Efficacy and safety of propofol target-controlled infusion combined with butorphanol for sedated colonoscopy

BACKGROUND Propofol is a short-acting,rapid-recovering anesthetic widely used in sedated colonoscopy for the early detection,diagnosis and treatment of colon diseases.However,the use of propofol alone may require high doses to achieve the induction of anesthesia in sedated colonoscopy,which has been associated with anesthesia-related adverse events(AEs),including hypoxemia,sinus bradycardia,and hypotension.Therefore,propofol co-administrated with other anesthetics has been proposed to reduce the required dose of propofol,enhance the efficacy,and improve the satisfaction of patients receiving colonoscopy under sedation.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of propofol target-controlled infusion(TCI)in combination with butorphanol for sedation during colonoscopy.METHODS In this controlled clinical trial,a total of 106 patients,who were scheduled for sedated colonoscopy,were prospectively recruited and assigned into three groups to receive different doses of butorphanol before propofol TCI:Low-dose butorphanol group(5μg/kg,group B1),high-dose butorphanol group(10μg/kg,group B2),and control group(normal saline,group C).Anesthesia was achieved by propofol TCI.The primary outcome was the median effective concentration(EC50)of propofol TCI,which was measured using the up-and-down sequential method.The secondary outcomes included AEs in perianesthesia and recovery characteristics.RESULTS The EC50 of propofol for TCI was 3.03μg/mL[95%confidence interval(CI):2.83-3.23μg/mL]in group B2,3.41μg/mL(95%CI:3.20-3.62μg/mL)in group B1,and 4.05μg/mL(95%CI:3.78-4.34μg/mL)in group C.The amount of propofol necessary for anesthesia was 132 mg[interquartile range(IQR),125-144.75 mg]in group B2 and 142 mg(IQR,135-154 mg)in group B1.Furthermore,the awakening concentration was 1.1μg/mL(IQR,0.9-1.2μg/mL)in group B2 and 1.2μg/mL(IQR,1.025-1.5μg/mL)in group B1.Notably,the propofol TCI plus butorphanol groups(groups B1 and B2)had a lower incidence of anesthesia AEs,when compared to group C.Furthermore,no significant differences were observed in the rates of AEs in perianesthesia,including hypoxemia,sinus bradycardia,hypotension,nausea and vomiting,and vertigo,among group C,group B1 and group B2.CONCLUSION The combined use with butorphanol reduces the EC50 of propofol TCI for anesthesia.The decrease in propofol might contribute to the reduced anesthesia-related AEs in patients undergoing sedated colonoscopy.

Propofol Target-Controlled Infusion Modeling in Rabbits:Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis

This study aimed to establish a new propofol target-controlled infusion（TCI） model in animals so as to study the general anesthetic mechanism at multi-levels in vivo. Twenty Japanese white rabbits were enrolled and propofol（10 mg/kg） was administrated intravenously. Artery blood samples were collected at various time points after injection, and plasma concentrations of propofol were measured. Pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using Win Nonlin software. Propofol TCI within the acquired parameters integrated was conducted to achieve different anesthetic depths in rabbits, monitored by narcotrend. The pharmacodynamics was analyzed using a sigmoidal inhibitory maximal effect model for narcotrend index（NI） versus effect-site concentration. The results showed the pharmacokinetics of propofol in Japanese white rabbits was best described by a two-compartment model. The target plasma concentrations of propofol required at light anesthetic depth was 9.77±0.23 μg/m L, while 12.52±0.69 μg/m L at deep anesthetic depth. NI was 76.17±4.25 at light anesthetic depth, while 27.41±5.77 at deep anesthetic depth. The effect-site elimination rate constant（ke0） was 0.263/min, and the propofol dose required to achieve a 50% decrease in the NI value from baseline was 11.19 μg/m L（95% CI, 10.25–13.67）. Our results established a new propofol TCI animal model and proved the model controlled the anesthetic depth accurately and stably in rabbits. The study provides a powerful method for exploring general anesthetic mechanisms at different anesthetic depths in vivo.

