Study of residual stresses in tailor rolled blanked Al5J32-T4 sheets

Several automotive parts such as door panels have been manufactured by using load-adapted blanks for crash optimization and weight minimization. Recently, Tailor Rolled Blanks (TRB) has been introduced to remove the disadvantages of a welding process which was used in joining panel components. TRB offers better structural design capabilities due to the seamless transitions on the panels with different thicknesses. In spite of the advantages of the process, TRB leaves internal stresses in the panel. This residual stresses lower the formability of Tailor Rolled Blanked (TRBed) parts and cause cracks near severe curvature during subsequent forming processes. In this research, the residual stresses of TRBed Al5J32-T4 sheets were studied by X-ray stress analysis, and also microstructure was observed along the rolling direction. In addition, heat treatment was done after TRB process in order to compare the residual stresses to that of the TRBed sheets before the heat treatment.

TRB及其轧制应用关键技术

讨论了车身用连续变截面辊轧板(TRB)在轧制和应用过程中的关键技术。TRB技术的实质是传统纵轧与辊间距实时调整变化相协调的过程,TRB轧制的关键是建立板厚综合系统控制模型,TRB在车身上的应用需要解决相应的冲压模具设计及冲压成型性评价等技术。该研究为实现车身轻量化拓宽了思路。

影响TRB单向拉伸的几何参数研究

将连续变截面辊轧板(Tailor Rolled Blanks,TRB)厚度过渡区离散为有限数量的等厚度区域,采用线性插值的方法描述TRB材料的非均匀性,建立TRB材料的应力应变场。参照等厚度板的单向拉伸试验国家标准,提出TRB单向拉伸试验的概念,在有限元软件ABAQUS中建立TRB单向拉伸的数学模型。以影响TRB单向拉伸的板料过渡区长度、板料厚度比等为参数,以厚度过渡区伸长率和厚度过渡区移动量等为评价标准,通过数值模拟和回归分析对不同方案下的厚度过渡区伸长率和厚度过渡区移动量进行比较。最后得到板厚比和伸长率之间关系的三次拟合曲线,分析厚度过渡区长度、板厚比对厚度过渡区移动量的影响。其结果为TRB拉伸性能标准的制定以及推动TRB在车身轻量化上的应用提供了重要的技术参考。

TRB轧制集成建模及成型关键技术

给出了实现连续变截面辊轧板(TRB)厚度控制的框架模型,研究了TRB轧制液压伺服系统建模控制方法,并进行了仿真分析。为进一步提高板厚形状控制精度,提出了将数学模型、人工智能和虚拟制造集成起来建模的策略,并给出了相应厚度集成控制模型。分析了基于虚拟技术的覆盖件产品开发平台和反映TRB制造过程的多层次信息模型,为TRB轧制控制提供了一种有效方法。

利用ABAQUS与正交试验理论的TRB成形参数优化

在有限元软件ABAQUS中建立连续变截面板的数值模型,以影响变截面板矩形件成形的板料过渡区长度、板料过渡区位置和板料厚度比等为参数,以最大料厚减薄率和板料节约率等为考核目标,通过数值模拟和正交优化方法,对比分析不同方案下最大料厚减薄率和板料节约率,确定最优方案,以提高变截面板的成形性能。结果表明,厚度过渡区的长度对矩形件成形的影响最大,过渡区的位置次之,厚度比的影响最小。

高强钢TRB高温下热流变特性

为了准确仿真高强钢板热冲压成形过程,获得高强钢高温下的材料本构关系模型,利用Gleeble3500热模拟试验机在不同温度和应变速率下对不同厚度的高强钢B1500HS钢板进行了单向拉伸试验,获得各种工艺条件下的应力-应变曲线,并基于变形抗力数学模型,引入板材厚度参数,通过最小二乘法进行数据拟合获得高强钢TRB高温下的材料本构关系.利用试验结果对本构关系模型进行的拟合验证表明,拟合程度较好,说明建立的材料本构关系能很好地描述高强钢TRB在高温下的应力-应变关系.

