Experimental investigation of effect of refrigerant gases,compressor lubricant and operating conditions on performance of a heat pump

In the field of heat pumps,there are a number of parameters that affect the performance and efficiency of the apparatus,which have been the subject of studies by individual researchers in the literature.This study describes an experimental method in order to investigate the effects of some significant parameters on heat pump performance.In this regard,a laboratory heat pump setup has been utilized to operate in different working conditions for achieving an appropriate estimation to find out effects of mentioned parameters such as refrigerant type and charge amount,compressor oil viscosity,compressor cooling fan,secondary fluids temperature and flow rate.Different refrigerants have been selected and used as circulating fluid in the installed heat pump.Although this work has been devoted to a detailed attempt to recognize the effects of various parameters on the coefficient of performance(COP) value,an appropriate method has been carried out to survey the obtained results by using economic analysis.It was revealed that one of the main parameters is refrigerant charge amount which has a notable effect on COP.The temperature of the heat source was also tested and the performance of the system increased by more than 11% by employing mentioned modifications and various operating conditions.In addition,by selecting a low viscosity compressor oil,the system performance increased by 18%.This improvement is more than 6% for the case that cooling fan is installed to cool the compressor element.

Experimental study on characteristics of transcritical heat pump water heater using refrigerant HFC125

To evaluate the performance of heat pumps using refrigerant HFC125,an experimental rig of a DC-inverter heat pump water heater is designed and set up,and the research on the transcritical heat pump water heater is carried out experimentally.It is found that there is a top value of the coefficient of performance（COP）when the system runs at 95 Hz of frequency.The relationships between the COP and compressor frequency,condensation pressure,evaporation pressure,condensation water temperature rise,and discharge temperature are discussed and analyzed at 95 Hz.And the COP of the HFC125 transcritical cycle is also compared with that of a R410 subcritical heat pump under the same conditions.The results indicate that there exists an optimum frequency for a better COP,and the system COP shows an increasing tendency with the decrease in condensation pressure and compressor ratio while the evaporation pressure remains invariant,and the COP decreases rapidly when cooling water temperature rises over 47.5 ℃.Compared with the R410A sub-critical cycle,the COP of HFC125 transcritical cycle significantly increases by 12% on average.

Parallel Operation Characteristics Analysis of Sewage Source Heat Pump Units in Winter

Sewage source heat pump unit operates under partial load most of the time, and study on the law of coefficient of performance (COP) of the unit varying with load ratio can provide basis for the heat pump units running in high efficiency. A mathematical model determining COP, evaporation temperature and condensation temperature of a single unit was proposed. Under the condition of uniform load distribution, the model was established according to different ways of bearing partial load with the same type multi...

太阳能PV/T+相变能与直蒸式水源热泵供热(冷)系统特性分析

为解决河北农村建筑清洁供暖问题和太阳能利用具有不稳定性问题,设计了太阳能PV/T+相变能与直蒸式水源热泵供热(冷)系统进行实验研究。实验结果表明,冬季典型日系统发电量为4.453kWh,制热系数COP平均值3.41;夏季典型日系统发电量为5.945kWh,制冷系数EER平均值3.2;将发电量用于系统运行,制热系数COP为4.22,制冷系数EER为4.19,分别提高了23.75%和30.12%;夏季单纯PV/T太阳能电池发电量5.537kWh,本系统的发电量提高了7.37%。该系统经济效益高,运行稳定,是一种实现河北农村清洁供暖有效途径。

The Efficiency Analysis of the Exhaust Air Heat Pump System

This paper is based on long term parameter measurements of the exhaust air heat pumps (EAHP) system in a new built apartment building. The building was equipped with an exhaust air ventilation system and exhaust air heat pump for ventilation heat recover. The results of the measurements show that the COP of the EAHP is mainly related to the temperature graph of the heating system and the supply temperature of domestic hot water (DWH). During the measurement period some other impact factors, such as the quality of maintenance, the nighttime temperature graph of the heating system, the reduction of the exhaust air flows in case of low temperatures, mistakes in designing and low building quality, have also played a role. An analysis of energy consumption shows that in winter conditions the COP is about 3.0 and in the transition period about 3.3. The energy recovery value of the EAHP is 0.5.