Relationship between depth of anesthesia and effect-site concentration of propofol during induction with the target-controlled infusion technique in elderly patients

Background There are few studies to assess whether the effect-site concentration of propofol can predict anesthetic depth during the target-controlled infusion （TCI） induction in elderly patients. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between effect-site concentration of propofol and depth of anesthesia during the TCI induction in elderly patients. Methods Ninety patients （60-80 years） with an American Society of Anesthesiologists （ASA） physical status of 1-3, undergoing scheduled abdominal and thoracic surgery under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into one of three groups, Group S1, S2 and S3 （30 patients in each group）. The patients in Group S1 received propofol with a target plasma concentration of 4.0 pg/ml; patients in Group S2 received propofol with an initial target plasma concentrations of 2.0 IJg/ml that was raised to 4.0 pg/ml 3 minutes later; patients in Group S3 received an infused scheme of 3 steps; starting from a target plasma concentration of 2.0 pg/ml that was increased stepwised by 1 pg/ml until a target plasma concentration of 4.0 pg/ml was achieved, the interval between the two steps was 3 minutes. When an Observer＇s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation （OANS） score of 1 was achieved, remifentanil （effect-site concentration （Ce） of 4.0 ng/ml） and rocuronium 0.9 mg/kg were administered. Tracheal intubation was started 2 minutes after rocuronium injection. Changes of propofol Ce, blood pressure （BP）, heart rate （HR）, and bispectral index （BIS） were recorded. Results When an OAA/S score of 1 was achieved, Ce of propofol were （1.7±0.4） pg/ml, （1.9±0.3） pg/ml, （1.9±0.4） pg/ml and the BIS values were 64±5, 65±8, and 62±8 in Groups S1, S2 and S3. Before intubation, Ce of propofol was （2.8±0.2） pg/ml, （2.8±0.3） pg/ml, （2.7±0.3） pg/ml, and the BIS values were 48±7, 51±7, and 47±5 in Groups S1, S2 and S3. By linear regression analysis, a significant correlation between Ce of propofol and BIS values was found （r=-0.580, P 〈0.01）. Systolic blood pressure （SBP） before intubation was significantly lower in Group S1 than in Groups S2 and S3. SBP and HR after intubation in the three groups were significantly increased when compared with pre-intubation values, but they did not exceed baseline values Conclusions During the TCI induction, Ce of propofol with （1.9±0.3） pg/ml may make the elderly patients unconscious. When remifentanil with a Ce of 4.0 ng/ml is added a Ce of propofol with （2.8±0.3） pg/ml is suitable for intubation. The Ce of propofol has a close correlation with the BIS values. Also, a two-step TCI technique seems to be a more suitable method of anesthesia induction in elderly patients compared with the no-stepwise TCI technique and three-step TCI technique.

Intraoperative awake anesthesia applied for tumor excision in cerebral functional areas

Objective:To observe the feasibility and safety of awake anesthesia for tumor excisions in pa- tients with brain tumors involving cerebral functional areas.Methods:Fifty patients with brain tumors in- volving cerebral functional areas,ASAⅠ-Ⅱgrade,were enrolled in this study.Propofol and remifentanil were used for total intravenous anesthesia,and a laryngeal mask airway(LMA)was inserted for the air- way opening and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation(SIMV).At the surgeon's request for an intraoperative wake-up test,the propofol infusion was stopped advance of 10-15 min,the remifentanil in- fusion rate was decreased to 0.050-0.075μg/kg from 0.10-0.20μg/kg per min for easing surgical pain. The LMA was removed until the patient awakened.The anesthesiologist then kept up an on-going neuro- logical examination.After that,anesthesia was re-deepened and LMA was re-inserted until the whole surgery was accomplished.Results:Forty-six of 50 patients(92%)were successfully awakened and 4 (8%)failed to complete the intraoperative wake-up test because of dyspnea,over-sedation,or severe hy pertension.No severe complications occurred during the whole process.Conclusions:During the awake anesthetic period,the intraoperative wake-up test combined with navigation,evoked potential and ultra- sound techniques can help surgeons excise maximumly and precisely the brain tumors near to or in the functional areas.

