis.Revman 5.3 and Stata 12.0 statistical software were used for the meta-analysis,and the trial sequential analysis(TSA)software estimated the required information size for each outcome.Results:A total of 14 articles were retrieved for meta-analysis,which included 551 cases in the treatment group and 539 cases in the control group.Meta-analysis showed that:(1)warming acupuncture combined with joint mobilization improved total efficiency[OR=6.16,95%CI(3.79,10.00),Z=7.34;P<0.001),TSA results confirmed the results of the meta-analysis;(2)warming acupuncture combined with joint mobilization improved the cure rate[OR=2.84,95%CI(2.19,3.70),P<0.001],TSA results revealed that no further tests were needed to verify;(3)warming acupuncture combined with joint mobilization reduced the number of treatments required for healing[MD=-7.49,95%CI(-9.75,-5.23),P<0.001],TSA results confirmed the results of the meta-analysis;(4)in comparing visual analog scale scores before and after treatment,meta-analysis result showed that:SMD=-2.01,95%CI(-2.37,-1.65),P<0.001,the difference was statistically significant,TSA results confirmed the results of the meta-analysis.Conclusion:Warming acupuncture combined with joint mobilization had a significant effect on the treatment of scapulohumeral periarthritis.

Systematic Evaluation (Meta-analysis) of the Efficacy and Safety of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid (蒲地蓝消炎口服液) in the Treatment of Suppurutive Tonsillitis in Children

To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral in Liquid(蒲地蓝消炎口服液)in the treatment of suppurative tonsillitis in children.In WanFang,CNKI,VIP,CBM,PubMed,Embase and Corchrane and other databases,relevant literatures about Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid(蒲地蓝消炎口服液)in the treatment of pediatric suppurative tonsillitis were searched.The retrieval time was from the establishment of the database to April 2019.Relevant randomized controlled trials were extracted.The control group was treated with conventional antibiotics,and the observation group was treated with Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid(蒲地蓝消炎口服液)based on the control group.After they were summarized and analyzed,Cochrane Handbook 5.1 evaluation standard and RevMan 5.3 software were used to determine the quality of literature.A total of 172 literatures were retrieved and 23 randomized controlled trials were included.A total of 1188 children were in the experimental group while 1175 children were in the control group,involving 2363 children with suppurative tonsillitis.Meta-analysis showed that the total effective rate of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid(蒲地蓝消炎口服液)combined with routine treatment was better than that of routine treatment(RR=0.88,95%CI(0.86,0.91),P<0.00001);Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid(蒲地蓝消炎口服液)combined with routine treatment in children was better than that of routine treatment alone in term of temperature recovery,sore throat time,the reduction of tonsil purulent secretion.There were few reports of adverse reactions and no serious adverse reactions.To sum up,Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid(蒲地蓝消炎口服液)combined with routine treatment can significantly improve the efficacy of children with suppurative tonsillitis,but due to the low quality of the included literature,it should be used cautiously.It is suggested that clinical randomized controlled trials should be designed with large sample size,multi-centers and conforming to international standards to improve the quality of evidence.

Systematic evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine for treating Parkinson's disease

BACKGROUND：To evaluate the quality of the literature addressing traditional Chinese medicine for treating Parkinson＇s disease.DATA SOURCE：A computer-based online search of Chinese publications from January 2001 to July 2008 was conducted in Chinese Biology Medical Disc Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Search key words were Parkinson＇s disease, integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine therapy, and Chinese herb therapy.DATA SELECTION：Articles describing randomized, controlled trials and quasi-randomized, controlled trials were included. Literature quality was assessed using the criteria-Systematic evaluation of clinical literature related to treatment of Parkinson＇s disease with traditional Chinese medicine. This included methodology, interventions in the treatment/control group, evaluation criterion of outcomes, and frequency.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：Evaluation criterion of outcomes （various score methods and evaluation scales）, methodological quality, and frequency distribution were all measured.RESULTS：A total of 33 articles with randomized, controlled trials were included. Of these, six described a random method, and the remaining did not describe random allocation methods or random sequence generation methods. None of the studies estimated sample size. Case descriptions of withdrawal and loss to follow-up were unclear. Both the Unified Parkinson＇s Disease Rating Scale and Webster scale were used in the eligible studies as evaluation criteria.CONCLUSION：There are no high-quality studies that address traditional Chinese medicine therapy and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for treating Parkinson＇s disease in China. Eligible studies were not performed in accordance with Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement or Standards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture criteria, and the literature quality was low. The presently used criteria for evaluating therapeutic effects do not completely assess outcomes of traditional Chinese medicine for treating Parkinson＇s disease. The identification of precise outcomes should be verified using randomized, controlled studies with adequate controls and proper designs.