CR340 TRB的晶体塑性有限元模拟及参数标定

基于Voronoi图形方法生成了随机晶粒形状的二维多晶体几何模型。同时将轧制差厚板的晶体塑性本构模型通过用户子程序嵌入到分析软件Abaqus中,进行单向拉伸模拟。结合晶体塑性理论和有限元数值模拟,采用控制变量法研究了参考剪切应变率、应变率敏感指数、初始硬化模量、饱和流动应力、初始临界分剪切应力对模拟结果的影响,通过拉伸试验和模拟得到应力应变曲线,确定了轧制差厚板晶体本构方程的各项参数。

TRB板轧制-弯曲-回弹的多工步分析

轧制差厚板的变厚度轧制过程中,由于厚区和薄区的变形程度不同,使得厚区和薄区的残余应力分布不均匀,对后续弯曲成形制件的回弹产生较大影响。将轧制和成形的有限元分析相结合,研究轧制差厚板的弯曲制件的残余应力对回弹的影响。推导了变厚度轧制过程中轧辊竖直方向运动的速度公式,用于实现变厚度轧制的有限元分析。把轧制差厚板的弯曲成形作为多工步塑性成形的后续工序,将轧制引起的残余应力继承到弯曲回弹的分析中,分析了轧制对回弹的影响。所得结果与物理试验进行对比,验证了该方法的有效性。

TRB结构的某车型仪表板横梁轻量化设计

为了实现某车型的仪表板横梁轻量化设计,利用CAE和连续变截面板(TRB)结构的特点对目标横梁进行优化设计。首先在有限元软件ANSYS中通过APDL的参数迭代,在满足仪表板横梁刚度的前提下将厚度截面的横梁管优化为连续变截面管。其次通过各支架部件的模态因子来定量分析各部件减重对仪表板横梁模态的影响,以明确支架零件的减重方向。最终仪表板横梁整体减少质量9.65%。

基于TRB结构的汽车前纵梁轻量化设计

以某汽车的前纵梁为例,参照我国C-NCAP中车辆正面碰撞测试要求,建立汽车前纵梁碰撞简化模型作为有限元仿真模型,并通过正交试验采样和多项式回归法构建响应面近似模型,将连续变截面板技术应用于前纵梁轻量化设计。结果表明:基于连续变截面板结构的汽车前纵梁相对于等厚板前纵梁具有更好的耐撞性,并且具有明显的减重效果,前纵梁质量减少了3.85kg,减重17.7%。

不同类型铝硅镀层热成型钢的耐蚀性研究

[目的]铝硅镀层热成型钢的镀层厚度对其防腐性能影响较大,有必要对汽车上使用的铝硅镀层热成型常规镀层板(镀层厚度20~33μm)、薄镀层板(镀层厚度6~14μm)及变厚度板的耐蚀性进行比较。[方法]采用中性盐雾(NSS)试验对热成型前后试样的耐蚀性进行考察。[结果]热成型前,常规镀层板在NSS试验1109 h时才出现红锈,薄镀层板在283 h后便出现红锈,变厚度板薄区618 h后出现红锈;热成型及电泳后,常规镀层板和薄厚度板的单边扩蚀宽度分别为0 mm和4.0 mm,变厚度板上基板厚度为2.3、2.0和1.8 mm的区域的单边扩蚀宽度分别为0.5、2.0和2.0 mm。[结论]热成型前,铝硅镀层板的耐蚀性与镀层的表面层隔离作用有关;热成型及电泳后,镀层的扩散层厚度对腐蚀的影响较大,变厚度板的防腐性能较薄镀层板好,但比常规镀层板差。

基于TRB技术的车身减量化设计与优化分析

连续变截面薄板(Tailor Rolled Blank,TRB)是新型的厚度连续变化的板材,它是实现轻量化的有效途径之一。基于TRB技术,结合车身碰撞力的传递路径及载荷流的合理分布的设计方法,以某款SUV车侧面碰撞中的主要关重件为例,对其结构进行优化设计。研究表明:应用新型TRB板材,在侧面碰撞过程中降低了整车的变形和胸部以及骨盆处侵入速度峰值,保证在耐撞性不减的前提下,整车质量减轻了5.5 kg,零件数量减少了5个。相应地也减少焊接工艺、生产工序,同时实现耐撞性和减量化的双重目标。

