Bacterial attachment is influenced by the cell surface, attachment media and other environmental factors. Bacterial community composition involved in biofilm formation in extremely high rainfall areas like Cherrapunje...Bacterial attachment is influenced by the cell surface, attachment media and other environmental factors. Bacterial community composition involved in biofilm formation in extremely high rainfall areas like Cherrapunjee has not been reported. The present study was undertaken to characterize bacteria involved in biofilm formation on different substrata in water bodies of Cherrapunjee, the highest rainfall receiving place on planet earth and to assess if the continuous rainfall has an effect on nature and colonization of biofilm bacteria. We developed the biofilm bacteria on stainless steel and glass surfaces immersed in water bodies of the study sites. Isolation of biofilm bacteria were performed on different culture media followed by estimation of protein and carbohydrate content of bacterial exopolysaccharides. 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified for molecular characterization. The results showed that the biofilm bacterial diversity in water bodies of Cherrapunjee was influenced by substratum and was observed more in stainless steel than glass surface. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that biofilm microstructure may represent a key determinant of biofilm growth and physiology of associated bacteria. The overall protein content of the extracted EPS of all the isolates were relatively higher than the carbohydrate content. Diverse bacteria proliferated on the substrata regardless of each other's presence, with more diverse bacteria colonizing the substrata on 7th day compared to 15th day of incubation. The biofilm bacteria compositions in the highest rainfall receiving habitat were not distinctly different from reports available, hence not unique from other water bodies.展开更多
By using solid-state nuclear detectors, the air radon concentrations at 87 underground working places were measured during spring, summer and winter, respectively. The survey covered 23 cities whose annual radon conce...By using solid-state nuclear detectors, the air radon concentrations at 87 underground working places were measured during spring, summer and winter, respectively. The survey covered 23 cities whose annual radon concentrations range from {14.9} to {246.4} Bq·m{-3} with an overall arithmetic mean value of {106.7} Bq·m{-3}. The average annual effective dose received by people working in these underground working places was {1.6} mSv, hence the lifetime fatality risk was {1.2}×10{-4}. Fujian Province had the highest radon level during the survey. It is better to reduce the radon concentration heavily in summer because of higher radon concentration than in winter.展开更多
Australian women writers have taken active roles in the literary field under the influence of the Feminist Movement around the world since the latter half of the 20 th century. Kate Grenville rose to fame for her earl...Australian women writers have taken active roles in the literary field under the influence of the Feminist Movement around the world since the latter half of the 20 th century. Kate Grenville rose to fame for her early novel Lillian's Story representative of radical feminism. Ten years later in 1994,on reflection,she wrote Dark Places as a complementary work in the point viewof the very man,father and rapist,Albion,who appeared in the earlier novel. By reading the dark places,the inner heart of a patriarchal man and the undercurrent of misogyny in Albion's social world,the author sympathizes with and seeks to understand the inner nature of men,indicating her change in vision from initial radicalism to post- feminism which advocates understanding and harmony between men and women.展开更多
The Newcomb-Benford law, which describes the uneven distribution of the frequencies of digits in data sets, is by its nature probabilistic. Therefore, the main goal of this work was to derive formulas for the permissi...The Newcomb-Benford law, which describes the uneven distribution of the frequencies of digits in data sets, is by its nature probabilistic. Therefore, the main goal of this work was to derive formulas for the permissible deviations of the above frequencies (confidence intervals). For this, a previously developed method was used, which represents an alternative to the traditional approach. The alternative formula expressing the Newcomb-Benford law is re-derived. As shown in general form, it is numerically equivalent to the original Benford formula. The obtained formulas for confidence intervals for Benford’s law are shown to be useful for checking arrays of numerical data. Consequences for numeral systems with different bases are analyzed. The alternative expression for the frequencies of digits at the second decimal place is deduced together with the corresponding deviation intervals. In general, in this approach, all the presented results are a consequence of the positionality property of digital systems such as decimal, binary, etc.展开更多
This article echoes Kenneth Frampton’s critical regionalism to address maintaining the values of the past into the present.For Frampton,architecture design is regionally infused due to essentially dealing with“speci...This article echoes Kenneth Frampton’s critical regionalism to address maintaining the values of the past into the present.For Frampton,architecture design is regionally infused due to essentially dealing with“specificity and locality”,however,remains reluctant to adopt a“universal technology”.A Masdar City’s design represents a valuable case due to casting light on the complexity embedded in intertwining the modernist technologies and a regional architecture.The case study’s analyses cited here suggest that the design of the present evolves from this complexity witnessing a deviation from a“universal technology”and a local architecture.A vernacular style of architecture has been blamed because it stitches together the“globe”and the“local”.A universal technology has been also witnessed here which yields support for the vernacular approaches embedded in a traditional architecture.What Frampton’s critical regionalism appears to overlook are the vernacular approaches that in the analysis of this article embrace a model of the design principles for the“tectonics”to be realised.The key argument brought forward in this article concerns Frampton’s critical regionalism that yet lacks a realistic approach to produce a sense within a local context,thereby needing in its theory to neatly twist the vernacular approaches with a critical regionalism’s synthesis.展开更多
Petri net language is a powerful tool for describing dynamic behaviors of physical systems. However, it is not easy to obtain the language expression for a given Petri net especially a structure-complex net. In this p...Petri net language is a powerful tool for describing dynamic behaviors of physical systems. However, it is not easy to obtain the language expression for a given Petri net especially a structure-complex net. In this paper, we first analyze the behaviors of S-nets, which are structure-simple. With the decomposition method based on a given index function on the place set, a given structure-complex Petri net can be decomposed into a set of structure-simple S-nets. With the language relationships between the original system and the decomposed subnets, an algorithm to obtain the language expression of a given structure-complex net system is presented, which benefits the analysis of physical systems based on the Petri net language.展开更多
文摘Bacterial attachment is influenced by the cell surface, attachment media and other environmental factors. Bacterial community composition involved in biofilm formation in extremely high rainfall areas like Cherrapunjee has not been reported. The present study was undertaken to characterize bacteria involved in biofilm formation on different substrata in water bodies of Cherrapunjee, the highest rainfall receiving place on planet earth and to assess if the continuous rainfall has an effect on nature and colonization of biofilm bacteria. We developed the biofilm bacteria on stainless steel and glass surfaces immersed in water bodies of the study sites. Isolation of biofilm bacteria were performed on different culture media followed by estimation of protein and carbohydrate content of bacterial exopolysaccharides. 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified for molecular characterization. The results showed that the biofilm bacterial diversity in water bodies of Cherrapunjee was influenced by substratum and was observed more in stainless steel than glass surface. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that biofilm microstructure may represent a key determinant of biofilm growth and physiology of associated bacteria. The overall protein content of the extracted EPS of all the isolates were relatively higher than the carbohydrate content. Diverse bacteria proliferated on the substrata regardless of each other's presence, with more diverse bacteria colonizing the substrata on 7th day compared to 15th day of incubation. The biofilm bacteria compositions in the highest rainfall receiving habitat were not distinctly different from reports available, hence not unique from other water bodies.
