Pain assessment and management in the newborn:A systematized review

BACKGROUND Neonatal pain has been underdiagnosed due to several false beliefs.AIM To determine the status of neonatal pain in newborns who are admitted to intensive care units.METHODS Different databases were searched.Literature reviews and research reports conducted in newborns that were written in English,Spanish,or Portuguese,published between 2010 and 2020,and having free access to the full text were selected.A total of 135 articles were found,and 18 articles were finally reviewed.RESULTS Newborns are exposed to numerous painful procedures.In order to assess their pain levels,several scales have been used,although they are sometimes not correctly interpreted.In terms of pain management,the nursing team plays a very important role based mainly on both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.CONCLUSION Nursing staff members must be well trained in order to identify pain and to interpret the scales correctly.Besides,they have an important role in performing non-pharmacological procedures for pain management.

Association between physical activity and risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Lifestyle plays an important role in preventing and managing gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD).In response to the conflicting results in previous studies,we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate this association.Methods:Relevant studies published until January 2023 were retrieved from 6 databases,and the prevalence of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux(GER)or GERD was determined from the original studies.A random effects model was employed to meta-analyze the association by computing the pooled relative risk(RR)with 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs).Furthermore,subgroup and dose-response analyses were performed to explore subgroup differences and the association between cumulative physical activity(PA)time and GERD.Results:This meta-analysis included 33 studies comprising 242,850 participants.A significant negative association was observed between PA and the prevalence of symptomatic GER(RR=0.74,95%CI:0.66-0.83;p<0.01)or GERD(RR=0.80,95%CI:0.76-0.84;p<0.01),suggesting that engaging in PA might confer a protective benefit against GERD.Subgroup analyses consistently indicated the presence of this association across nearly all subgroups,particularly among the older individuals(RR_(<40 years):RR_(≥40 years)=0.85:0.69,p<0.01)and smokers(RR_(smoker):RR_(non-smoker)=0.67:0.82,p=0.03).Furthermore,a dose-response analysis revealed that individuals who engaged in 150 min of PA per week had a 72.09%lower risk of developing GERD.Conclusion:Maintaining high levels of PA decreased the risk of GERD,particularly among older adults and smokers.Meeting the recommended PA level of 150 min per week may significantly decrease the prevalence of GERD.

Neurophysiological, histological, and behavioral characterization of animal models of distraction spinal cord injury: a systematic review

Distraction spinal cord injury is caused by some degree of distraction or longitudinal tension on the spinal cord and commonly occurs in patients who undergo corrective operation for severe spinal deformity.With the increased degree and duration of distraction,spinal cord injuries become more serious in terms of their neurophysiology,histology,and behavior.Very few studies have been published on the specific characteristics of distraction spinal cord injury.In this study,we systematically review 22 related studies involving animal models of distraction spinal cord injury,focusing particularly on the neurophysiological,histological,and behavioral characteristics of this disease.In addition,we summarize the mechanisms underlying primary and secondary injuries caused by distraction spinal cord injury and clarify the effects of different degrees and durations of distraction on the primary injuries associated with spinal cord injury.We provide new concepts for the establishment of a model of distraction spinal cord injury and related basic research,and provide reference guidelines for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Effect of remimazolam vs. propofol on hemodynamics during general anesthesia induction in elderly patients: Single-center, randomized controlled trial

