猪带绦虫(Taenia solium)囊尾蚴发育过程的超微结构观察

系统地研究了猪囊尾蚴发育过程中超微结构的变化。5头仔猪,分别经口服感染3节猪带绦虫孕卵节片,于感染后不同时期剖杀,剥离囊尾蚴。取囊壁和头颈部,作透射电镜观察。观察结果表明,随感染时间的延长,猪囊尾蚴细胞或组织的类型未发生明显变化,只在大小或发育程度上有所增加。头节和囊壁均由皮层和实质区构成,但二者的超微结构有差别。头节肌肉较发达,皮层外表面的微毛较短,基质区线粒体较少,实质区糖原颗粒不及囊壁贮存多,并且排泄管也较少。提示二者可能执行不同的功能:囊壁与营养吸收有关,而头节可能与将来的发育有关。

猪带绦虫(Taenia solium)囊尾蚴发育过程中的周围宿主反应

首次系统地研究了猪囊尾蚴发育过程中的周围宿主反应。结果显示 ,宿主炎性细胞在囊尾蚴周围出现有先后顺序。初期以嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和淋巴细胞为主 ,随后巨噬细胞及上皮样细胞开始出现 ,并在虫体周围呈围墙样增生 ,最后在虫体外围形成结缔组织包囊。从病理组织学结果可以看出 。

Molecular differentiation of cryptic stage of Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia species from faecal and environmental samples

Objective:To differentiate cryptic stage of Echinococcus granulosus(E.granulosus) and Taenia by PCR-RFLP and sequence information of amplicon.Methods:DNA were isolated from metacestodes stage of Taenia and E.granulosus using DNA isolation kit(Q-BIOgene kit,USA), the amplified and purified DNA product was then cloned and sent for sequencing.The generating sequence information was used for amplicons identification.Results:Out of 112 faecal and environmental samples,16 exhibited positive result.The product size of amplicon positive for E.granulosus was 310 bp;whereas,for Taenia spp.sizes varied from 379 to 388 bp.Restriction pr of ile of actinⅡwith Csp61 also differed Taenia spp.and E.granulosus.Conclusions:The result of the study indicated that,the primers were useful to differentiate cryptic stage of the two genera which is yet to be reported earlier.

Evaluation of activity of triclabendazole against Taenia solium metacestode in naturally infected pigs

Objective:To assess the efficacy of triclabendazole(TCBZ) in porcine cysticercosis.Methods:Eighteen naturally infected cysticercotic pigs were divided into 3 groups of 6 individuals each.The first group was treated orally with TCBZ at a single dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight,the second group was treated orally with oxfendazole at a single dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight and the third group received a placebo(control group).All animals were kept under the same management conditions.The pigs were euthanized 17 wk post-treatment and the number of surviving cysts in muscles was assessed and compared between groups.Results:All pigs treated with oxfendazole had only degenerated cysts in their carcasses.In contrast,TCBZ had very little effect against the parasitic cysts.Cysts from pigs in the TCBZ group looked apparently normal after treatment.However,histological evaluation showed a mild to moderate degree of inflammation.Conclusions:TCBZ is not an efficacious drug against Taenia solium cysticercosis in swine using a single dose.

Oxfendazole as successful treatment of Taenia hydatigena metacestodes in naturally infected pigs

The efficacy of oxfendazole(OFZ) on Taenia hydatigena metacestodes, also called Cysticercus tenuicollis(C. tenuicollis), was studied in 648 raising pigs. This study was performed in Tumbes Department in Peru, an endemic area for cysticercosis. Pigs were randomized in two groups; untreated group(n = 142) did not receive any treatment and treated group(n = 506) received OFZ treatment at a single dose of 30 mg/kg body weight.Six months after treatment, the pigs were necropsied. The prevalence of infection by C. tenuicollis among the pigs was 27.5%(39/142) and 2.0%(10/506) in untreated and treated groups, respectively. Untreated group was infested only with viable cysts, whereas treated group had no viable cysts. All the cysts found in treated group presented degeneration, with a thick membrane, and they contained milky fluid and fibrous tissue. A single dose of OFZ was effective against C. tenuicollis, thus providing an alternative drug for controlling this parasite in pigs.