Two-stage analysis of pharmacokinetics of sufentanil administered by target-controlled infusion in Chinese patients

Background Sufentanil is a suitable choice for target-controlled infusion （TCI） because of its shorter context-sensitive half-time. The current study was to estimate the pharmacokinetics of sufentanil TCI in Chinese patients using the two-stage analysis. Methods Twelve adult patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists （ASA） physical status I or II undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were included. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, rocuronium and sufentanil administered by TCI lasting for 30 minutes, with target effect-site concentration of sufentanil 4 or 6 ng/ml. Frequent arterial blood samples （1.5 ml） were taken during and up to 24 hours after sufentanil TCI. Before the end of surgery, another arterial blood sample （1.0 ml） was drawn for the blood-gas analysis. Plasma sufentanil concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （limit of quantitation was 5 pg/ml）. The data were analyzed with the two-stage approach, linear regression and correlation analysis. Results The pharmacokinetics of sufentanil TCI were adequately described by a three-compartment model. The variables were derived as follows： the volume of central compartment （V1） was 5.4 L, volume of distribution at steady-state （Vdss） was 222.6 L, metabolic clearance （CI1） was 0.84 L/min and elimination half-life （t~/2y） was 389 minutes. Patients＇ age, gender and PaCO2 correlated significantly with the pharmacokinetic parameters. The Vdss, volume of slowly equilibrating compartment （V3） and t1/2 y increased, and rapid distribution clearance （012） decreased with increasing patient age. Male patients had larger values of Vdss, volume of rapidly equilibrating compartment （V2） and V3 than female patients. The Vdss and V3 increased with higher PaCO2 values. There were no significant correlations between the pharmacokinetic variables and body weight, height, lean body mass, plasma albumin, sufentanil dose, duration of surgery, pH or base excess of blood （BE-B）. Conclusions The pharmacokinetics of sufentanil TCI in Chinese patients can be optimally described by a three-compartment model. The pharmacokinetic analysis technique may affect the pharmacokinetic parameters and correlations.

Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil administered by target-controlled infusion in Chinese surgical patients

Background Target-controlled infusion （TCI） has been recently developed and successfully implemented in clinical practice. This study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics of TCI administered sufentanil in Chinese surgical patients. Methods The pharmacokinetics of sufentanil was investigated in 12 adult patients, aged 23-76 years, scheduled for prolonged surgery under general anesthesia. Anesthetic induction was carried out with propofol, rocuronium and TCI administered sufentanil aiming for target effect-site concentration of sufentanil 4 or 6 ng/ml. Sufentanil TCI lasted for 30 minutes. Frequent arterial blood samples （1.5 ml） were drawn during and up to 24 hours after sufentanil TCI. Plasma sufentanil concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; limit of sensitivity of mass spectrometry was 5 pg/ml. The data were analyzed with the nonlinear mixed-effect model program. Results The pharmacokinetics of TCI administered sufentanil were optimally described by a three-compartment model with the following parameters： the central volume of distribution （V1） = 5.4 L, the volume of distribution at steady-state （Vdss） = 195.4 L, systemic clearance （CI1） = 1.10 L/min, and elimination half-life （t1/2 Y） = 271.8 minutes. Both age and gender affected the pharmacokinetic parameters. The rapid distribution clearance （012） was negatively correlated with patient age, and the volume of slowly equilibrating compartment （V3） was positively correlated with age. The Cl2 and the volume of rapidly equilibrating compartment （V2） were influenced by gender with male patients showing higher values of Cl2 and V2 than female patients. There was no relationship of body weight, lean body mass, plasma albumin, or target effect-site concentration of sufentanil with any of the pharmacokinetic parameters studied. Conclusions The pharmacokinetics of TCI administered sufentanil in Chinese patients can be adequately described by a three-compartment model. Pharmacokinetics adjusted to the individual patient should improve the accuracy of TCI systems.