The current study aimed to compare the effects between remimazolam and propofol on hemodynamic stability during the induction of general anesthesia in elderly patients.We used propofol at a rate of 60 mg/(kg·h)in the propofol group(group P)or remimazolam at a rate of 6 mg/(kg·h)in the remimazolam group(group R)for the induction.A processed electroencephalogram was used to determine whether the induction was successful and when to stop the infusion of the study drug.We measured when patients entered the operating room(T_(0)),when the induction was successful(T_(1)),and when before(T_(2))and 5 min after successful endotracheal intubation(T_(3)).We found that mean arterial pressure(MAP)was lower at T_(1–3),compared with T_(0) in both groups,but higher at T_(2) in the group R,whileΔMAP_(T0–T2) andΔMAP_(max) were smaller in the group R(ΔMAP_(T0–T2):the difference between MAP at time point T_(0) and T_(2),ΔMAP_(max):the difference between MAP at time point T_(0) and the lowest value from T_(0) to T_(3)).Cardiac index and stroke volume index did not differ between groups,whereas systemic vascular resistance index was higher at T_(1–3) in the group R.These findings show that remimazolam,compared with propofol,better maintains hemodynamic stability during the induction,which may be attributed to its ability to better maintain systemic vascular resistance levels.

Impact of frailty on outcomes of elderly patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and metaanalysis

BACKGROUND Frailty is a common condition in elderly patients who receive percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).However,how frailty affects clinical outcomes in this group is unclear.AIM To assess the link between frailty and the outcomes,such as in-hospital complic-ations,post-procedural complications,and mortality,in elderly patients post-PCI.METHODS The PubMed/MEDLINE,EMBASE,Cochrane Library,and Web of Science databases were screened for publications up to August 2023.The primary outcomes assessed were in-hospital and all-cause mortality,major adverse cardiovascular events(MACEs),and major bleeding.The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment.RESULTS Twenty-one studies with 739693 elderly patients undergoing PCI were included.Frailty was consistently associated with adverse outcomes.Frail patients had significantly higher risks of in-hospital mortality[risk ratio:3.45,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.90-6.25],all-cause mortality[hazard ratio(HR):2.08,95%CI:1.78-2.43],MACEs(HR:2.92,95%CI:1.85-4.60),and major bleeding(HR:4.60,95%CI:2.89-7.32)compared to non-frail patients.CONCLUSION Frailty is a pivotal determinant in the prediction of risk of mortality,development of MACEs,and major bleeding in elderly individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

Systematic review of risk factors,prognosis,and management of colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND Colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma(CSRCC)is a rare clinical entity which accounts for approximately 1%of all colorectal cancers.Although multiple studies concerning this specific topic have been published in the past decades,the pathogenesis,associated risk factors,and potential implications on treatment are still poorly understood.Besides the low incidence,historically confusing histological criteria have resulted in confusing data.Nevertheless,the rising incidence of CSRCC along with relatively young age at presentation and associated dismal prognosis,highlight the actual interest to synthesize the known literature regarding CSRCC.AIM To provide an updated overview of risk factors,prognosis,and management of CSRCC.METHODS A literature search in the MEDLINE/PubMed database was conducted with the following search terms used:‘Signet ring cell carcinoma’and‘colorectal’.Studies in English language,published after January 1980,were included.Studies included in the qualitative synthesis were evaluated for content concerning epidemiology,risk factors,and clinical,diagnostic,histological,and molecular features,as well as metastatic pattern and therapeutic management.If possible,presented data was extracted in order to present a more detailed overview of the literature.RESULTS In total,67 articles were included for qualitative analysis,of which 54 were eligible for detailed data extraction.CSRCC has a reported incidence between 0.1%-2.4%and frequently presents with advanced disease stage at the time of diagnosis.CSRCC is associated with an impaired overall survival(5-year OS:0%-46%)and a worse stagecorrected outcome compared to mucinous and not otherwise specified adenocarcinoma.The systematic use of exploratory laparoscopy to determine the presence of peritoneal metastases has been advised.Surgery is the mainstay of treatment,although the rates of curative resection in CSRCC(21%-82%)are lower compared to those in other histological types.In case of peritoneal metastasis,cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy should only be proposed in selected patients.CONCLUSION CSRCC is a rare clinical entity most often characterized by young age and advanced disease at presentation.As such,diagnostic modalities and therapeutic approach should be tailored accordingly.