Systematic Evaluation and Meta-analysis of Modified Baitouweng Decoction in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis

[Objectives]To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Modified Baitouweng Decoction in the treatment of ulcerative colitis(UC).[Methods]A randomized controlled trial of Modified Baitouweng Decoction in the treatment of ulcerative colitis was conducted,and the biased risk was evaluated in the included literature using a standardized method.A meta-analysis of the total effective rate and recurrence rate of the included literature was carried out.Sensitivity and safety analysis was carried out on the included literature.[Results]A total of 19 articles were included,involving a total of 1613 patients.The results of meta-analysis showed that the treatment of Modified Baitouweng Decoction alone or in combination with the western medicine is better than the treatment with the western medicine alone.[Conclusions]Modified Baitouweng Decoction is safe and effective in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.However,since the 19 articles included in this study are not high in quality,they have certain influence on the objectivity of the results.

Systematic evaluation and meta-analysis of acupuncture treatment for residual pain after lumbar disc herniation

Objective:To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of postoperative residual pain in lumbar disc herniation,and to provide evidence for its clinical treatment.Methods:A randomized controlled trial(RCT)of all acupuncture treatments for postoperative lumbar disc herniation in PubMed,CBM,CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,E mbase,and Cochrane libraries was published by May 2019,followed by RevMan5.3 software for meta-analysis.Results:11 randomized controlled trials were included in 855 patients,including 428 in the experimental group and 427 in the control group,with a ratio of 1:1.The results of the meta-analysis showed that the overall effective rate of the experimental group[RR=1.22,95%CI(1.15,1.29),P<0.00001],visual analogue pain(VAS)score[MD=1.59,95%CI(1.22,1.95),P<0.00001],Japanese Orthopaedic Association evaluation treatment score(JOA)[MD=5.66,95%CI(2.58,8.74),P=0.0003],the incidence of adverse hair loss[RR=0.35,95%CI(0.18,0.71),P=0.003]were significantly better than the control group,the difference was statistically significant.Conclusion:Acupuncture has obvious advantages in the treatment of residual pain after lumbar disc herniation,which can significantly relieve postoperative pain and improve quality of life.However,the conclusions of this study need to be further verified by the large sample and high quality literature.

Systematic evaluation and Meta-analysis 0f the improvement of pain and function after total knee replacement by percutaneous electrical stimulation

Objective:To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of postoperative residual pain in lumbar disc herniation, and to provide evidence for its clinical treatment. Methods A randomized controlled trial (RCT) of all acupuncture treatments for postoperative lumbar disc herniation in PubMed, CBM, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Embase and Cochrane libraries was published by May 2019, followed by RevMan5.3 software for meta-analysis. Results 11 randomized controlled trials were included in 855 patients, including 428 in the experimental group and 427 in the control group, with a ratio of 1:1. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the overall effective rate of the experimental group [RR=1.22, 95%CI(1.15, 1.29), P<0.00001], visual analogue pain (VAS) score [MD=1.59, 95%CI(1.22, 1.95), P<0.00001], Japanese Orthopaedic Association evaluation treatment score(JOA)[MD=5.66, 95%CI (2.58, 8.74), P=0.0003], the incidence of adverse hair loss [RR=0.35, 95%CI(0.18, 0.71), P=0.003]were significantly better than the control group, the difference was statistically significant. Conclusions Acupuncture has obvious advantages in the treatment of residual pain after lumbar disc herniation, which can significantly relieve postoperative pain and improve quality of life. However, the conclusions of this study need to be further verified by the large sample and high quality literature.

Systematic evaluation and Meta-analysis of acupuncture and collaterals cupping therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis

Objective:In order to obtain the best treatment program for Knee Osteoarthritis(KOA),to alleviate the pain of patients with KOA,and to systematically evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture cupping therapy for KOA.Methods:we used computer to search the databases of CNKI(1989-2018.10),Wanfang(1989-2018.10),VIP(1989-2018.10),PubMed(1966-2018.10),EMbase(1986-2018.10)and Cochrane Library(the 3rd issue of 2018).And the literature quality was evaluated by Jadad scale.Results:A total of 19 eligible RCT studies were included,and a total of 2,088 patients participated in the eligible clinical study.Meta-analysis results showed that the total effective rate OR combination=2.85[OR=3.98,95%CI(2.98,5.32),P<0.00001].The results showed that the curative effect of acupuncture and collaterals cupping in the treatment of KOA was superior to other therapies.Conclusion:Acupuncture and cupping therapy of traditional Chinese medicine is effective and safe in treating KOA.Due to the impact of the original study on Meta-analysis results,more large samples and high-quality clinical trials are still needed to verify.