Comparison of C50 for Propofol-remifentanil Target-controlled Infusion and Bispectral Index at Loss of Consciousness and Response to Painful Stimulus in Elderly and Young Patients

Background：In this prospective randomized study,we compared the predicted blood and effect-site C50 for propofol and remifentanil target-controlled infusion （TCI） and the bispectral index （BIS） values at loss of consciousness （LOC） and response to a standard noxious painful stimulus （LOS） in elderly and young patients,respectively.We hypothesized that the elderly patients will require lower target concentration of both propofol and remifentanil at above two clinical end-points.Methods：There were 80 American Society of Anesthesiologists （ASA） physical status Ⅰ Ⅱ unpremedicated patients enrolled in this study,they were divided into elderly group （age ≥65 years,n =40） and young group （aged 18-54 years,n =40）.Propofol was initially given to a predicted blood concentration of 1.2 μg/ml and thereafter increased by 0.3 μg/ml every 30 s until Observer＇s Assessment of Alertness and Sedation score was 1.The propofol level was kept constant,and remifentanil was given to provide a predict blood concentration of 2.0 ng/ml,and then increased by 0.3 ng/ml every 30 s until loss of response to a tetanic stimulus.BIS （version 3.22,BIS Quattro sensor） was also recorded.Results：In elderly group,the propofol effect-site C50 at LOC of was 1.5 （1.4-1.6） μg/ml,was significantly lower than that of young group,which was 2.2 （2.1-2.3） μg/ml,the remifentanil effect-site C50 at LOS was 3.5 （3.3-3.7） ng/ml in elderly patients,was similar with 3.7 （3.6-3.8） ng/ml in young patients.Fifty percent of patients lost consciousness at a BIS value of 57.3 （56.4-58.1）,was similar with that of young group,which was 55.2 （54.0-56.3）.Conclusion：In elderly patients,the predicted blood and effect-site concentrations of propofol at LOC were lower than that of young patients.At same sedation status,predicted blood and effect-site concentrations of remifentanil required at LOS were similar in elderly and young patients.BIS were not affected by age.Low-propofol/high-opioid may be optional TCI strategy for elderly patients.

Predictive performance of'Diprifusor'TCI system in patients during upper abdominal surgery under propofol/fentanyl anesthesia

Objective:To evaluate the predictive performance of‘Diprifusor’TCI(target-controlled infusion)system for its betterapplication in clinical anesthesia.Methods:The predictive performance of a‘Diprifusor’TCI system was investigated in 27Chinese patients(16 males and 11 females)during upper abdominal surgery under total intravenous anesthesia(TIVA)withpropofol/fentanyl.Measnred arterial propofol concentrations were compared with the values predicted by the TCI infusion system.Performance was determined by the median performance error(MDPE),the median absolute performance error(MDAPE),thedivergence(the percentage change of the absolute PE with time),and the wobble(the median absolute deviation of each PE fromthe MDPE).Results:The median(range)values of 14.9%(-21.6%～42.9%)for MDPE,23.3%(6.9%～62.5%)for MDAPE,-1.9%h^(-1)(-32.7%～23.0% h^(-1))for divergence,and 18.9%(4.2%～59.6%)for wobble were obtained from 227 samples from all patients.For the studied population,the PE did not increase with time but with increasing target propofol concentration,particularly fol-lowing induction.Conclusions:The control of depth of anaesthesia was good in all patients undergoing upper abdominal surgicaloperation and the predictive performance of the‘Diprifusor’target controlled mthsion system was considered acceptable forclinical purposes.But the relatively bigger wobble showed that the pharmacokinetic model is not so suitable and requires im-provement.