Establishing delivery route-dependent safety and efficacy of living biodrug mesenchymal stem cells in heart failure patients

BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)as living biopharmaceuticals with unique properties,i.e.,stemness,viability,phenotypes,paracrine activity,etc.,need to be administered such that they reach the target site,maintaining these properties unchanged and are retained at the injury site to participate in the repair process.Route of delivery(RoD)remains one of the critical determinants of safety and efficacy.This study elucidates the safety and effectiveness of different RoDs of MSC treatment in heart failure(HF)based on phase II randomized clinical trials(RCTs).We hypothesize that the RoD modulates the safety and efficacy of MSCbased therapy and determines the outcome of the intervention.AIM To investigate the effect of RoD of MSCs on safety and efficacy in HF patients.METHODS RCTs were retrieved from six databases.Safety endpoints included mortality and serious adverse events(SAEs),while efficacy outcomes encompassed changes in left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),6-minute walk distance(6MWD),and pro-B-type natriuretic peptide(pro-BNP).Subgroup analyses on RoD were performed for all study endpoints.RESULTS Twelve RCTs were included.Overall,MSC therapy demonstrated a significant decrease in mortality[relative risk(RR):0.55,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.33-0.92,P=0.02]compared to control,while SAE outcomes showed no significant difference(RR:0.84,95%CI:0.66-1.05,P=0.11).RoD subgroup analysis revealed a significant difference in SAE among the transendocardial(TESI)injection subgroup(RR=0.71,95%CI:0.54-0.95,P=0.04).The pooled weighted mean difference(WMD)demonstrated an overall significant improvement of LVEF by 2.44%(WMD:2.44%,95%CI:0.80-4.29,P value≤0.001),with only intracoronary(IC)subgroup showing significant improvement(WMD:7.26%,95%CI:5.61-8.92,P≤0.001).Furthermore,the IC delivery route significantly improved 6MWD by 115 m(WMD=114.99 m,95%CI:91.48-138.50),respectively.In biochemical efficacy outcomes,only the IC subgroup showed a significant reduction in pro-BNP by-860.64 pg/mL(WMD:-860.64 pg/Ml,95%CI:-944.02 to-777.26,P=0.001).CONCLUSION Our study concluded that all delivery methods of MSC-based therapy are safe.Despite the overall benefits in efficacy,the TESI and IC routes provided better outcomes than other methods.Larger-scale trials are warranted before implementing MSC-based therapy in routine clinical practice.

Systematic review and network meta-analysis of different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for juvenile idiopathic arthritis

BACKGROUND Various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)have been used for juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA).However,the optimal method for JIA has not yet been developed.AIM To perform a systematic review and network meta-analysis to determine the optimal instructions.METHODS We searched for randomized controlled trials(RCTs)from PubMed,EMBASE,Google Scholar,CNKI,and Wanfang without restriction for publication date or language at August,2023.Any RCTs that comparing the effectiveness of NSAIDs with each other or placebo for JIA were included in this network meta-analysis.The surface under the cumulative ranking curve(SUCRA)analysis was used to rank the treatments.P value less than 0.05 was identified as statistically significant.RESULTS We included 8 RCTs(1127 patients)comparing 8 different instructions including meloxicam(0.125 qd and 0.250 qd),Celecoxib(3 mg/kg bid and 6 mg/kg bid),piroxicam,Naproxen(5.0 mg/kg/d,7.5 mg/kg/d and 12.5 mg/kg/d),inuprofen(30-40 mg/kg/d),Aspirin(60-80 mg/kg/d,75 mg/kg/d,and 55 mg/kg/d),Tolmetin(15 mg/kg/d),Rofecoxib,and placebo.There were no significant differences between any two NSAIDs regarding ACR Pedi 30 response.The SUCRA shows that celecoxib(6 mg/kg bid)ranked first(SUCRA,88.9%),rofecoxib ranked second(SUCRA,68.1%),Celecoxib(3 mg/kg bid)ranked third(SUCRA,51.0%).There were no significant differences between any two NSAIDs regarding adverse events.The SUCRA shows that placebo ranked first(SUCRA,88.2%),piroxicam ranked second(SUCRA,60.5%),rofecoxib(0.6 mg/kg qd)ranked third(SUCRA,56.1%),meloxicam(0.125 mg/kg qd)ranked fourth(SUCRA,56.1%),and rofecoxib(0.3 mg/kg qd)ranked fifth(SUCRA,56.1%).CONCLUSION In summary,celecoxib(6 mg/kg bid)was found to be the most effective NSAID for treating JIA.Rofecoxib,piroxicam,and meloxicam may be safer options,but further research is needed to confirm these findings in larger trials with higher quality studies.