Taeniasis:A possible cause of ileal bleeding

Taenia spp.are flatworms of the class Cestoda,whose definitive hosts are humans and primates.Human infestation(taeniasis) results from the ingestion of raw meat contaminated with encysted larval tapeworms and is considered relatively harmless and mostly asymptomatic.Anemia is not recognized as a possible sign of taeniasis and taeniasis-induced hemorrhage is not described in medical books.Its therapy is based on anthelmintics such praziquantel,niclosamide or albendazole.Here we describe a case of acute ileal bleeding in an Italian man affected with both Taenia spp.infestation resistant to albendazole and Helicobacter pylori-associated duodenal ulcers.

Unusual colonoscopy finding:Taenia saginata proglottid

Infection with tapeworms is a major problem in many parts of the world. Patients may be asymptomatic or have a significant morbidity depending on the species. Infection with Taenia species is sometimes found by expulsion of eggs or proglottids in stool. Species specific diagnosis of Taenia is difficult,but possible. We present a case of Taenia saginata incidentally discovered,and risk factors for transmission,diagnosis,symptoms,and treatment.

Preparation of Taenia solium Stained Specimens and Morphological Observation

[ Objective ] In order to observe the morphological structure of Taenia solium and improve the dyeing method of Taenia solium. [ Method ] Taenia soli- um was stained by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining method and observed under microscope. Taenia solium specimens with clear structure and bright color were made. [ Results] Male reproductive system and excretory system of Taenia solium segment could be observed under the optical microscope, structures of uterus and eggs in Taenia solium gravid proglottid could also be observed. [ Conclusion] Aiming at providing a reference for the identification of Taenia solium and the diagnosis of the tapeworm disease.

<i>Taenia solium</i>Cysticercosis in Sub-Saharan Africa: Perspectives for a Better Control

For decades, Taenia solium cysticercosis (TSC) has remained an important constraint for public health and economic well being of the predisposed communities. Despite the fact that the disease is easily preventable, humans remain foci for transmission. They harbour the mature form of the parasite (Taenia solium) which may be curable at this stage and also easily prevented from contaminating pig feeds and environment with eggs of the parasite to break the cycle. Researchers, knowledgeable communities and international organisations such as the World Health Organisation work hard to make the disease a history. Nevertheless, persistence of the disease in endemic regions such as sub Saharan Africa is kept on increasing. While TSC in human may serve as a silent killer as it can go unnoticed for years, the immanent social cultural settings and lifestyles of the communities in endemic areas form the main concern on the epidemiology of the disease. Unless lifestyles change in endemic regions, front line research might rarely find its way into applications in an area of huge societal and economic impact, the TSC epidemiology. Sincerely, transmission of TSC is favoured by poor sanitation and hygiene which is motivated by lifestyle and poverty. What is perhaps missing is the knowledge on “why is the communities involved ease indiscriminately while almost every member of the community in endemic areas knows that indiscriminate defecation may harm their health? What social drivers are behind this motive (bush defecation)? How best can the disease be controlled and monitored? This review recommends for developing and implementing an interdisciplinary OneHealth community-based control mechanism and monitoring (surveillance) programme as standpoints towards eliminating TSC in sub-Saharan Africa and the rest endemic regions.

Investigation Food Diet of Cobitis taenia in Talar River （Mazandaran Province）

Perch sweeper fish with scientific name Cobitis taenia is one of the Cobitidae family. Since this kind of fish lives in clean waters and in the high areas of Talar River, it can be an index on water implution. This survey on the diet of this specimen is done on two stations （Kaselian and Tajoon） and shallow and high areas of Talar River in Mazandaran （Southern part of Caspian sea） and the duration of this survey is from October 2008 till September 2009. We should mention that fishing was just done by electro-shocker with voltage 300 V. And this fish after fishing is fixation in 10% formalin solution. So 410 perch sweeper fish were examined and the average of relatively length of gut （RLG） was 17.35 cm. The index of vacated intestine （VI） was calculated 43.35% for all samples. From intense of diet points of view （GSI）, the most frequency of full intestines was considered in summer and spring. On the other hand, the smallness of relatively length of gut index （RLG 〈 1） shows that perch sweeper fish＇s diet manner is inclined to herbivority. In the examination of containing of digestive track, overally 10 kinds of foodstuff were known. Based on amount of this index, 2.67% Chironomidae is known as main bait in all sampling period.