Concentrations of propofol in cerebral spinal fluid: target-controlled infusion

Background Although the performance of target-controlled infusion (TCI) have been studied extensively, the accuracy and safety of a TCI system that targets the effect site remains to be demonstrated. This study was to investigate the relations of TCI of propofol to its concentrations in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), the effect-site concentrations and bispectral index (BIS).Methods Twelve mongrel dogs were used for investigations. The target effect-site concentration was set at 3μg/ml and the infusion was lasted for 15 minutes. CSF and blood samples were then collected and propofol concentrations were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. BIS and hemodynamic data were monitored continuously.Results The predicted plasma concentrations were generally overestimated. Median performance error (MDPE) and absolute median performance error (MDAPE) were -10.0% and 29.9% respectively. Propofol CSF concentrations were much lower than its effect-site concentrations. Changes in BIS were consistent with propofol concentrations in CSF, both of which changed direction at 5 minutes while the effect-site concentrations relatively lagged behind. Better correlation ( r2 = 0. 9195) was found between BIS and CSF concentrations, when compared with that between BIS and effect-site concentrations (r2=0. 554).Conclusion With 1% enflurane inhaled, the inconsistency of drug effect to the effect-site concentrations may result from inaccuracy of pharmacokinetic parameters. CSF may show effect-site concentrations more accurately than plasma when using target effect-site concentration infusion.

Effect of subarachnoid anesthesia combined with propofol targetcontrolled infusion on blood loss and transfusion for posterior total hip arthroplasty in elderly patients

Background:Intravertebral and general anesthesia(GA)are two main anesthesia approaches but both have defects.This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of subarachnoid anesthesia combined with propofol target-controlled infusion(TCI)on blood loss and transfusion for total hip arthroplasty(THA)in elderly patients in comparison with combined spinal-epidural anesthesia(CSEA)or GA.Methods:Totally,240 patients(aged>65 years,American Society of Anesthesiologists[ASA]I-III)scheduled for posterior THA were enrolled from September 1st,2017 to March 1st,2018.All cases were randomly divided into three groups to receive CSEA(group C,w=80),GA(group G,n=80),or subarachnoid anesthesia and propofol TCI(group T,w=80),respectively.Primary outcomes measured were intra-operative blood loss,autologous and allogeneic blood transfusion,mean arterial pressure at different time points,length of stay in post-anesthesia care unit(PACU),length of hospital stay,and patient satisfaction degree.Furthermore,post-operative pain scores and complications were also observed.The difference of quantitative index between groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance,repeated measurement generalized linear model,Student-Newman-Keuls test or rank-sum test,while ratio index was analyzed by Chi-square test or Fisher exact test.Results:Basic characteristics were comparable among the three groups.Intra-operative blood loss in group T(331.53±64.33 mL)and group G(308.03±64.90 mL)were significantly less than group C(455.40±120.48 mL,F=65.80,P<0.001).Similarly,the autologous transfusion of group T(130.99±30.36 mL)and group G(124.09±24.34 mL)were also markedly less than group C(178.31±48.68 mL,F=52.99,P<0.001).The allogenetic blood transfusion of group C(0[0,100.00])was also significantly larger than group T(0)and group G(0)(Z=2.47,P=0.047).Except for the baseline,there were significant differences in mean arterial blood pressures before operation(F=496.84,P<0.001),10-min after the beginning of operation(F=351.43,P<0.001),30-min after the beginning of operation(F=559.89,P<0.001),50-min after the beginning of operation(F=374.74,P<0.001),and at the end of operation(F=26.14,P<0.001)among the three groups.Length of stay in PACU of group T(9.41±1.19 min)was comparable with group C(8.83±1.26 min),and both were significantly shorter than group G(16.55±3.10 min,F=352.50,P<0.001).There were no significant differences among the three groups in terms of length of hospitalization and post-operative visual analog scale scores.Patient satisfaction degree of group T(77/80)was significantly higher than group C(66/80,%=7.96,P=0.004)and G(69/80,/2=5.01,P=0.025).One patient complained of post-dural puncture headache and two complained of low back pain in group C,while none in group T.Incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting in group G(10/80)was significantly higher than group T(3/80,/2=4.10,P=0.043)and group C(2/80,x2=5.76,P=0.016).No deep vein thrombosis or delayed post-operative functional exercise was detected.Conclusions:Single subarachnoid anesthesia combined with propofol TCI seems to perform better than CSEA and GA for posterior THA in elderly patients,with less blood loss and peri-operative transfusion,higher patient satisfaction degree and fewer complications.Trial registration:chictr.org.cn:ChiCTR-IPR-17013461;http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=23024.