Systematic Evaluation and Meta-analysis on the Efficacy and Safety of Qidongyixin Oral Liquid(芪冬颐心口服液)in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease

Objective:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Qidongyixin Oral Liquid(芪冬颐心口服液)in the treatment of coronary heart disease.Methods:Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)on the treatment of coronary heart disease(CHD)with Qidongyixin Oral Liquid(芪冬颐心口服液)were screened out by systematically searching in CNKI,Wanfang Data,VIP,Sinomed,Cochrane Library,PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,Clinical-Trials.gov.Meta-analysis of the final included studies was performed according to RevMan 5.3 software.Results:A total of 9 studies were included,with a total sample size of 1224 cases,including 612 in the experimental group and 612 in the control group.Metaanalysis results showed that:Conventional treatment,combined with Qidongyixin Oral Liquid(芪冬颐心口服液)on the treatment of CHD had a significant efficiency,which was better than conventional treatment only(RR=1.18,95%CI[1.07-1.29],P=0.0005),and could better improve patients’electrocardiogram(RR=1.21,95%CI[1.08,1.35],P=0.001),increase left ventricle ejection fraction(MD=3.84,95%CI[3.34,4.33],P<0.00001),and reduce left ventricular end-diastolic diameter(MD=-2.81,95%CI[-3.84,-2.41],P<0.00001)and left ventricular end-systolic diameter(MD=-2.43,95%CI[-3.42,-1.43],P<0.00001).Conclusion:Qidongyixin Oral Liquid(芪冬颐心口服液)can improve the effective rate of the treatment of coronary heart disease,better improve patients’electrocardiogram,reduce the left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameter,and reduce the onset time of angina pectoris.However,the quality of the cases included in the study is relatively small,and the level of evidence is low.Therefore,RCT with large samples and rigorous design is still needed to prove the reliability of the results.

Efficacy and Safety of Ginkgo Biloba Tincture(银杏叶酊) Combined with Conventional Medication in the Treatment of Cerebral Infarction: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objective:To analyze the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional medication in the treatment of cerebral infarction by systematic evaluation.Methods:Searched the randomized controlled trials of Ginkgo biloba tincture in treating cerebral infarction.English literatures were searched from PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane Library and Web of Science,and Chinese literatures were searched from Chinese Biomedical Literature Database(CBM),China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),China Science and Technology Journal Database(VIP)and Wanfang Medical Database.At the same time,we searched dissertations,conference papers,and found relevant unpublished research results reports.Literature quality was evaluated using a"bias risk assessment tool"and Meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 software(from the Cochrane Collaboration).A total of 29 literatures were retrieved,and finally 4 literatures meeting the standards were included.There were 455 samples involved,including 244 cases in the experimental group and 211 cases in the control group.Results:①Effectiveness analysis:The total effective rate of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with routine treatment was better than that of the control group[RR=1.26,95%CI(1.07,1.47),P=0.005].The hematocrit of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional treatment was significantly better than that of conventional treatment alone(P<0.05),The neurological deficits of Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with routine therapy was significantly improved(P<0.05).After Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional therapy,the scores of mini-mental state examination(MMSE),activity daily living scale(ADL)and MOSSF-36 quality of life scale were significantly better than those of the control group(P<0.05).②Safety analysis:3 articles reported the safety of medication.There was no obvious change in blood routine,liver and kidney function results and no adverse reactions in the experimental group and the control group.Conclusion:The above results indicated that Ginkgo biloba tincture combined with conventional treatment can improve the total effective rate of patients with cerebral infarction,and it is safe and has no adverse reactions.However,the number of literatures included in this study is small,and the quality of controlled trials is not good.It is still necessary to adopt clinical controlled trials with reasonable design,outcome indicators in line with international social norms and large sample content to further improve the evidence level of clinical research.

Systematic Evaluation of Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatitis E Virus Infection

Background and Aims:The hepatitis E virus(HEV)is a zoonotic disease,and infection with HEV in humans primarily causes acute infections and can progress to chronic manifestation in immunocompromised individuals.Over the past decade,guidelines for diagnosing and treating HEV infection have been developed.This study aimed to systematically assess the quality of current guidelines for diagnosing and treating HEV infection,and we analyzed the differences in guideline quality and primary recommendations and explored possible reasons for these differences.Methods:Guidelines published between 2013 and 2022 were searched,and studies were identified using selection criteria.The study assessed the quality of the included guidelines using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation tool,extracted the primary recommendations in the guidelines,determined the highest level of evidence supporting the recommendations,and reclassified the evidence using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine grading system.Results:Seven guidelines were included in the final analysis.The quality of the guidelines varied widely.The discrepancies may have been caused by the lack of external experts,the failure to consider influencing factors in guideline application,and the lack of consideration of the public’s opinion.Analysis of the heterogeneity in primary recommendations revealed differences in algorithms for managing chronic HEV infection,the dosage of ribavirin,and a low level of evidence supporting the primary recommendations.Conclusions:Guideline quality and primary recommendations vary considerably.Refinement by guideline developers and researchers would facilitate updating and applying guidelines for diagnosing and treating HEV infection.