Morphogenesis and Molecular Phylogeny of a Marine Urostylid Ciliate Apokeronopsis wrighti(Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Hypotrichs are one of the highly differentiated ciliated lineages which play important roles in ecological, environmental,evolutionary and basic biological studies. In the present study, we investigated the living characteristics, infraciliature, nuclear apparatus, ontogenesis and phylogenetic position of a marine hypotrichous ciliate, Apokeronopsis wrighti Long et al., 2008, which was isolated from coastal waters in Shenzhen, China. The new isolate resembles the type population in terms of morphological characteristics, morphometrics, and SSU rRNA gene sequence that is with a 99.7% similarity. Ontogenesis of A. wrighti is characterized by oral primordium for the proter as well as marginal and dorsal kineties anlagen in both filial products formed de novo, and the cirral row arranged along the paroral and endoral arises from several anterior frontoventral-transverse cirral streaks. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU and concatenated gene data suggest that five species of Apokeronopsis form a monophyletic clade, and the genus Apokeronopsis is closely related to Thigmokeronopsis and Metaurostylopsis.

Fast prototype and rapid construction of three-dimensional and multi-scaled pitcher for controlled drainage by systematic biomimicry

Biomimetic materials that use natural wisdom to solve practical problems are developing rapidly.The trend for systematic biomimicry is towards in-situ characterization of naturalcreatures with high spatial resolutions.Furthermore,rapid reconstruction of digital twin models with the same complex features as the prototype is indispensable.However,it faces bottlenecks and limits in fast characterization and fabrication,precise parameter optimization,geometricdeviations control,and quality prediction.To solve these challenges,here,we demonstrate astate-of-the-art method taking advantage of micro-computed tomography and three-dimensional printing for the fast characterization of the pitcher plant Nepenthes x ventrata and fabrication of its biomimetic model to obtain a superior drainage controller with multiscale structures withprecise surface morphology optimization and geometric deviation control.Thefilm-rupture-based drainage dynamic and mechanisms are characterized by x-ray and high-speed videography,which determines the crucial structures for unique directionaldrainage.Then the optimized artificial pitchers are further developed into sustained drainage devices with novel applications,such as detection,reaction,and smoke control.

How completely are randomized controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions following concussion reported? A systematic review

Purpose:The study aimed to examine the reporting completeness of randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of non-pharmacological interventions following concussion.Methods:We searched MEDLINE,Embase,PsycInfo,CINAHL,and Web of Science up to May 2022.Two reviewers independently screened studies and assessed reporting completeness using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication(TIDieR),Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template(CERT),and international Consensus on Therapeutic Exercise aNd Training(i-CONTENT)checklists.Additional information was sought my study authors where reporting was incomplete.Risk of bias(ROB)was assessed with the Cochrane ROB-2 Tool.RCTs examining non-pharmacological interventions following concussion.Results:We included 89 RCTs(n=53 high ROB)examining 11 different interventions for concussion:sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise,cervicovestibular therapy,physical/cognitive rest,vision therapy,education,psychotherapy,hyperbaric oxygen therapy,transcranial magnetic stimulation,blue light therapy,osteopathic manipulation,and head/neck cooling.Median scores were:TIDieR 9/12(75%;interquartile range(IQR)=5;range:5-12),CERT 17/19(89%;IQR=2;range:10-19),and i-CONTENT 6/7(86%;IQR=1;range:5-7).Percentage of studies completely reporting all items was TIDieR 35%(31/89),CERT 24%(5/21),and i-CONTENT 10%(2/21).Studies were more completely reported after publication of TIDieR(t_(87)=2.08;p=0.04)and CERT(t_(19)=2.72;p=0.01).Reporting completeness was not strongly associated with journal impact factor(TIDieR:rs=0.27;p=0.01;CERT:r_(s)=-0.44;p=0.06;i-CONTENT:r_(s)=-0.17;p=0.48)or ROB(TIDieR:rs=0.11;p=0.31;CERT:rs=0.04;p=0.86;i-CONTENT:rs=0.12;p=0.60).Conclusion:RCTs of non-pharmacological interventions following concussion demonstrate moderate to good reporting completeness,but are often missing key components,particularly modifications,motivational strategies,and qualified supervisor.Reporting completeness improved after TIDieR and CERT publication,but publication in highly cited journals and low ROB do not guarantee reporting completeness.