Evaluation of entropy for monitoring the depth of anesthesia ：ompared with bispectral index： a multicenter clinical trial

Background As a new electroencephalogram （EEG） signal processing technique for monitoring the depth of anesthesia, entropy consists of two indices： reaction entropy （RE） and state entropy （SE）. Our study compared entropy with classical bispectral index （BIS） in reduction of myoelectrical interference and noxious stimuli with EEG signals. Methods Two hundred and eighty patients （ASA I-II, 18-60 years old） undergoing scheduled surgeries from seven medical centers were enrolled. Anesthesia induction was managed with propofol via the target-controlled infusion （TCI） system. The results of BIS, RE, SE, mean arterial pressure （MAP） and heart rate （HR） were recorded before anesthesia induction, at the moment of unconsciousness, before and 2 minutes after administration of muscle relaxant, and before and one and three minutes after the tracheal intubation. Results The values of half maximum effective concentrations （EC50）, 5% effective concentrations （EC05） and 95% effective concentrations （EC95） of propofol effect-site concentration at the onset of unconsciousness were 1.2 （1.1-1.3 μg/ml）, 2.5 （2.4-2.5 μg/ml） and 3.7 （3.7-3.8 μg/ml）, while those of the predicted plasma propofol concentration were 2.8 （2.7-2.9 μg/ml）, 3.9 （3.8-3.9 μg/ml） and 4.9 （4.8-5.0μg/ml）, respectively. The values of BIS, SE and RE were 62, 59 and 63 when 50% of patients lost consciousness, and 79, 80, 85 and 42, 37, 44, respectively, when 5% and 95% of patients were unconscious. The values of BIS, RE and SE dropped two minutes after the injection of muscle relaxant, but there were no significant differences between RE and SE. MAP and HR increased visibly, which indicated a reaction to tracheal intubation; the values of BIS, RE and SE, however, did not display any significant changes. Conclusions This large-sample multicentric study confirmed the values of RE and SE as approximating BIS value, at the onset of unconsciousness during propofol TCI anesthesia. After elimination of myoelectrical activation, all values of RE, SE and BIS decreased significantly and the three indices were less sensitive to noxious stimuli than cardiovascular responses.

右美托咪定对丙泊酚靶控输注复合舒芬太尼麻醉期间麻醉深度的影响

目的探讨丙泊酚靶控输注与舒芬太尼复合麻醉期间患者采用右美托咪定(DEX)对麻醉深度的影响。方法选取2021年8月至2022年7月在郑州市第三人民医院接受甲状腺次全切除术患者共计90例,均行丙泊酚靶控输注与舒芬太尼复合麻醉,根据随机数字表法分为研究组(n=45)与对照组(n=45),研究组静脉泵注DEX稀释药物+生理盐水,对照组静脉泵注生理盐水(同等剂量),对两组熵指数(EI)变化情况(诱导后、操作时、手术结束后)进行观察,对两组平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、警觉/镇静评分(OAA/S)进行记录[给药前(T_(0))、给药5 min(T_(1))、给药10 min(T_(2))、给药20 min(T_(3))],统计两组麻醉恢复时间。结果两组诱导后、操作时、手术结束后的反应熵(RE)和状态熵(SE)降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且研究组与对照组相比更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组T_(1)、T_(2)时MAP升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),T_(1)、T_(2)、T_(3)时HR下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),T_(1)、T_(2)、T_(3)时OAA/S评分降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),研究组T_(1)、T_(2)时MAP较对照组更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),研究组T_(2)、T_(3)时HR更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),研究组T_(2)、T_(3)时OAA/S评分更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组呼吸睁眼时间、拔管时间较对照组更短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论DEX应用于丙泊酚靶控输注与舒芬太尼复合麻醉患者可提高麻醉质量,稳定血流动力学,镇静效果显著,缩短麻醉恢复时间。