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Tenghuang Jiangu Tablet(藤黄健骨片)in the Treatment of Discogenic Low Back Pain

Objective:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tenghuang Jiangu Tablet(藤黄健骨片)in the treatment of discogenic low back pain.Methods:CNKI,WanFang,CBM,VIP,PubMed,EMbase,Cochrane Library and Web of Science were systematically searched to collect the randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of Tenghuang Jiangu Tablet in the treatment of discogenic low back pain.Literature screening and data extraction according to the set criteria were conducted.Cochrane Risk Bias assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of included RCTs,and Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.1 software.Results:A total of 4 studies were included,with a total sample size of 404 cases.The results of Meta-analysis suggested that Tenghuang Jiangu Tablet combined with conventional treatment in the treatment of discogenic low back pain was superior to conventional treatment alone in terms of total clinical response rate(RR=1.21,95%CI[1.09,1.35],P=0.0004),excellent rate of curative effect(RR=1.24,95%CI[1.10,1.41],P=0.0007),lower VAS score(MD=-0.62,95%CI[-0.79,-0.44],P<0.00001)and JOA score(MD=1.84,95%CI[1.35,2.33],P<0.00001).There was no statistical significance in the incidence of adverse reactions between Tenghuang Jiangu Tablet combined with conventional treatment and conventional treatment alone(RR=0.76,95%CI[0.04,15.42],P=0.86).Conclusion:Based on existing research and methods,Tenghuang Jiangu Tablet combined with conventional therapy is effective on discogenic low back pain.Conventional therapy combined with Tenghuang Jiangu Tablet for the treatment of discogenic low back pain may be better than conventional therapy alone.All the adverse reactions occurred during the treatment were mild.There is no evidence that Tenghuang Jiangu Tablet can cause serious adverse reactions.However,the number of existing clinical studies is small and the quality is generally not high.It is suggested to carry out more large-sample and high-quality RCTs,and pay more attention to the long-term efficacy of drugs and the occurrence of adverse reactions,so as to further verify the above conclusions.

The Evaluation System Research based on the Working Process Systematization of the Practice Teaching Quality

The design philosophy based on the working process systematization, the feature of practice teaching is analyzed the principles of practice teaching quality evaluation system are summed up. The evaluation system based on working process systematization of the practice teaching quality is established, the management of quality evaluation system and the project of the monitoring are put forward.

Chinese medicine formulas for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Overview of systematic reviews

BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)affects more than one-quarter of the global population.Due to the lack of approved chemical agents,many patients seek treatment from traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)formulas.A variety of systematic reviews have been published regarding the effectiveness and safety of TCM formulas for NAFLD.AIM To critically appraise available systematic reviews and sort out the high-quality evidence on TCM formulas for the management of NAFLD.METHODS Seven databases were systematically searched from their inception to 28 February 2020.The search terms included“non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,”“Chinese medicines,”“systematic review,”and their synonyms.Systematic reviews involving TCM formulas alone or in combination with conventional medications were included.The methodological quality and risk of bias of eligible systematic reviews were evaluated by using A Measure Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2(AMSTAR 2)and Risk of Bias in Systematic Review(ROBIS).The quality of outcomes was assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation(GRADE)system.RESULTS Seven systematic reviews were ultimately included.All systematic reviews were conducted based on randomized controlled trials and published in the last decade.According to the AMSTAR 2 tool,one systematic review was judged as having a moderate confidence level,whereas the other studies were rated as having a low or extremely low level of confidence.The ROBIS tool showed that the included systematic reviews all had a high risk of bias due to insufficient consideration of identified concerns.According to the GRADE system,only two outcomes were determined as high quality;namely,TCM formulas with the HuoXueHuaYu principle were better than conventional medications in ultrasound improvement,and TCM formulas were superior to antioxidants in alanine aminotransferase normalization.Other outcomes were downgraded to lower levels,mainly because of heterogeneity among studies,not meeting optimal information sample size,and inclusion of excessive numbers of small sample studies.Nevertheless,the evidence quality of extracted outcomes should be further downgraded when applying to clinical practice due to indirectness.CONCLUSION The quality of available systematic reviews was not satisfactory.Researchers should avoid repeatedly conducting systematic reviews in this area and focus on designing rigorous randomized controlled trials to support TCM formula applications.