Early Neoproterozoic Granite-Gneisses of the Junggar Alataw(Southeastern Kazakhstan):Age,Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications

The combined petrographic,petrological,geochemical and geochronological study of the Neoproterozoic gneisses of the Sarychabyn and Baskan complexes of the Junggar Alataw of South Kazakhstan elucidate the Precambrian tectonic evolution of the Aktau–Yili terrane.It is one of the largest Precambrian crustal blocks in the western Central Asian orogenic belt.The U-Pb single-grain zircon ages indicate that granite-gneisses formed from the same source and crystallised in the early Neoproterozoic ca.930–920 Ma.The chemical composition of gneisses corresponds to A2-type granites.The whole-rock Nd isotopic characteristics(εNd(t)=−4.9 to−1.0 and TNd(DM-2st)=1.9 to 1.7 Ga)indicate the involvement of Paleoproterozoic crustal rocks in magma generation.Early Neoproterozoic ca.930–920 Ma A-type granitoids in the Aktau–Yili terrane of South and Central Kazakhstan might reflect within-plate magmatism adjacent to the collisional belt or a local extension setting in back-arc areas of the continental arc.

Phylogenetic, phylogeographic and divergence time analysis of Anopheles subpictus species complex using ITS2 and COI sequences

Objective:To address the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationship between different lineages of Anopheles(An.)subpictus species complex in most parts of the Asian continent by maximum utilization of Internal Transcriber Spacer 2(ITS2)and cytochrome C oxidase I(COI)sequences deposited at the GenBank.Methods:Seventy-five ITS2,210 COI and 26 concatenated sequences available in the NCBI database were used.Phylogenetic analysis was performed using Bayesian likelihood trees,whereas median-joining haplotype networks and time-scale divergence trees were generated for phylogeographic analysis.Genetic diversity indices and genetic differentiation were also calculated.Results:Two genetically divergent molecular forms of An.subpictus species complex corresponding to sibling species A and B are established.Species A evolved around 37-82 million years ago in Sri Lanka,India,and the Netherlands,and species B evolved around 22-79 million years ago in Sri Lanka,India,and Myanmar.Vietnam,Thailand,and Cambodia have two molecular forms:one is phylogenetically similar to species B.Other forms differ from species A and B and evolved recently in the above mentioned countries,Indonesia and the Philippines.Genetic subdivision among Sri Lanka,India,and the Netherlands is almost absent.A substantial genetic differentiation was obtained for some populations due to isolation by large geographical distances.Genetic diversity indices reveal the presence of a long-established stable mosquito population,at mutation-drift equilibrium,regardless of population fluctuations.Conclusions:An.subpictus species complex consists of more than two genetically divergent molecular forms.Species A is highly divergent from the rest.Sri Lanka and India contain only species A and B.