光伏光热联合双源热泵系统运行模式研究(2):供暖季系统仿真研究

使用TRNSYS软件建立了光伏光热-双源热泵(PV/T-DSHP)系统的仿真模型。选取夏热冬冷地区某一近零能耗居住建筑作为研究对象,模拟研究了供暖季PV/T-DSHP系统在COP_(s)切换模式下的运行特性和能耗。结果表明:平均光电效率为15.08%,平均光热效率为33.05%;水源热泵运行模式下供暖季平均COP为4.55,空气源热泵运行模式下供暖季平均COP为3.19,PV/T-DSHP系统的平均COP_(s)为2.98;供暖季系统自满足率为61%。

严寒地区PV/T-空气源热泵集成供热系统研究

严寒地区太阳能光伏光热(PV/T)技术应用于空气源热泵供暖系统,能实现低温环境下空气源热泵高效制热,最大限度提高可再生能源利用率。研究分析了空气源热泵供暖系统在严寒地区使用的局限性和普遍存在的问题;根据太阳辐射传热机理和空气传热介质的特点,研制出PV/T-空气源热泵集成供热系统,空气源热泵机组即使在室外空气温度-20℃时,其理论COP值也能达到5.37,提高了严寒地区空气源热泵的制热效率,为今后严寒地区供暖模式提供了一种新的思路。

采用电子膨胀阀和毛细管的空气源热泵热水器性能对比实验研究

为研究不同节流方式对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响,分别以毛细管(CAP)和电子膨胀阀(EEV)作为节流元件研制了样机,通过实验对比研究其运行特征。结果表明:CAP系统的吸气过热度能稳定在1℃左右;CAP系统的排气温度相对更低,约比EEV系统低15℃;加热同样一箱水,CAP系统的制热速度更快;EEV系统的COP和全年性能系数(APF)均高于CAP系统,但在名义工况下CAP系统具有与EEV系统相当的制热COP。综合考虑制热性能及初投资等因素,可根据需要优先采用毛细管作为节流装置。

太阳能补热热泵供暖实验及地温场热均衡模拟研究

为探索多能互补的清洁能源供暖技术,满足北京市村镇分散式建筑清洁供暖需求,在北京农村地区建设太阳能-地源热泵复合式系统,进行太阳能补热热泵供暖实验,并利用COMSOL软件开展地温场热均衡模拟研究。结果表明:相较单一地源热泵系统,太阳能补热热泵供暖方案下,地源侧出水温度提升23%,系统制热能效比(Coefficient of Performance,COP)和机组COP分别提升19%、25%;系统运行10 a,地源热泵系统单季节运行方案下总的取热量要多于间歇期自然恢复量,地温场总均衡为-8.91×10^(9)kJ;单一地源热泵方式运行和太阳能补热方式运行在双季节情况下总的取热量小于总的排热量,地温场总均衡分别为4.220×10^(9)、1.084×10^(10)kJ。因此,双季节运行方案对地温场不会产生负均衡,反而会对地温场有一定的热量补充。地源热泵系统运行中加入太阳能补热,对地温场的影响更小,可显著提升系统和机组效率,该模式适用于北京农村地区特别是供暖需求较大的建筑。

相变能+热泵供暖系统实验研究

针对我国北方山区冬季没有合适热源供暖的问题,基于水-冰相变凝固换热原理,利用水相变的凝固潜热作为热泵机组的低温热源,设计研发了相变能+热泵供暖系统并进行实验研究。研究表明:系统在凝固换热阶段,结冰厚度达到30 mm时,综合传热系数为151 W/(m^(2)·K),系统有效能效比为3.52;本次设计循环周期为4 h,传热系数取150 W/(m^(2)·K),确定U型蓄冰槽的储能量与换热量;融冰能耗占比为5.6%,融冰时间为26 min;实验系统可满足300 m^(2)房屋的供暖需求。