文摘By using solid-state nuclear detectors, the air radon concentrations at 87 underground working places were measured during spring, summer and winter, respectively. The survey covered 23 cities whose annual radon concentrations range from {14.9} to {246.4} Bq·m{-3} with an overall arithmetic mean value of {106.7} Bq·m{-3}. The average annual effective dose received by people working in these underground working places was {1.6} mSv, hence the lifetime fatality risk was {1.2}×10{-4}. Fujian Province had the highest radon level during the survey. It is better to reduce the radon concentration heavily in summer because of higher radon concentration than in winter.
基金Humanities and Social Sciences Research Planning Fund Key Project of Anhui Provinceunder Grant No.:SK2014A364namely“The Self in a Postmodernist Context:A Critical Study of Kate Grenville’s Fiction”
文摘Australian women writers have taken active roles in the literary field under the influence of the Feminist Movement around the world since the latter half of the 20 th century. Kate Grenville rose to fame for her early novel Lillian's Story representative of radical feminism. Ten years later in 1994,on reflection,she wrote Dark Places as a complementary work in the point viewof the very man,father and rapist,Albion,who appeared in the earlier novel. By reading the dark places,the inner heart of a patriarchal man and the undercurrent of misogyny in Albion's social world,the author sympathizes with and seeks to understand the inner nature of men,indicating her change in vision from initial radicalism to post- feminism which advocates understanding and harmony between men and women.
文摘The Newcomb-Benford law, which describes the uneven distribution of the frequencies of digits in data sets, is by its nature probabilistic. Therefore, the main goal of this work was to derive formulas for the permissible deviations of the above frequencies (confidence intervals). For this, a previously developed method was used, which represents an alternative to the traditional approach. The alternative formula expressing the Newcomb-Benford law is re-derived. As shown in general form, it is numerically equivalent to the original Benford formula. The obtained formulas for confidence intervals for Benford’s law are shown to be useful for checking arrays of numerical data. Consequences for numeral systems with different bases are analyzed. The alternative expression for the frequencies of digits at the second decimal place is deduced together with the corresponding deviation intervals. In general, in this approach, all the presented results are a consequence of the positionality property of digital systems such as decimal, binary, etc.
文摘This article echoes Kenneth Frampton’s critical regionalism to address maintaining the values of the past into the present.For Frampton,architecture design is regionally infused due to essentially dealing with“specificity and locality”,however,remains reluctant to adopt a“universal technology”.A Masdar City’s design represents a valuable case due to casting light on the complexity embedded in intertwining the modernist technologies and a regional architecture.The case study’s analyses cited here suggest that the design of the present evolves from this complexity witnessing a deviation from a“universal technology”and a local architecture.A vernacular style of architecture has been blamed because it stitches together the“globe”and the“local”.A universal technology has been also witnessed here which yields support for the vernacular approaches embedded in a traditional architecture.What Frampton’s critical regionalism appears to overlook are the vernacular approaches that in the analysis of this article embrace a model of the design principles for the“tectonics”to be realised.The key argument brought forward in this article concerns Frampton’s critical regionalism that yet lacks a realistic approach to produce a sense within a local context,thereby needing in its theory to neatly twist the vernacular approaches with a critical regionalism’s synthesis.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60173053&No.60274063)the Excellent Young Scientist Foundation of Shandong Province of China(No.02BS069).
文摘Petri net language is a powerful tool for describing dynamic behaviors of physical systems. However, it is not easy to obtain the language expression for a given Petri net especially a structure-complex net. In this paper, we first analyze the behaviors of S-nets, which are structure-simple. With the decomposition method based on a given index function on the place set, a given structure-complex Petri net can be decomposed into a set of structure-simple S-nets. With the language relationships between the original system and the decomposed subnets, an algorithm to obtain the language expression of a given structure-complex net system is presented, which benefits the analysis of physical systems based on the Petri net language.