The evidence for the impact of policy on physical activity outcomes within the school setting: A systematic review

Background:Despite the well-established health benefits of physical activity(PA)for young people(aged 419 years),most do not meet PA guidelines.Policies that support PA in schools may be promising,but their impact on PA behavior is poorly understood.The aim of this systematic review was to ascertain the level and type of evidence reported in the international scientific literature for policies within the school setting that contribute directly or indirectly to increasing PA.Methods:This systematic review is compliant with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines.Six databases were searched using key concepts of policy,school,evaluation,and PA.Following title and abstract screening of 2323 studies,25 progressed to data synthesis.Methodological quality was assessed using standardized tools,and the strength of the evidence of policy impact was described based on pre-determined codes:positive,negative,inconclusive,or untested statistically.Results:Evidence emerged for 9 policy areas that had a direct or indirect effect on PA within the school setting.These were whole school PA policy,physical education,sport/extracurricular PA,classroom-based PA,active breaks/recess,physical environment,shared use agreements,active school transport,and surveillance.The bulk of the evidence was significantly positive(54%),27%was inconclusive,9%was significantly negative,and 11%was untested(due to rounding,some numbers add to 99%or 101%).Frequency of evidence was highest in the primary setting(41%),34%in the secondary setting,and 24%in primary/secondary combined school settings.By policy area,frequency of evidence was highest for sport/extracurricular PA(35%),17%for physical education,and 12%for whole school PA policy,with evidence for shared use agreements between schools and local communities rarely reported(2%).Comparing relative strength of evidence,the evidence for shared use agreements,though sparse,was 100%positive,while 60%of the evidence for whole school PA policy,59%of the evidence for sport/extracurricular PA,57%of the evidence for physical education,50%of the evidence for PA in classroom,and 50%of the evidence for active breaks/recess were positive.Conclusion:The current evidence base supports the effectiveness of PA policy actions within the school setting but cautions against a“one-sizefits-all”approach and emphasizes the need to examine policy implementation to maximize translation into practice.Greater clarity regarding terminology,measurement,and methods for evaluation of policy interventions is needed.

METHODOLOGICAL EVALUATION ON CLINICAL RESEARCH LITERATURE OF ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT OF FACIAL PARALYSIS

Objective: To try to give an objective evaluation on the clinical research situation about acupuncture treatment of facial paralysis in the past 50 years and try to provide a possible evidence for clinical practice. Methods: All papers are searched and assessed according to the international standards and clinical epidemiology. Results: There is no systematic review (SR) on acupuncture treatment of facial palsy in a total of 1021 articles enlisted in the present paper. Comparing with the quantity of the descriptive studies and expert opinions (constituting 84.84%), that of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical controlled trials (CCTs) is smaller (constituting 15.16%), besides, the quality of RCTs and CCTs is unsatisfactory. Conclusion: At present, the quantity and quality of studies with RCTs about acupuncture treatment of facial paralysis can’t meet the need of clinical practice, and in order to improve the therapeutic effect, a higher quality of RCTs and SR is required.

Effects of Quercetin on Blood Pressure in Animals:A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

[Objectives] To make a systematic evaluation of the efficacy and safety of quercetin on animal blood pressure.[Methods] The CNKI,Wan Fang,VIP,CBM,Pubmed,and Cochrane Library databases were searched for the literature about the effects of quercetin on blood pressure in the period from the creation of databases to April 2018.Two researchers separately screened literature and extracted data.Meta-analysis was carried out with the aid of Rev Men 5.3 software.[Results]A total of 10 articles were included,involving 288 animals.All animals were rodents.Meta-analysis results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in Systolic Blood Pressure(SBP) between the quercetin group and the control group.MD =-21.43,95% CI(-28.99,-13.86),P < 0.000 01;subgroup analysis,hypertensive animal group,MD =-29.52,95% CI(-36.05,-22.98),P < 0.000 01;the ability of quercetin group in lowering blood pressure was better than that of the control group,and the difference was statistically significant;in the normal blood pressure group,MD =-0.49,95% CI(-3.74,2.77),P = 0.77,the quercetin group was basically the same as the control group,the difference was not statistically significant.[Conclusions] Compared with the blank control group,quercetin can effectively reduce the blood pressure of hypertensive animals,but it has little effect on the blood pressure of normal animals.Besides,further study is needed on the safety of quercetin.