Background: A better understanding of the impact of Targeted Interventions (TI) services on Female Sex Worker (FSW) behaviours can help in informing and strengthening future TI efforts under National AIDS Control Prog...Background: A better understanding of the impact of Targeted Interventions (TI) services on Female Sex Worker (FSW) behaviours can help in informing and strengthening future TI efforts under National AIDS Control Programme (NACP). Methods: National Integrated Biological and Behavioural Survey (IBBS) 2014-15 has been analysed in the paper. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used to understand factors affecting condom use. Propensity score matching (PSM) was done to understand the impact of the TI services on condom use at the last act and consistent condom use in the last three months among FSWs. Results: Younger FSWs aged 15 - 25 years were 1.4 times (95% CI: 1.04 - 1.77) more likely to use consistent condoms in the last three months compared to older over 45 years after controlling for other socio-economic and programme variables. The matched samples estimate ATET i.e. the average treatment effect on treated for consistent condom use in the last three months shows that a 6.0% (CI: 4.7 - 7.3) increase in consistent condom use in the last three months in the FSWs who received information on STI/HIV from peer educator and outreach worker. There is also a 6.0% (4.7 - 7.2) increase in condom use in the last act for FSWs who received the referral services at STI clinics, HIV testing, and detox centres. Conclusions: It is evident that the TI programme has a positive impact on behavior change among FSWs which can prove beneficial to curtail the spread of HIV to the partners and onward transmission to the general population.展开更多
Background Prior randomized trials have shown reduced bleeding with bivalirudin compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, it is not known ...Background Prior randomized trials have shown reduced bleeding with bivalirudin compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, it is not known if this benefit is also present when UFH doses are more tightly controlled (as measured by activated clotting time, ACT).展开更多
Precise identification of HIV transmission among populations is a key step in public health responses.However,the HIV transmission network is usually difficult to determine.HIV molecular networks can be determined by ...Precise identification of HIV transmission among populations is a key step in public health responses.However,the HIV transmission network is usually difficult to determine.HIV molecular networks can be determined by phylogenetic approach,genetic distance-based approach,and a combination of both approaches.These approaches are increasingly used to identify transmission networks among populations,reconstruct the history of HIV spread,monitor the dynamics of HIV transmission,guide targeted intervention on key subpopulations,and assess the effects of interventions.Simulation and retrospective studies have demonstrated that these molecular network-based interventions are more cost-effective than random or traditional interventions.However,we still need to address several challenges to improve the practice of molecular network-guided targeting interventions to finally end the HIV epidemic.The data remain limited or difficult to obtain,and more automatic real-time tools are required.In addition,molecular and social networks must be combined,and technical parameters and ethnic issues warrant further studies.展开更多
Epidemics of infectious diseases have been known to recur in time.Diseases like influenza,despite intervention efforts through vaccination and targeted social distancing,continue to persist intermittently in the popul...Epidemics of infectious diseases have been known to recur in time.Diseases like influenza,despite intervention efforts through vaccination and targeted social distancing,continue to persist intermittently in the population.I have undertaken an analysis of a stochastic epidemic model with the hypothesis that intervention drives epidemic cycles.Intervention indeed is found to induce cycles of epidemic activity.Above a minimum intervention rate,however,activity dies out in finite time.The susceptibility structure of a community could be easily infused into the design of existing surveillance protocols.By tracking that structure,early detection of an impending outbreak is enhanced.展开更多
Identification of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)transmission networks is a critical step in the public health response;however,it is challenging to achieve this through traditional epidemiological surveys alone.The...Identification of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)transmission networks is a critical step in the public health response;however,it is challenging to achieve this through traditional epidemiological surveys alone.The molecular network approach can provide more accurate information for understanding HIV outbreaks and bring targeted interventions into reality.Based on the current global development of the concept of the molecular network,Chinese scientists have in recent years explored the applications of molecular networks for understanding the HIV-1 transmission trends,for identifying the population acquiring priority interventions,and for evaluating the targeted intervention effectiveness.In this review,we focus on research progress by Chinese scientists in the field of molecular networks and put forward some suggestions for future research of molecular networks.展开更多