中深层U形地埋管地源热泵系统运行优化研究

建立中深层U形地埋管换热器的解析解模型,提出综合考虑建筑动态热负荷和地埋管换热器动态换热过程的中深层U形地埋管地源热泵系统运行优化模型,并利用该模型分析运行参数对地源热泵系统性能的影响。结果表明:在保证系统供热量相同的前提下,与定流量(110m^(3)/h)运行方式相比,采用变流量的运行方式可使热泵机组和循环水泵在2112h内的总耗电量由288423kW·h下降到224592kW·h,减少22.1%;随着回填材料导热系数增大,供热不足的情况出现的频率有所减小,供热保障率增大;垂直管段长度从2300m增大到2500 m,系统平均供热保障率从95.7%增大为98.8%,热泵机组平均COP从4.929增大为5.135;建筑热负荷的增大会使热泵机组COP近似线性减小,总耗电量增加。

基于PV/T的太阳能热泵热水系统实验研究

设计一种基于光伏/光热吸收器的太阳能热泵热水系统,在光伏组件背面布置有吸热板及流道,可有效将光伏组件的热量传递给流道内的载热工质,经过热泵循环后水箱温升可达约30℃,系统热力COP约为5.0;光伏光热吸收器自己发电基本实现自供能。针对PV/T太阳能热泵系统建立数学模型,发现系统热COP仿真误差可控制在3%以内,与实际情况吻合良好。

Heating performance of a ground source heat pump system installed in a school building

The heating performance of a water-to-refrigerant type ground source heat pump system is represented in this paper under the actual working conditions of the GSHP(ground source heat pump) system during the winter season of 2008.Ten heat pump equipments with the capacity of 10 HP each and a closed vertical typed-ground heat exchanger with 24 boreholes of 175 m in depth were constructed.We investigated a variety of working conditions,including the outdoor temperature,the ground temperature,and the water temperature of inlet and outlet of the ground heat exchanger in order to examine the heating performance of the GSHP system.Subsequently,the heating capacity and the input power were investigated to determine the heating performance of the GSHP system.The average heating coefficient of performance(COP) of the heat pump was noted to be 5.1 at partial load of 47%,while the overall system COP was found to be 4.2.Also,performance of the GSHP system was compared with that of air source heat pump.

热泵干燥系统E_R及COP的实验研究

以三氟二氯乙烷（R123）为热泵工质，空气为换热介质，通过调节循环风速、辅助电加热和节流阀的开度，测定不同条件下的蒸发温度、冷凝温度和压缩机功率的冷量的有效利用率ER及COP。结果表明：在蒸发温度45℃、冷凝温度85℃、风速6m／s条件下，COP达到最大值3．3。在蒸发温度30—45℃、冷凝温度70～80℃，COP维持在2以上；在实验温度范围内，％最小为18．2％，蒸发温度23℃、冷凝温度80℃、风速2m／s时‰达到最大值71．5％。

寒冷地区空气源热泵辅助太阳能热水器供暖性能

为提高太阳能热水器供暖的稳定性并大幅降低空气源热泵供暖的成本,提出空气源热泵辅助太阳能真空管热水器供暖构想,在甘肃省兰州市七里河区魏岭乡绿化村搭建空气源热泵辅助太阳能热水器供暖试验系统,详细研究了晴天、阴天及多云3种典型工况下系统的集热效率、热泵性能系数、系统太阳能保证率和系统能效比等.研究结果表明,晴天、阴天及多云工况下太阳能集热器有效得热量分别为75.5、4.1和49.2 kW·h,集热效率分别为61.3%、26.6%、55.2%,太阳能热泵平均性能系数(COP)分别为3.6、3.4、3.6,空气源热泵平均COP分别为0、2.9、3.1,系统实际供热量分别为113.4、125.9和124.8 kW·h,系统耗电量分别为33.4、50.5和42.7 kW·h,系统太阳能保证率分别为66.6%、3.3%、39.4%,系统能效比分别为3.4,2.5,2.9.研究证明了太阳能真空管集热器-空气源热泵系统用于寒冷地区供暖的可行性,为寒冷地区供暖提供了一种新途径.