Expect the Unexpected: Bowel Obstruction Caused by <i>Taenia saginata</i>: A Case Report of Unusual Complications

Background: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common gastrointestinal condition often warranting acute surgical intervention. In human, tapeworm species can cause a parasitic infection by ingestion of raw or under cooked beef (T. saginata) or pork (T. solium and T. asiatica). Taeniasis usually presents with vague symptoms or mild abdominal pain and discomfort. The intestinal complications are not commonly mentioned in the literatures. Case presentation: We present 65-year-old Egyptian woman who lives in Oman, who is known to have type two diabetes mellitus and hypertension. She presented to Emergency department with abdominal pain and constipation for a period of three days. On examination, she was dehydrated with tachycardia (pulse rate: 110/minute) blood pressure of 100/60 mmHg and patient was afebrile. Abdominal examination revealed, mildly distended abdomen and tense, no guarding or rigidity no palpable mass, exaggerated bowel sound and rectum is empty on per rectal examination. Emergency laparotomy was performed with intra-operative findings of large foreign body impacted in the distal jejunum about 8 × 3 cm, cylinder in shape completely obliterating the lumen, distal loops was collapsed. Conclusion: Although Taeniasis is a very rare infection, index of suspicion such as a potential in the differential diagnosis as cause of an acute abdomen with unusual surgical complications should be considered. The diagnosis of these rare circumstances is usually made intraoperatively, and surgery is recommended only for the treatment of complications.

41例肠道寄生带绦虫taenia微生态学初步观察

１９８６年作者在西双版纳傣族自治洲，选择４１例肠道内寄生带绦虫者，驱虫进行微生态学观察。初步结果表明该地区带绦虫病有如下特点：（１）定植率高，占２６％，当地有生食牛、猪肉的习惯；（２）存在牛、猪带绦虫混合感染。４１例中驱出带绦虫者３７例，其中１８例寄生牛带绦虫，１５例寄生猪带绦虫，４例牛、猪带绦虫混合感染；（３）在感染有猪带绦虫１９例（包括混合感染的４例）中，９例为多条寄生，占４７％（９／１９），３条以上者７例，占多条定植的７／９。发现１例一次排出猪带绦虫１６条，实为罕见，而且这１６条虫体大小，平均体长达２．７ｍ；（４）１９例猪带绦虫感染者均不伴囊尾蚴寄生及囊虫病的临床表现史，这与已往文献报告有所不同。

Development of a health education intervention strategy using an implementation research method to control taeniasis and cysticercosis in Burkina Faso

Background:Taeniasis and cysticercosis are two diseases caused by Taenia solium,a parasite transmitted between humans and pigs,leading to considerable economic loss and disabilities.Transmission of the parasite is linked to environmental and behavioural factors such as inadequate sanitation and hygiene,poor pig management,and consumption of infected pork.This study used implementation research method to design a health education intervention strategy for reducing T.solium infections in Burkina Faso,a country endemic for the parasite.Methods:Eighteen group discussions were conducted with 8-18 participants each in three villages.In addition,structured interviews were conducted among 4777 participants and 2244 pig owners,who were selected through cluster random sampling in 60 villages of three provinces of Burkina Faso.Both approaches assessed knowledge and practices related to T.solium.The information obtained was used to develop a community-adapted health education intervention strategy to control taeniasis and cysticercosis in Burkina Faso.Results:The group discussions revealed that participants had a poor quality of life due to the diseases as well as inadequate access to latrines,safe water,and healthcare services.In addition,it was found that pig production was an important economic activity,especially for women.Furthermore,financial and knowledge constraints were important limitations to improved pig management and latrine construction.The survey data also showed that open defecation and drinking unboiled water were common behaviours,enhanced by a lack of knowledge regarding the transmission of the parasite,perceived financial barriers to the implementation of control measures,lack of public sensitization,as well as a lack of self-efficacy towards control of the parasite.Nevertheless,the perceived financial benefits of controlling porcine cysticercosis could be emphasized by an education program that discourages open defecation and encourages drinking safe water.The final intervention strategy included a Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation(PHAST)approach,as well as a 52-min film and an accompanying comic booklet.Conclusions:The main problem in the study communities regarding the transmission of T.solium cysticercosis is the random disposal of human faeces,which can be contaminated with parasite eggs.Prevention of open defecation requires the building of latrines,which can be quite problematic in economically challenged settings.Providing the community with the skills to construct durable latrines using low-cost locally available materials would likely help to resolve this problem.Further studies are required to implement and evaluate the T.solium control strategy developed in this study.

