Data of traffic flow, speed and density are required for planning, designing, and modelling of traffic stream for all parts of the road system. Specialized equipments such as stationary counts are used to record volum...Data of traffic flow, speed and density are required for planning, designing, and modelling of traffic stream for all parts of the road system. Specialized equipments such as stationary counts are used to record volume and speed;but they are expensive, difficult to set up, and require periodic maintenance. The moving observer method was proposed in 1954 by Wardrop and Charlesworth to estimate these variables inexpensively. Basically, the observer counts the number of vehicles overtaken, the number of vehicles passed, and the number of vehicles encountered while traveling in the opposite direction. The trip time is reported for both travel directions. Additionally, the length of road segment is measured. These variables are then used in estimating speeds and volumes. In a westbound direction from Interstate Highway 30 (I-30) in the DFW area, this study examined the accuracy and feasibility of this method by comparing it with stationary observer method as the standard method for such counts. The statistical tests were used to test the accuracy. Results show that this method provides accurate volume and speed estimates when compared to the stationary method for the road segment with three lanes per direction, especially when several runs are taken.展开更多
目的探讨结核感染T细胞斑点试验(T-cell spot of Tuberculosis,T-SPOT.TB)在手、腕部腱鞘结核诊断中的临床应用价值。方法通过对2012年1月至2018年1月我院收集64例怀疑手、腕部腱鞘结核临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据病理诊断及临床表现...目的探讨结核感染T细胞斑点试验(T-cell spot of Tuberculosis,T-SPOT.TB)在手、腕部腱鞘结核诊断中的临床应用价值。方法通过对2012年1月至2018年1月我院收集64例怀疑手、腕部腱鞘结核临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据病理诊断及临床表现判断有无结核分枝杆菌感染;全部病例均经过T-SPOT.TB和胶体金标法分别进行体外γ-干扰素释放试验和血清结核抗体检测,采用Kappa、χ^(2)检验进行统计学分析。结果共收集分析相关病例64例,其中诊断为手、腕部腱鞘结核(结核病例)21例,非手、腕部腱鞘结核(非结核病例)43例。经T-SPOT.TB检测,结核病例阳性者20例,非结核病例阴性者40例,灵敏度为95.2%,特异度为93.0%,阳性预测值为87.6%,阴性预测值为97.6%。经胶体金标法检测血清结核抗体,结核病例阳性者5例,非结核病例阴性者37例,灵敏度为23.8%,特异度为86.0%,阳性预测值为45.4%,阴性预测值为69.8%。与临床诊断比较,T-SPOT.TB和胶体金标法的Kappa值分别为0.862和0.112,T-SPOT.TB比胶体金标法具有更好的一致性,且灵敏度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值均明显更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论T-SPOT.TB在手、腕部腱鞘结核诊断中具有良好的辅助诊断价值。展开更多
目的：研究和评价实用单克隆抗体SPA红细胞花环直接法（简称实用McAb‐A‐E直接法）检验 T淋巴细胞亚群细胞涂片细胞计数随机误差，并与M cA b‐A‐E直接法原方法比较。方法随机选取20例样本，在涂片的2／6～4／6区域间至少2个区计数20...目的：研究和评价实用单克隆抗体SPA红细胞花环直接法（简称实用McAb‐A‐E直接法）检验 T淋巴细胞亚群细胞涂片细胞计数随机误差，并与M cA b‐A‐E直接法原方法比较。方法随机选取20例样本，在涂片的2／6～4／6区域间至少2个区计数200个细胞，计数区域不重复，CD4＋和CD8＋连续计数4次，CD3＋连续计数2次。结果实用M cA b‐A‐E直接法细胞计数随机误差分别为CD3＋：7．86，CD4＋：9．99，CD8＋：8．55，CD4＋／CD8＋：0．33，低于 M cA b‐A‐E直接法原方法误差，即CD3＋：15．00，CD4＋：13．80，CD8＋：10．70，CD4＋／CD8＋：0．69。结论实用M cA b‐A‐E直接法细胞计数随机误差小于M cA b‐A‐E直接法原方法。展开更多
文摘Data of traffic flow, speed and density are required for planning, designing, and modelling of traffic stream for all parts of the road system. Specialized equipments such as stationary counts are used to record volume and speed;but they are expensive, difficult to set up, and require periodic maintenance. The moving observer method was proposed in 1954 by Wardrop and Charlesworth to estimate these variables inexpensively. Basically, the observer counts the number of vehicles overtaken, the number of vehicles passed, and the number of vehicles encountered while traveling in the opposite direction. The trip time is reported for both travel directions. Additionally, the length of road segment is measured. These variables are then used in estimating speeds and volumes. In a westbound direction from Interstate Highway 30 (I-30) in the DFW area, this study examined the accuracy and feasibility of this method by comparing it with stationary observer method as the standard method for such counts. The statistical tests were used to test the accuracy. Results show that this method provides accurate volume and speed estimates when compared to the stationary method for the road segment with three lanes per direction, especially when several runs are taken.
文摘目的探讨结核感染T细胞斑点试验(T-cell spot of Tuberculosis,T-SPOT.TB)在手、腕部腱鞘结核诊断中的临床应用价值。方法通过对2012年1月至2018年1月我院收集64例怀疑手、腕部腱鞘结核临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据病理诊断及临床表现判断有无结核分枝杆菌感染;全部病例均经过T-SPOT.TB和胶体金标法分别进行体外γ-干扰素释放试验和血清结核抗体检测,采用Kappa、χ^(2)检验进行统计学分析。结果共收集分析相关病例64例,其中诊断为手、腕部腱鞘结核(结核病例)21例,非手、腕部腱鞘结核(非结核病例)43例。经T-SPOT.TB检测,结核病例阳性者20例,非结核病例阴性者40例,灵敏度为95.2%,特异度为93.0%,阳性预测值为87.6%,阴性预测值为97.6%。经胶体金标法检测血清结核抗体,结核病例阳性者5例,非结核病例阴性者37例,灵敏度为23.8%,特异度为86.0%,阳性预测值为45.4%,阴性预测值为69.8%。与临床诊断比较,T-SPOT.TB和胶体金标法的Kappa值分别为0.862和0.112,T-SPOT.TB比胶体金标法具有更好的一致性,且灵敏度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值均明显更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论T-SPOT.TB在手、腕部腱鞘结核诊断中具有良好的辅助诊断价值。
文摘目的：研究和评价实用单克隆抗体SPA红细胞花环直接法（简称实用McAb‐A‐E直接法）检验 T淋巴细胞亚群细胞涂片细胞计数随机误差，并与M cA b‐A‐E直接法原方法比较。方法随机选取20例样本，在涂片的2／6～4／6区域间至少2个区计数200个细胞，计数区域不重复，CD4＋和CD8＋连续计数4次，CD3＋连续计数2次。结果实用M cA b‐A‐E直接法细胞计数随机误差分别为CD3＋：7．86，CD4＋：9．99，CD8＋：8．55，CD4＋／CD8＋：0．33，低于 M cA b‐A‐E直接法原方法误差，即CD3＋：15．00，CD4＋：13．80，CD8＋：10．70，CD4＋／CD8＋：0．69。结论实用M cA b‐A‐E直接法细胞计数随机误差小于M cA b‐A‐E直接法原方法。