模拟丙泊酚Marsh模式靶控输注瑞马唑仑在全麻诱导和维持的可行性研究

目的:评价模拟丙泊酚Marsh模式靶控输注瑞马唑仑对腹腔镜胆囊手术患者麻醉诱导和维持的可行性临床应用研究。方法:择期行腹腔镜胆囊手术患者80例,随机分为丙泊酚组(P组)和瑞马唑仑组(R组),每组各40例,麻醉诱导和维持分别靶控输注丙泊酚和瑞马唑仑(Marsh模式,血浆靶浓度)。记录意识消失时间,诱导插管前(T0)、插管后即刻(T1)、插管后3 min(T2)、气腹即刻(T3)、术中30 min(T4)、术毕(T5)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脑电双频指数(BIS);记录注射痛、术毕气管拔管时间和术后不良反应。结果:与P组比较,R组意识消失时间短(P<0.05),注射痛、术中低血压和心动过缓的发生率低(P<0.05),但术后拔管时间延长(P<0.05)。结论:模拟丙泊酚Marsh模式靶控输注瑞马唑仑用于全麻诱导和维持,安全有效可行,不良反应少,且生命体征平稳。

CONCERT-CL闭环靶控输注系统对腹腔镜胃肠手术患者术后胃肠功能及免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨CONCERT-CL闭环靶控输注系统在腹腔镜胃肠手术患者中的应用效果及对患者术后胃肠功能和免疫功能的影响。方法 选取2022年8月至2023年5月上海市徐汇区中心医院收治的80例腹腔镜胃肠手术患者作为研究对象,按随机数表法分为观察组和对照组各40例。两组患者均采用相同的麻醉方案,但观察组患者采用CONCERT-CL闭环靶控输注系统进行麻醉管理,而对照组患者则采用开放式麻醉维持。比较两组患者的围术期相关指标、胃肠功能和围术期白细胞分化抗原(CD) TT细胞数量和自然杀伤细胞(NK)细胞数量,同时比较两组患者术后不良反应发生情况。结果 观察组患者的手术时间、麻醉时间分别为(183.60±30.15) min、(206.69±10.54) min,对照组分别为(189.12±43.85) min、(211.65±16.83) min,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组患者术中丙泊酚用量和顺式阿曲库铵用量分别为(13.34±2.00) mg/kg、(0.26±0.09) mg/kg,明显低于对照组的(15.96±1.41) mg/kg、(0.35±0.11) mg/kg,拔管即刻警觉-镇静(OAA/S)评分和术中BIS时间为40~60的占比分别为(3.46±0.25)分、(82.60±4.22)%,明显高于对照组的(3.12±0.46)分、(64.02±3.65)%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组和对照组患者的肠鸣音恢复[(22.60±4.52) h vs (30.57±6.84) h]、腹痛缓解[(26.88±4.11) h vs (30.17±2.94) h]、术后首次排气时间[(32.69±4.25) h vs (44.35±1.68) h]比较,观察组明显短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后12 h,观察组和对照组患者的CD4+TT数量[(35.69±1.54)%vs (32.01±6.21)%]、NK细胞数量[(20.36±2.41)%vs (18.73±2.65)%]比较,观察组明显高于对照组,CD8+TT数量[(27.01±1.79)%vs (29.28±3.87)%]比较,观察组明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者的不良反应总发生率为5.00%,略低于对照组的10.00%,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 CONCERT-CL闭环靶控输注系统在腹腔镜胃肠手术患者中的应用能够降低术中麻醉维持药物用量,患者苏醒速度更快。同时还能够促进患者术后胃肠功能的恢复,并且对免疫功能起到一定改善作用。

Population Pharmacokinetics of Propofol Administered by TCI in Chinese Elderly Patients