Genetic Variations and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease:Field Synopsis,Systematic Meta-Analysis,and Epidemiological Evidence

Objective To systematically summarize the published literature on the genetic variants associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Methods Literature from Web of Science,PubMed,and Embase between January 1980 and September 2022 was systematically searched.Meta-analyses of the genetic variants were conducted using at least five data sources.The epidemiologic credibility of the significant associations was graded using the Venice criteria.Results Based on literature screening,399 eligible studies were included,comprising 381 candidate gene association,16 genome-wide association,and 2 whole-exome sequencing studies.We identified 465 genetic variants in 173 genes in candidate gene association studies,and 25 genetic variants in 17 genes were included in the meta-analysis.The meta-analysis identified 11 variants in 10 genes that were significantly associated with NAFLD,with cumulative epidemiological evidence of an association graded as strong for two variants in two genes(HFE,TNF),moderate for four variants in three genes(TM6SF2,GCKR,and ADIPOQ),and weak for five variants in five genes(MBOAT7,PEMT,PNPLA3,LEPR,and MTHFR).Conclusion This study identified six variants in five genes that had moderate to strong evidence of an association with NAFLD,which may help understand the genetic architecture of NAFLD risk.

Comparing the efficacy and safety of low,medium,and high dosages of selexipag for treating pulmonary hypertension:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:The maintenance dosage of selexipag is categorized as low,medium or high.In order to assess the efficacy and safety of different dosages of selexipag for the risk stratification of pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH),we performed a sys-tematic review and meta-analysis.Methods:Studies assessing PAH risk stratification indices,such as the World Health Organization functional class(WHO-FC),six-minute walk distance(6MWD),N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP)level,right atrial pressure(RAP),cardiac index(CI)and mixed venous oxygen saturation(SvO2),were included.Results:Thirteen studies were included.Selexipag led to improvements in the 6MWD(MD:24.20 m,95%CI:10.74-37.67),NT-proBNP(SMD:-0.41,95%CI:-0.79-0.04),CI(MD:0.47 L/min/m^(2),95%CI:0.17-0.77)and WHO-FC(OR:0.564,95%CI:0.457-0.697).Subgroup analysis demonstrated that all three dosages improved the 6MWD.A moderate dosage led to improvements in the CI(MD:0.30 L/min/m^(2),95%CI:0.15-0.46)and WHO-FC(OR:0.589,95%CI:0.376-0.922).Within 6 months of treatment,only the WHO-FC and CI were significantly improved(OR:0.614,95%CI:0.380-0.993;MD:0.30 L/min/m^(2),95%CI:0.16-0.45,respectively).More than 6 months of treatment significantly improved the 6MWD,WHO-FC and NT-proBNP(MD:40.87 m,95%CI:10.97-70.77;OR:0.557,95%CI:0.440-0.705;SMD:-0.61,95%CI:-1.17-0.05,respectively).Conclusions:Low,medium,and high dosages of selexipag all exhibited good effects.When treatment lasted for more than 6 months,selexipag exerted obvious effects,even in the low-dosage group.This finding is important for guiding individualized treatments.

Survival outcomes in early-onset oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients:A systematic review and meta-analyses

