A case of household water tanks, 1000 L capacity, made of RCC, LLDPE and mild steel (stainless steel) was evaluated for life cycle analysis. The scope of the research comprised of the raw materials, energy inputs and ...A case of household water tanks, 1000 L capacity, made of RCC, LLDPE and mild steel (stainless steel) was evaluated for life cycle analysis. The scope of the research comprised of the raw materials, energy inputs and corresponding emissions during all phases of product making such as extraction of raw material, it’s processing, followed by manufacturing and transport, as well as use and reuse of the product. Simapro 8 (System for Integrated environMental Assessment of PROducts), a modelling software, from Dutch PRé Consultants was used to conduct the life cycle analysis. Simapro 8 enables systematic and transparent modelling and analysis of complex life cycles based on the recommendations of the ISO 14040 series of standards. In the present study the most common method which is acceptable worldwide “Recipe Endpoint method” (ReCiPe) was employed. ReCiPe computes the impact categories and classifies them into two classes based on relevant arrays of characterization factors. Simapro addresses impact categories viz. ozone depletion, human toxicity, ionizing radiation, photochemical oxidant formation, particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification, climate change, terrestrial ecotoxicity, agricultural land occupation, urban land occupation, natural land transformation, marine ecotoxicity, marine eutrophication, fresh water eutrophication, fresh water ecotoxicity, fossil fuel depletion, minerals depletion, fresh water depletion at the midpoint level. While at the Endpoint level, the impact categories are multiplied by corresponding damage factors and integrated to be represented as three Endpoint level categories, viz. human health, ecosystems and resource depletion. The three endpoint categories are normalized, weighted, and aggregated into a single score. LCA studies indicate that household water tanks of LLDPE have least environmental implications considering impacts on human health, ecosystems and resource depletion as compared to its counterparts viz. Household water tanks made up of mild steel and RCC. The sequence of the material with decreasing impacts is concrete tanks > mild steel tank > LLDPE tanks. The overall assessment is centred on the elements such as material inputs, energy inputs and environmental emissions.展开更多
针对通过焊接工艺组装而成的铁路罐车在运行中经常发生断裂的问题,利用Isight平台,根据美国AAR标准提供的载荷谱,依据国际焊接协会International Institute of Welding标准,基于准静态法和Miner累计损伤理论选取了9个危险焊缝进行疲劳...针对通过焊接工艺组装而成的铁路罐车在运行中经常发生断裂的问题,利用Isight平台,根据美国AAR标准提供的载荷谱,依据国际焊接协会International Institute of Welding标准,基于准静态法和Miner累计损伤理论选取了9个危险焊缝进行疲劳寿命评估。通过将焊接疲劳计算的相关文件集成到Isight平台,进行了流程化虚拟疲劳计算。计算结果显示,所选的9个焊缝均符合设计要求。该方法显著缩短了疲劳寿命计算时间,并提高了计算结果的可靠性。展开更多
埕北B平台上的大型原油储罐设计建造于20世纪80年代,设计规范采用API 650(第7版),材质为JIS G 3101—1976标准的SS41,原设计使用寿命为15年。由于罐壁局部腐蚀深度超过腐蚀余量,需要通过对比设计建造新旧版本规范、国内国外标准、强度核...埕北B平台上的大型原油储罐设计建造于20世纪80年代,设计规范采用API 650(第7版),材质为JIS G 3101—1976标准的SS41,原设计使用寿命为15年。由于罐壁局部腐蚀深度超过腐蚀余量,需要通过对比设计建造新旧版本规范、国内国外标准、强度核算,完成腐蚀后的安全状态评估,采用门形切除逐块更换方案,通过控制焊接整体变形量完成缺陷改造,延长其使用寿命。展开更多
文摘A case of household water tanks, 1000 L capacity, made of RCC, LLDPE and mild steel (stainless steel) was evaluated for life cycle analysis. The scope of the research comprised of the raw materials, energy inputs and corresponding emissions during all phases of product making such as extraction of raw material, it’s processing, followed by manufacturing and transport, as well as use and reuse of the product. Simapro 8 (System for Integrated environMental Assessment of PROducts), a modelling software, from Dutch PRé Consultants was used to conduct the life cycle analysis. Simapro 8 enables systematic and transparent modelling and analysis of complex life cycles based on the recommendations of the ISO 14040 series of standards. In the present study the most common method which is acceptable worldwide “Recipe Endpoint method” (ReCiPe) was employed. ReCiPe computes the impact categories and classifies them into two classes based on relevant arrays of characterization factors. Simapro addresses impact categories viz. ozone depletion, human toxicity, ionizing radiation, photochemical oxidant formation, particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification, climate change, terrestrial ecotoxicity, agricultural land occupation, urban land occupation, natural land transformation, marine ecotoxicity, marine eutrophication, fresh water eutrophication, fresh water ecotoxicity, fossil fuel depletion, minerals depletion, fresh water depletion at the midpoint level. While at the Endpoint level, the impact categories are multiplied by corresponding damage factors and integrated to be represented as three Endpoint level categories, viz. human health, ecosystems and resource depletion. The three endpoint categories are normalized, weighted, and aggregated into a single score. LCA studies indicate that household water tanks of LLDPE have least environmental implications considering impacts on human health, ecosystems and resource depletion as compared to its counterparts viz. Household water tanks made up of mild steel and RCC. The sequence of the material with decreasing impacts is concrete tanks > mild steel tank > LLDPE tanks. The overall assessment is centred on the elements such as material inputs, energy inputs and environmental emissions.
文摘针对通过焊接工艺组装而成的铁路罐车在运行中经常发生断裂的问题,利用Isight平台,根据美国AAR标准提供的载荷谱,依据国际焊接协会International Institute of Welding标准,基于准静态法和Miner累计损伤理论选取了9个危险焊缝进行疲劳寿命评估。通过将焊接疲劳计算的相关文件集成到Isight平台,进行了流程化虚拟疲劳计算。计算结果显示,所选的9个焊缝均符合设计要求。该方法显著缩短了疲劳寿命计算时间,并提高了计算结果的可靠性。
文摘埕北B平台上的大型原油储罐设计建造于20世纪80年代,设计规范采用API 650(第7版),材质为JIS G 3101—1976标准的SS41,原设计使用寿命为15年。由于罐壁局部腐蚀深度超过腐蚀余量,需要通过对比设计建造新旧版本规范、国内国外标准、强度核算,完成腐蚀后的安全状态评估,采用门形切除逐块更换方案,通过控制焊接整体变形量完成缺陷改造,延长其使用寿命。
