A common folk can sue an official? This was hardly possible in the past in China where the old feudalistic tradition dies hard. But this is really possible today when the common people cannot only sue officials and al...A common folk can sue an official? This was hardly possible in the past in China where the old feudalistic tradition dies hard. But this is really possible today when the common people cannot only sue officials and also get compensation if they are wronged. State compensation system It would be inevitable for government functionaries to cause damages to some citizens, legal persons or other organizations in the course of their management of the society. That is why China has established a State compensation system to compensate for the damages to citizens, legal persons and other organizations caused by government functionaries in exercising their power.展开更多
To analyze the effect of basic variable on failure probability in reliability analysis,a moment-independent importance measure of the basic random variable is proposed,and its properties are analyzed and verified.Base...To analyze the effect of basic variable on failure probability in reliability analysis,a moment-independent importance measure of the basic random variable is proposed,and its properties are analyzed and verified.Based on this work,the importance measure of the basic variable on the failure probability is compared with that on the distribution density of the response.By use of the probability density evolution method,a solution is established to solve two importance measures,which can efficiently avoid the difficulty in solving the importance measures.Some numerical examples and engineering examples are used to demonstrate the proposed importance measure on the failure probability and that on the distribution density of the response.The results show that the proposed importance measure can effectively describe the effect of the basic variable on the failure probability from the distribution density of the basic variable.Additionally,the results show that the established solution on the probability density evolution is efficient for the importance measures.展开更多
Food systems have the potential to promote human health and enhance environmental sustainability;yet most African countries have decadal starvation and malnourishment due to unstable food systems lacking basic nutriti...Food systems have the potential to promote human health and enhance environmental sustainability;yet most African countries have decadal starvation and malnourishment due to unstable food systems lacking basic nutritional profiles. To understand the key questions of the African food production and food security crisis, it is important to evaluate the past and the present balance of food production and consumption quantitatively and comprehensively and identify resource constraints. This continental study analyzed water-land-food (WLF) nexus in recent decades (1997-2017) and accessed whether these resources cope with different population growth projections, dietary changes and agricultural water management. The findings revealed that in 2017, total production in Africa for the four major crops was 83.3, 34.1, 21.0 and 26.7 million tons for, respectively, maize, rice, sorghum and wheat. Together with the imported food, 38 countries experienced an increase in kcal by food supply, while 7 countries encountered a decrease. However, only 6 countries were above the 1500 kcal∙capita<sup>−1</sup>∙day<sup>−1</sup>—the global average food consumption from the four major crops. The study also found that in the context of food production and out of the total African population, 268 million (21.6%) have enough land and water, 310 million (25.0%) is without enough land and water, further 279 million (22.5%) have enough water but not enough land, and 381 million (30.8%) encounter enough land but not enough water. This is the first WLF nexus study for the African continent and emphasizes the need for efficient and rapid changes in the food systems of the African population, both in production and consumption, in order to provide sustainable and secure food systems, and ultimately approach the first three Sustainable Development Goals.展开更多
China’s foreign trade has seen sustained and high speed development this year. Its US$12.18 billion unfavourable balance in trade last year changed quickly with a gradual monthly and quarterly increase in exports and...China’s foreign trade has seen sustained and high speed development this year. Its US$12.18 billion unfavourable balance in trade last year changed quickly with a gradual monthly and quarterly increase in exports and a slow-down in import. By the end of July, the balance of exports and imports has been basically achieved. According to statistics of customs office the total volume of exports and imports for the first seven months of 1994展开更多
A new column design software,TCD,was developed using visual basic for windows.The TCD interfaces are very friendly to facilitate communication between the user and the computer.TCD can be used not only to design new c...A new column design software,TCD,was developed using visual basic for windows.The TCD interfaces are very friendly to facilitate communication between the user and the computer.TCD can be used not only to design new columns,but also to check old columns for retray application.TCD can be easily learned and mastered.Several design examples are using TCD to display the advantages of TCD.This paper introduces the interface design process,functions and advantages of TCD.展开更多
文摘A common folk can sue an official? This was hardly possible in the past in China where the old feudalistic tradition dies hard. But this is really possible today when the common people cannot only sue officials and also get compensation if they are wronged. State compensation system It would be inevitable for government functionaries to cause damages to some citizens, legal persons or other organizations in the course of their management of the society. That is why China has established a State compensation system to compensate for the damages to citizens, legal persons and other organizations caused by government functionaries in exercising their power.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos NSFC1057211, 50875213)New Century Excellent Talents in University of China (Grant No NCET-05-0868)+2 种基金Aviation Science Foundation of China (Grant No 2007ZA53012)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No 2007AA04Z401)the Important National Science & Technology Specific Projects (Grant No 2009ZX04014-015-03)
文摘To analyze the effect of basic variable on failure probability in reliability analysis,a moment-independent importance measure of the basic random variable is proposed,and its properties are analyzed and verified.Based on this work,the importance measure of the basic variable on the failure probability is compared with that on the distribution density of the response.By use of the probability density evolution method,a solution is established to solve two importance measures,which can efficiently avoid the difficulty in solving the importance measures.Some numerical examples and engineering examples are used to demonstrate the proposed importance measure on the failure probability and that on the distribution density of the response.The results show that the proposed importance measure can effectively describe the effect of the basic variable on the failure probability from the distribution density of the basic variable.Additionally,the results show that the established solution on the probability density evolution is efficient for the importance measures.
文摘Food systems have the potential to promote human health and enhance environmental sustainability;yet most African countries have decadal starvation and malnourishment due to unstable food systems lacking basic nutritional profiles. To understand the key questions of the African food production and food security crisis, it is important to evaluate the past and the present balance of food production and consumption quantitatively and comprehensively and identify resource constraints. This continental study analyzed water-land-food (WLF) nexus in recent decades (1997-2017) and accessed whether these resources cope with different population growth projections, dietary changes and agricultural water management. The findings revealed that in 2017, total production in Africa for the four major crops was 83.3, 34.1, 21.0 and 26.7 million tons for, respectively, maize, rice, sorghum and wheat. Together with the imported food, 38 countries experienced an increase in kcal by food supply, while 7 countries encountered a decrease. However, only 6 countries were above the 1500 kcal∙capita<sup>−1</sup>∙day<sup>−1</sup>—the global average food consumption from the four major crops. The study also found that in the context of food production and out of the total African population, 268 million (21.6%) have enough land and water, 310 million (25.0%) is without enough land and water, further 279 million (22.5%) have enough water but not enough land, and 381 million (30.8%) encounter enough land but not enough water. This is the first WLF nexus study for the African continent and emphasizes the need for efficient and rapid changes in the food systems of the African population, both in production and consumption, in order to provide sustainable and secure food systems, and ultimately approach the first three Sustainable Development Goals.
文摘China’s foreign trade has seen sustained and high speed development this year. Its US$12.18 billion unfavourable balance in trade last year changed quickly with a gradual monthly and quarterly increase in exports and a slow-down in import. By the end of July, the balance of exports and imports has been basically achieved. According to statistics of customs office the total volume of exports and imports for the first seven months of 1994
文摘A new column design software,TCD,was developed using visual basic for windows.The TCD interfaces are very friendly to facilitate communication between the user and the computer.TCD can be used not only to design new columns,but also to check old columns for retray application.TCD can be easily learned and mastered.Several design examples are using TCD to display the advantages of TCD.This paper introduces the interface design process,functions and advantages of TCD.