BACKGROUND The incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma(OAC)has been reported to be increasing in many countries.Alongside this trend,an increase in incidence of early-onset OAC,defined as OAC in adults aged under 50 years,has been observed.It is unclear whether survival outcomes for early-onset OAC patients differ from older age groups.AIM To investigate survival outcomes in early-onset OAC patients.METHODS Ovid Medline and Embase were searched from inception to January 2022 for relevant studies relating to early-onset OAC and survival outcomes.Results regarding the overall five-year survival and risk of death of younger and older patients with OAC were extracted and pooled using meta-analyses to produce pooled estimates and 95%CIs where possible.RESULTS Eleven studies which compared survival of early-onset OAC,defined as age at diagnosis of<50 years,with older patients were included.A narrative review of median and mean survival demonstrated conflicting results,with studies showing early-onset OAC patients having both better and worse outcomes compared to older age groups.A meta-analysis of five-year survival demonstrated similar outcomes across age groups,with 22%-25%of patients in the young,middle and older age groups alive after five years.A meta-analysis of four studies demon-strated that early-onset OAC patients did not have a significantly increased risk of death compared to middle-aged patients(hazard ratio 1.12,95%CI:0.85-1.47).INTRODUCTION There is concern that the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma(OAC)in patients under 50,described as early-onset OAC,is increasing.However,data regarding survival of younger patients with OAC is sparse.Globally,while increasing age remains a major non-modifiable risk factor for cancer,the incidence of early-onset cancers,largely accepted to be in adults aged under 50 years,is increasing[1].This includes an observed increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal malignancies such as colorectal,oesophageal,gastric and hepatobiliary cancers[2-4].Despite oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)being more common globally(88%of cases)[5],a striking increase in oesophageal OAC incidence has been reported in developed countries,such as the United States and Europe[6,7].Worryingly,the United Kingdom has the highest incidence of OAC cases in the world[8].In addition to the increase in OAC,an increase in incidence of early-onset OAC,defined as OAC in adults aged under 50 years,has been observed[9,10].A population-based cohort in the Netherlands,consisting of 59584 patients,demonstrated the incidence of early-onset OAC to have tripled from 1989 to 2018,while OSCC cases declined in this age group[7].OAC usually develops in the lower third of the oesophagus and the gastro-oesophageal junction,with risk factors including obesity and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease[11].A poor prognosis is observed,with the overall five-year survival rate for oesophageal cancer between 15%-20%,even with treatment[12,13].These low survival rates are likely due to a combination of late diagnosis,intrinsic resistance to systemic therapy and the limited efficacy of surgical resection.Younger patients tend to present at a more advanced stage at diagnosis compared to those diagnosed later in life.A single centre,retrospective study found that 33.3%of patients in the younger age category(<50 years old)presented with stage IV OAC,compared to the 20.6%of the oldest age category(>70 years old)[14].Another population-based study in the Netherlands observed that OAC patients under 50 years old also presented with distant metastasis more often in comparison to older patients(50.5%vs 44.7%),and that tumour differentiation also varied between age groups[15].Reports of survival estimates in patients with early-onset OAC compared with older patients have resulted in contrasting findings to date.Some studies report that due to the advanced stage and aggressiveness of the tumours seen that the prognosis of these patients is almost always worse than their older counterparts[16].In contrast,another study found that the overall survival,as well as stage-specific survival was higher in those who were younger[17].A Dutch study which included only resectable cases found no difference in 5-year disease specific survival[18].Given the conflicting evidence to date,the aim of this systematic review was to investigate survival in OAC patients according to age at diagnosis.A protocol was composed,and the reporting of this systematic review designed,using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines[19].The protocol included:The review question,search strategy,inclusion criteria,type of quality assessment,the strategy for data analysis,and the‘population,intervention,comparator,and outcome’criteria.These are expanded below.

Mapping ecosystem services in urban and peri-urban areas.A systematic review

Urban and peri-urban ecosystems are subjected to an intense impact.The demand for ecosystem services(ES)is higher in these areas.Nevertheless,despite the anthropogenic pressures,urban and peri-urban ecosystems supply important ES.Mapping is a crucial exercise to understand ES dynamics in these environments better.This work aims to systematically review mapping ES in urban and peri-urban areas studies,following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-alpha Methods.A total of 207 studies were selected.The results show increased work between 2011 and 2023,mainly conducted in Europe and China.Most work were developed in urban areas and did not follow an established ES classification.Most studies focused on the ES supply dimension,the regulation and maintenance section.Regarding provisioning ES,most studies focused on Cultivating terrestrial plants for nutrition,regulating and maintainin g Atmospheric composition and conditions,and for cultural ES on Physical and experiential interactions with the natural environment.Quantitative methods were mostly applied following Indicator-based(secondary data:biophysical,socio-economic)models.Very few work validated the outputs.Several studies forecasted ES,primarily based on land use changes using CA-Markov approaches.This study provides an overview of the most mapped urban and peri-urban ES globally,the areas where more studies need to be conducted,and the methods developed.