Genetic variation of the 8-kDa glycoprotein family from Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia multiceps and Taenia hydatigena

Background Echinococcosis, coenurosis and cysticercosis are debilitating diseases which prevail in China. Immunological diagnosis of metacestodosis is important in disease control. The 8-kDa glycoproteins from taeniid cestodes have successfully been used for diagnosis of human cysticercosis in immunological assays. The aim of the present study was to investigate genetic variations and phylogenetic relationships of the 8-kDa proteins for evaluating the possibility of utilizing these proteins as diagnostic antigens for other metacestode infections. Methods The genes and complementary DNAs （cDNAs） encoding the 8-kDa proteins from Echinococcus （E.） granulosus, Taenia （T.） multiceps and T. hydatigena were amplified using PCR method. Their amplicons were cloned into the vector pMD18 and the positive clones were sequenced. Sequence data were analyzed with the SeqMan program, and sequence homology searches were performed using the BLAST program. Alignments were conducted using the ClustalX program, and the phylogenetic analyses were performed with the Protein Sequences Program and the Puzzle Program using the Neighbor-joining method. Results Fifteen, 18 and 22 different genomic DNA sequences were identified as members of the 8-kDa protein gene family from E. granulosus, T. multiceps and T. hydatigena, respectively. Eight, four and six different cDNA clones respectively from E. granulosus, T. multiceps and T. hydatigena were characterized. Analysis of these sequences revealed 54 unique 8-kDa protein sequences. Phylogenetic trees demonstrated that the taeniid 8-kDa proteins are clustered into eight clades at least： Ts18, Ts14, TsRS1, TsRS2, T8kDa-1, T8kDa-2, T8kDa-3 and T8kDa-4. Conclusion We found that the gene family encoding for the taeniid 8-kDa antigens is comprised of many members with high diversity, which will provide molecular evidence for cross-reaction or specific reaction among metacestode infections and may contribute to the development of promising immunological methods for diagnosis of metacestodosis.

首次在中国发现圈养环尾狐猴感染肥头绦虫

首次在中国报道1例由长颈囊尾蚴(Cysticercus longicollis)引起的5岁雄性圈养环尾狐猴(Lemur catta)皮下囊尾蚴病,患病动物表现为明显的臀部囊肿,但无其他异常体征。该病例就诊于四川农业大学第二教学动物医院。在就诊期间,采用细针穿刺对囊肿内容物进行形态学检查。结果显示:囊肿内含有大量囊尾蚴,典型囊尾蚴呈椭圆形,具有长而可伸缩的颈部和单个头节,头节上有4个吸盘和16个(单排)小钩。通过对囊尾蚴DNA进行nad1和cox1基因扩增及测序,进一步确定该囊尾蚴为肥头绦虫(Taenia crassiceps)的幼虫形态,即长颈囊尾蚴,研究结果可为该寄生虫在国内的流行病学调查及防控提供参考。

Association between Taenia solium infection and HIV/AIDS in northern Tanzania: a matched cross sectional-study

Background:The frequency of Taenia solium,a zoonotic helminth,is increasing in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa,where the prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)is also high.However,little is known about how these two infections interact.The aim of this study was to compare the proportion of HIV positive(+)and negative(−)individuals who are infected with Taenia solium(TSOL)and who present with clinical and neurological manifestations of cysticercosis(CC).Methods:In northern Tanzania,170 HIV+individuals and 170 HIV–controls matched for gender,age and village of origin were recruited.HIV staging and serological tests for TSOL antibodies(Ab)and antigen(Ag)were performed.Neurocysticercosis(NCC)was determined by computed tomography(CT)using standard diagnostic criteria.Neurological manifestations were confirmed by a standard neurological examination.In addition,demographic,clinical and neuroimaging data were collected.Further,CD4^(+)cell counts as well as information on highly active antiretroviral treatment(HAART)were noted.Results:No significant differences between HIV+and HIV–individuals regarding the sero-prevalence of taeniosis-Ab(0.6%vs 1.2%),CC-Ab(2.4%vs 2.4%)and CC-Ag(0.6%vs 0.0%)were detected.A total of six NCC cases(3 HIV+and 3 HIV–)were detected in the group of matched participants.Two individuals(1 HIV+and 1 HIV–)presented with headaches as the main symptom for NCC,and four with asymptomatic NCC.Among the HIV+group,TSOL was not associated with CD4+cell counts,HAART duration or HIV stage.Conclusions:This study found lower prevalence of taeniosis,CC and NCC than had been reported in the region to date.This low level of infection may have resulted in an inability to find cross-sectional associations between HIV status and TSOL infection or NCC.Larger sample sizes will be required in future studies conducted in that area to conclude if HIV influences the way NCC manifests itself.