文摘Background: A better understanding of the impact of Targeted Interventions (TI) services on Female Sex Worker (FSW) behaviours can help in informing and strengthening future TI efforts under National AIDS Control Programme (NACP). Methods: National Integrated Biological and Behavioural Survey (IBBS) 2014-15 has been analysed in the paper. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used to understand factors affecting condom use. Propensity score matching (PSM) was done to understand the impact of the TI services on condom use at the last act and consistent condom use in the last three months among FSWs. Results: Younger FSWs aged 15 - 25 years were 1.4 times (95% CI: 1.04 - 1.77) more likely to use consistent condoms in the last three months compared to older over 45 years after controlling for other socio-economic and programme variables. The matched samples estimate ATET i.e. the average treatment effect on treated for consistent condom use in the last three months shows that a 6.0% (CI: 4.7 - 7.3) increase in consistent condom use in the last three months in the FSWs who received information on STI/HIV from peer educator and outreach worker. There is also a 6.0% (4.7 - 7.2) increase in condom use in the last act for FSWs who received the referral services at STI clinics, HIV testing, and detox centres. Conclusions: It is evident that the TI programme has a positive impact on behavior change among FSWs which can prove beneficial to curtail the spread of HIV to the partners and onward transmission to the general population.
文摘Background Prior randomized trials have shown reduced bleeding with bivalirudin compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, it is not known if this benefit is also present when UFH doses are more tightly controlled (as measured by activated clotting time, ACT).
基金This work was supported in part by the Mega-Projects of the National Science Research for the 13th Five-Year Plan(No.2017ZX10201101),Innovation Team Development Program of the Ministry of Education(No.IRT_16R70)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81871637)Central Publicinterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.2018PT31042).
文摘Precise identification of HIV transmission among populations is a key step in public health responses.However,the HIV transmission network is usually difficult to determine.HIV molecular networks can be determined by phylogenetic approach,genetic distance-based approach,and a combination of both approaches.These approaches are increasingly used to identify transmission networks among populations,reconstruct the history of HIV spread,monitor the dynamics of HIV transmission,guide targeted intervention on key subpopulations,and assess the effects of interventions.Simulation and retrospective studies have demonstrated that these molecular network-based interventions are more cost-effective than random or traditional interventions.However,we still need to address several challenges to improve the practice of molecular network-guided targeting interventions to finally end the HIV epidemic.The data remain limited or difficult to obtain,and more automatic real-time tools are required.In addition,molecular and social networks must be combined,and technical parameters and ethnic issues warrant further studies.
基金support from the Ateneo Scholarly Work Grant SOSE 172012the National Research Council of the Philippines(NRCP)Grant B-108.
文摘Epidemics of infectious diseases have been known to recur in time.Diseases like influenza,despite intervention efforts through vaccination and targeted social distancing,continue to persist intermittently in the population.I have undertaken an analysis of a stochastic epidemic model with the hypothesis that intervention drives epidemic cycles.Intervention indeed is found to induce cycles of epidemic activity.Above a minimum intervention rate,however,activity dies out in finite time.The susceptibility structure of a community could be easily infused into the design of existing surveillance protocols.By tracking that structure,early detection of an impending outbreak is enhanced.
基金This work was supported by Mega-Projects of National Science Research for the 13th Five-Year Plan(2018ZX10721102)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-I2M-5-027)。
文摘Identification of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)transmission networks is a critical step in the public health response;however,it is challenging to achieve this through traditional epidemiological surveys alone.The molecular network approach can provide more accurate information for understanding HIV outbreaks and bring targeted interventions into reality.Based on the current global development of the concept of the molecular network,Chinese scientists have in recent years explored the applications of molecular networks for understanding the HIV-1 transmission trends,for identifying the population acquiring priority interventions,and for evaluating the targeted intervention effectiveness.In this review,we focus on research progress by Chinese scientists in the field of molecular networks and put forward some suggestions for future research of molecular networks.