供暖水温对低温空气源热泵制热性能影响的实验研究

为研究在低环境温度(-25℃)下不同供暖水温对低温空气源热泵(ASHP)的制热性能的影响,研制一种新型全尺寸双系统空气源热泵样机,该样机可用作工业化的商业产品,并采用液体载冷剂(LSR)法计算制热量。实验结果表明:在-25℃环境温度下,供暖水温从41~55℃时,样机的制热量由29.57 kW降至19.71 kW,降低了33.33%,消耗功率从19.20 kW增至23.36 kW,增长了21.69%,制热性能系数从1.54降至0.84,降低了45.45%。该研究可为空气源热泵在低温环境下的应用提供参考。

基于经济模型预测控制的光伏光热一体化热泵系统动态能效优化

光伏光热一体化热泵(photovoltaic/thermal integrated heat pump,PV/T-HP)技术是实现低碳建筑高效供热的重要途径之一。然而,PV/T-HP系统的能源输入及负荷需求通常处于动态变化中,导致系统偏离稳态设计工况,运行能效下降。为解决这一问题,该文采用经济模型预测控制(economic model predictive control,EMPC)算法实现PV/T-HP系统在动态运行环境中的能效优化。首先,建立PV/T-HP建筑热水供应系统的动态仿真非线性机理模型,并采用子空间辨识方法获得简化的局部线性化状态空间模型。然后,基于系统的状态空间模型设计EMPC控制架构,以动态平均能效比为目标函数,以供热品质及设备运行要求为约束条件,逐时求解最优输入变量,实现滚动优化。最后,设计仿真验证实验,分析系统热电能量输运特性,并与传统模型预测控制方法(model predictive control,MPC)进行对比。结果表明,所提出的EMPC算法可以根据源荷变化,实现PV/T-HP多变量控制系统的高效协调动作,在满足热水负荷及温度要求的条件下,显著提升系统的动态运行综合能效。

空气源热泵热水系统的应用分析

介绍了空气源热泵的原理及性能特点,并结合具体工程案例,分析了太阳能热水系统、空气源热水系统的适用环境及优缺点,阐明了在日照不均匀的夏热冬暖地区更适合采用空气源热水机组的结论。同时总结实际工程应用方面的经验,强调了设计过程中在冷热水同源、设计参数选择、辅助热源设置情况及室外机组布置等方面需要注意的设计要点。

地源热泵温室降温系统的试验研究与性能分析

为探索地源热泵降温技术在设施农业领域中的应用途径和发展潜力,以及寻求传统蒸发式降温系统存在设施内湿度较高等问题的解决方法,该文作者在北京地区日光温室中进行了地源热泵温室夏季降温试验研究。该研究以COP即性能系数为评价指标对系统降温性能进行分析,并提出适用于该研究的能量传递和系统性能分析模型。2007年8月17～19日连续观测数据和分析结果显示,地源热泵温室降温系统制冷性能系数(COPsyscg)平均值达到3.01。2007年8月17日为连续观测的3天之中室外日均气温最高的一天,监测数据表明:上午10︰00至下午14︰00室内、外平均气温分别为31.3℃和34.1℃,平均温差2.8℃,同期室内平均相对湿度仅为60.7%,地源热泵系统具有明显的降温和除湿效果。测试期间温室外张挂遮阳幕,遮阳率为70%。

环境温度对电动汽车热泵空调系统性能的影响

针对电动汽车冬天取暖能耗较高,设计了基于蒸气压缩循环的热泵空调试验系统,研究了制热模式下不同的环境温度和压缩机转速对车室内平均温度、高压管路内部工质的温度和压力、系统能效比(COP,Coefficient of Performance)等参数的影响.试验结果表明,当环境温度和压缩机的转速较高时,压缩机出口、车室内换热器出口处工质的温度和压力值较大,车室内平均温度的上升速度越快,达到舒适温度所需的时间越短.在压缩机转速相同时,环境温度越高,系统的COP值越大.