国医大师张志远运用竹茹经验

介绍国医大师张志远教授应用竹茹的经验。张老临床知药而用,遣方用药时常突出竹茹的用量,通过将其与诸药配伍,以更好地发挥竹茹清热泻火、降逆止呕、解郁安神的功效。同时善用经方、创制经验方治疗多种杂病、顽证,如四皓汤治疗“灯笼病”、三竹汤治疗神经衰弱、南阳理胃汤治疗顽固性呕哕,方中突出竹茹的地位,常作为君药发挥作用。附验案3则。

Assessment of sanitary conditions of unregistered pig slaughter slabs and post mortem examination of pigs for Taenia solium metacestodes in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria

Background:A number of studies document the prevalence of Taenia solium infections in Nigeria,yet these studies do not cover porcine cysticercosis in private home slaughter slabs where there is no routine meat inspection and backyard pig keeping,slaughtering and sale are common practice.Methods:An environmental and sanitary assessment was conducted within two unregistered home pig slaughter slabs in selected parts of the Kaduna metropolis in Nigeria.Slaughter premises were inspected for availability of basic facilities and questionnaires were used to elicit necessary informative data.Butchers were examined for taeniasis by stool microscopy and copro-antigen enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(copro-Ag ELISA)to ascertain T.solium-taeniasis.Pigs slaughtered at the premises were examined for cysticerci.Results:Home slaughter conditions were substandard,unhygienic and lacked the basic facilities of a proper slaughterhouse.Prevalence of porcine cysticercosis was 9.3%.The butchers participating in the study had very poor knowledge of T.solium infections and 30%tested positive for taeniasis by copro-Ag ELISA at the time of the study.Conclusion:Home slaughter of pigs in the areas studied should be considered and integrated as a component of prevention and control programmes-particularly through educational interventions-in order to equip individuals involved with a good understanding of the risks associated with animal husbandry and human practices.

Observations on pathological and histochemical changes in piglet livers infected with Taenia saginata asiatica

To study the pathological and histochemical characteristics of lesions in piglet livers infected with Taenia saginata asiatica(T.saginata asiatica)throughout the different stages,piglets were fed with eggs of T.saginata asiatica and raised in isolation in an animal center to establish the T.saginata asiatica infection model with normal piglets as control.The pathological changes in the piglet livers were observed after the infection using liver sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin.Histochemical methods were used to check the changes in lipid,glycogen and protein content in the liver.The data collected by image analysis were analyzed statistically with Statistical Package for the Social Science.The results show that T.saginata asiatica-exposed piglets were indeed infected.Inflammatory reactions began on the fourth day and progressed rapidly.Kupffer cell hyperplasia,hepatic hydropic degeneration and ballooning degeneration were found in the 10th–20th days after infection.Hepatic central veins and hepatic sinusoids were dilated and congested.Spotty necrosis occurred in some local liver tissues.In the 40th–60th days,granulomatous reactions and mild hepatocirrhosis were the main lesions.In the 70th–80th days,hepatocirrhosis and bile duct proliferation were observed in the liver.In the different stages,lipid drops were increased while glycogen and protein levels were decreased to some degree.There was a significant difference in metabolism between the infected group and the control group(P<0.01).It is concluded that pigs are the favorable intermediate host of T.saginata asiatica and its infection can result in serious pathological and histochemical lesions in host organs.

一例牛带绦虫与蛔虫混合感染的诊治回顾并文献复习

为探讨牛带绦虫与蛔虫驱虫治疗方法,对患者自体逸出孕节及随粪便排出孕节进行病原学检查;对患者排出粪便用直接法和改良加藤厚涂片法检测,通过对粪便虫卵进行检查和肉眼对光观察虫体孕节的子宫分支及墨汁染色进行鉴定。从患者粪便直接涂片和改良加藤厚涂片发现带绦虫卵及未受精蛔虫卵,判定为带绦虫和蛔虫的混合感染。结合孕节子宫分支情况及流行病学调查,将该带绦虫确定为牛带绦虫感染。采用南瓜子-槟榔治疗带绦虫,一个月后建议患者用阿苯达唑进行蛔虫驱虫治疗,并长期随访。研究发现,患者本次感染带绦虫的原因为食用了未熟透的牛肉,蛔虫感染原因为患者喜食生菜或不良卫生习惯及饮食习惯。因此,人们要注意饮食方式,讲究卫生,避免肠道寄生虫病发生;应加强健康教育,改变人们不良的饮食习惯,相关部门要加大对生肉的监督检疫力度。