使用TRB管无补料的液压胀形成形阶梯管的研究

建立了TRB(轧制差厚板)管无轴向补料阶梯管液压胀形的有限元模型,研究了TRB管的过渡区和胀形区长度及阶梯管的设计壁厚对终成形件壁厚分布的影响,并对某轴向非对称阶梯管的成形进行了模拟。结果表明:成形件最小壁厚与设计壁厚的最大差值为0.109 mm,为设计壁厚的5.45%,而最大壁厚与设计壁厚的最大差值为0.117 mm,为设计壁厚的5.85%;非轴向对称阶梯管成形中最小壁厚、最大壁厚与设计壁厚的差分别为设计壁厚的4%与4.88%,因此,壁厚分布是均匀的。随设计壁厚增大,壁厚差和最小壁厚与设计壁厚的差增大;过渡区长度增大,壁厚差增大,在过渡区长度小于30 mm时,最小壁厚与设计壁厚的差快速减小,之后变化不明显;胀形区的长度对两个壁厚差的影响规律相似,随账形区长度增大,均为先减后增且壁厚差值变化量不大。

基于TRB结构的整车耐撞性可靠性优化

为提高汽车的结构耐撞性和轻量化水平,文章将连续变截面板(tailor rolled blank,TRB)应用于某轿车的前端关键吸能件,并对其进行可靠性优化设计(reliability optimization design,ROD)。基于试验验证的整车碰撞有限元分析模型建立关键吸能结构的TRB有限元模型;结合试验设计、克里格(Kriging,KRG)代理模型和多目标粒子群(multi-objective particle swarm optimization,MPSO)算法,以减轻结构质量和增大吸能为优化目标,对TRB的结构参数进行确定性优化和可靠性优化。结果表明:优化后的TRB前端结构与原设计相比,整车耐撞性及轻量化程度得到显著提升,同时也保障了设计的可靠性。

压下率对热成形钢铝硅镀层显微组织和性能的影响

轧制差厚板被广泛应用在汽车各零部件中。本文研究了不同压下率轧制对热成形钢铝硅镀层显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明,轧制后的铝硅镀层热成形钢组织形貌保持不变,由外到内依旧保持着铝基体、合金扩散层、硼钢基体的结构特点。随着压下率的增大,试验钢镀层厚度减少,但合金扩散层厚度基本保持不变。压下率为10%~30%时,铝硅镀层及合金扩散层连续性均未被破坏,但合金扩散层内部出现裂纹,裂纹密度随压下率增大而增大。镀层总厚度减薄率略高于压下率;压下为40%时,镀层减薄现象更加明显,部分位置铝基与硼钢基体直接接触。试验钢的抗拉强度、屈服强度、基体维氏硬度随压下率增大而增加,伸长率急剧降低,但断裂伸长率均≥2%。

Study on Nonuniform Deformation of Tailor Rolled Blank During Uniaxial Tension

The deformation characteristics of tailor rolled blank （TRB） in the course of uniaxial tension were studied by means of analysis, test and simulation. The mechanical analytical model of TRB during uniaxial tension was set up, and the deformation formulae for the thinner side and for the thicker side were derived to quantify the deformation of TRB. On this basis, uniaxial tension tests on TRB and ordinary blanks （the thinner side and the thicker side of TRB） were conducted. Lagrange polynomial interpolation method was adopted to construct the stress-strain fields of unannealed and annealed TRBs for solving TRB material parameters, and then, uniaxial tension simulation on TRB was completed. Deformations and properties of unannealed TRB were compared with those of annealed TRB, and the thinner side and the thicker side were also compared. Finally, the research results were explained by metallurgical structure. The results show that nonuniform deformation happens in TRB during uniaxial tension, and the necking occurs on the thinner side. The agreement of analysis, test and simulation confirms the correctness of the analytical model and the deformation formulae. The findings of this paper can lay the foundation for the future study on TRB stamping formability and provide a way for TRB modeling.