Efficacy evaluation of standardized Rheum rhaponticum root extract(ERr 731®)on symptoms of menopause:A systematic review and meta-analysis study

Menopause is characterized by various physical,mental and emotional symptoms.ERr 731®is a standardized extract from Rheum rhaponticum root and has been clinically studied for its role in reducing menopausal symptoms.The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ERr 731®supplementation in alleviating the severity of menopausal symptoms.In this review,we searched across three online databases up to March 2023,evaluated the quality of the included studies by the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale,and assessed the risk of bias by the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.We then performed a metaanalysis using RevMan software to estimate the pooled mean difference(MD).The study protocol was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews(CRD42023416808).After screening and evaluation,we included four high-quality studies(a total of 390 participants;the ERr 731®group:193 participants;the control group:197 participants)in the meta-analysis.The results showed that ERr 731®supplementation significantly reduced the Menopause Rating Scale score(MD:–15.12;P<0.001),compared with control therapy.Sensitivity analysis revealed no effect of individual studies on the overall pooled estimate or overall observed heterogeneity.The current review provides evidence that ERr 731®supplementation is effective in reducing menopause symptoms.Potential bias and high heterogeneity in the results warrant further clinical studies.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Computerized Bowel Sound Analysis with Non-Invasive Devices for Irritable Bowel Syndrome:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective To assess the diagnostic accuracy of bowel sound analysis for irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)with a systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods We searched MEDLINE,Embase,the Cochrane Library,Web of Science,and IEEE Xplore databases until September 2023.Cross-sectional and case-control studies on diagnostic accuracy of bowel sound analysis for IBS were identified.We estimated the pooled sensitivity,specificity,positive likelihood ratio,negative likeli-hood ratio,and diagnostic odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval(CI),and plotted a summary receiver operat-ing characteristic curve and evaluated the area under the curve.Results Four studies were included.The pooled diagnostic sensitivity,specificity,positive likelihood ratio,nega-tive likelihood ratio,and diagnostic odds ratio were 0.94(95%CI,0.87‒0.97),0.89(95%CI,0.81‒0.94),8.43(95%CI,4.81‒14.78),0.07(95%CI,0.03‒0.15),and 118.86(95%CI,44.18‒319.75),respectively,with an area under the curve of 0.97(95%CI,0.95‒0.98).Conclusions Computerized bowel sound analysis is a promising tool for IBS.However,limited high-quality data make the results'validity and applicability questionable.There is a need for more diagnostic test accuracy studies and better wearable devices for monitoring and analysis of IBS.

Mapping the intellectual structure and emerging trends for the application of nanomaterials in gastric cancer:A bibliometric study

BACKGROUND Recent reviews have outlined the main nanomaterials used in relation to gastrointestinal tumors and described the basic properties of these materials.However,the research hotspots and trends in the application of nanomaterials in gastric cancer(GC)remain obscure.AIM To demonstrate the knowledge structure and evolutionary trends of research into the application of nanomaterials in GC.METHODS Publications related to the application of nanomaterials in GC were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection for this systematic review and bibliometric study.VOSviewer and CiteSpace were used for bibliometric and visualization analyses.RESULTS From 2000 to 2022,the application of nanomaterials in GC developed rapidly.The keyword co-occurrence analysis showed that the related research topics were divided into three clusters:(1)The application of nanomaterials in GC treatment;(2)The application and toxicity of nanomaterials in GC diagnosis;and(3)The effects of nanomaterials on the biological behavior of GC cells.Complexes,silver nanoparticles,and green synthesis are the latest high-frequency keywords that represent promising future research directions.CONCLUSION The application of nanomaterials in GC diagnosis and treatment and the mechanisms of their effects on GC cells have been major themes in this field over the past 23 years.