基于灰色关联分析的轧制差厚板盒形件充液拉深成形工艺参数多目标优化

目的 将充液拉深工艺引入轧制差厚板零件的成形,为了进一步掌握差厚板的充液拉深成形性能,对差厚板盒形件充液拉深成形过程进行研究。方法 通过理论推导获取临界液池压力公式,在此基础上运用数值模拟方法分析液池压力比对差厚板厚度减薄率和厚度过渡区移动量的影响,采用正交试验和灰色关联分析获取成形参数对差厚板盒形件成形性能的影响规律和最优参数组合,实现对差厚板盒形件充液拉深成形工艺参数的多目标优化。结果 随着薄-厚侧液池压力比的增大,差厚板最大厚度减薄率先减小后增大,过渡区移动量先增大后趋于平稳,薄-厚侧液池压力比为2较为合理。厚侧压边力、摩擦因数、薄-厚侧液池压力之比、薄-厚侧压边力之比、厚侧液池压力对差厚板盒形件充液拉深性能的影响程度依次减小。结论 采用灰色关联分析得到的最优工艺参数组合来完成差厚板盒形件的充液拉深成形,能够有效地抑制差厚板零件厚度的过分减薄及厚度过渡区的过度移动,进而提高差厚板的成形性能。

Forming Limit and Thickness Transition Zone Movement for Tailor Rolled Blank during Drawing Process

The process of automobile lightweight can be promoted by the application of tailor rolled blank（TRB）in the automobile industry.Therefore,research on the formability of TRB is of good practical significance and application value because of the enormous potential of TRB in the aspect of automobile lightweight.Aiming at the present condition of lack of researches on the influence of characteristic parameters on TRB drawing process,the drawing formability of TRB was studied with a combination method of simulation and experiment by taking square box as the research object.Firstly,drawing simulation and experiment of TRB were carried out.Then,effects of thickness transition zone（TTZ）position and blank size on the drawing formability of TRB were analyzed.Forming limit and TTZ movement for TRB square box during the drawing process were respectively discussed,when transition zones of TRB were located at different positions and blanks were of different sizes.The results indicate that lubrication condition exerts greater influence on TRB forming limit in comparison with TTZ movement,and the smaller blank size and TTZ being located at the blank center or slightly offset to the thinner side are preferable for acquiring greater forming limit and smaller TTZ movement.

Transverse Bending Characteristics in U-channel Forming of Tailor Rolled Blank

Research on the formability of tailor rolled blank （TRB） is of good practical significance and application value because of the enormous potential of TRB in the aspect of automobile lightweight. However, the forming of TRB is problematic because of the varying properties; especially, springback is a main challenge. The transverse bending （bending axis is perpendicular to the rolling direction） of TRB U channel was studied through simulation and experiment. The forming characteristics of TRB U channel during transverse bending were analyzed. The mechanisms of forming defects, including bending springback and thickness transition zone （TTZ） movement, were revealed. On this basis, effects of blank geometric parameters on springbaek and TTZ movement were discussed. The results indicate that springback and TTZ movement happen during transverse bending of TRB U-channel. Nonuni form stress distribution is the most fundamental reason for the occurrence of springback of TRB during transverse bending. Annealing can eliminate nonuniform stress distribution, and thus diminish springbaek of TRB, especially springback on the thinner side. Therefore, springback of the whole TRB becomes more uniform. However, annealing can increase the TTZ movement. Blank thickness and TTZ position are the main factors affecting the formability of TRB U-channel during transverse bending.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Springback in U-Channel Forming of Tailor Rolled Blank

In order to grasp the springback rule of TRB ( tailor rolled blank ) parts after forming , the springback behavior of TRB was investigated by integrating such three means as theoretical research , numerical simulation and stamping experiments.Fundamental theories of springback were analyzed.The stamping and springback processes of annealed 1.2 / 2.0mm TRB , 1.2mm and 2.0mm plates for U-channel were simulated , and the simulation results were compared with the experiments.The results indicate that the springback of TRB falls in between those of the 1.2mm and 2.0mm plates.It is desirable for the TRB U-channel to have die clearance of 1.1times maximum blank thickness and friction coefficient of about 0.12 , and longer thickness transition zone is preferable.The simulation data demonstrate reasonably good agreement with the experiments.