Aim To investigate the population pharmacokinetics of propofol administered by TCI in Chinese elderly patients. Methods Thirty-two patients with ASA Ⅰ - Ⅱ , 65 - 82 years old, undergoing selective lower abdominal operation were studied. Propofol was administered by target-controlled infusion with Marsh parameter. The target plasma concentration was 3 μg＇ mL^-1. Radial arterial blood samples were collected and analyzed by reversed phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. Population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using NONMEM. Inter-individual variability and intra-individual variability of propofol were estimated for clearances and volumes of distribution. The effects of age, body weight, lean body mass, gender, height, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, creatinine, alanine aminotrans ferase （ALT）, and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） were investigated. The effects of coadministered opioid drugs were also studied. Results The pharmacokinetics of propofol in the Chinese elderly patients was best described by a three-compartment open model. Lean body mass was found to be a covariate for system clearance at significant level （ P 〈 0.005）. The clearance decreased linearly with age as well （ P 〈 0. 005）. The apparent volume of distribution for deep peripheral compartment （V3） was influenced by gender. Elderly female patients showed a higher value for V3. Conclusion The pharmacokinetics of propofol administered by TCI in Chinese elderly patients can be well described by a three-compartment open model. Inclusion of age, lean body mass and gender as covariates significantly improved the model. To ensure the accuracy and precision of target-controlled infusion, the population pharmacokinetic model applied to the individual patient should be adjusted reasonably.

日间节律对全身麻醉中麻醉指数和丙泊酚靶控输注浓度的影响

目的探讨日间节律对全身麻醉中麻醉指数和丙泊酚靶控输注浓度的影响。方法采用回顾性抽样方法抽取2016—2021年度于本院妇科均应用舒芬太尼前提下接受腹腔镜手术后的患者病历300份,将其按照手术时间的差异,区分为上午组(手术结束时间为10:00~12:00)和下午组(手术结束时间为15:00~17:00)。比较两组术后疼痛程度变化、心率变化及不良反应发生率,术后苏醒时间、自主呼吸时间以及两组麻醉指数和丙泊酚靶控输注浓度。结果两组患者术后1 h、6 h、12 h的VAS评分均逐渐降低,且下午组患者术后1 h、6 h、12 h的VAS评分均低于上午组(P<0.05)。下午组患者术后1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h的心率均高于上午组(P<0.05)。下午组患者的术后不良反应发生率低于上午组(P<0.05)。下午组患者的术后苏醒时间、自主呼吸时间均短于上午组(P<0.05)。两组患者丙泊酚靶控输注浓度为2μg/ml、2.5μg/ml、3.0μg/ml时、插管前的麻醉指数均逐渐降低,且丙泊酚靶控输注浓度为2μg/ml、2.5μg/ml、3.0μg/ml时、插管前,下午组患者的麻醉指数均低于上午组(P<0.05)。结论日间节律对全身麻醉中麻醉指数和丙泊酚靶控输注浓度有直接的影响,下午比上午的麻醉指数和丙泊酚靶控输注浓度低,且更能将患者的术后疼痛程度减轻,使患者的心率保持稳定,将患者不良反应的发生减少,将患者术后苏醒时间、自主呼吸时间缩短。

老年手术患者采取靶控瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉的临床效果

目的观察临床上对于老年手术患者实施靶控瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉的效果。方法40例老年手术患者,由随机数字表法分为试验组和对照组,各20例。对照组实施芬太尼麻醉干预,试验组实施靶控瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉干预。比较两组患者满意度,感觉阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞起效时间,不良反应发生率,抑郁、焦虑评分,生活质量评分。结果试验组患者总满意度(95.00%)与对照组(60.00%)相比更高(P<0.05)。试验组患者感觉阻滞起效时间(2.38±0.62)min、运动阻滞起效时间(6.34±1.02)min与对照组患者的(2.96±0.52)、(7.54±1.16)min相比更短(P<0.05)。试验组不良反应发生率(5.00%)与对照组(30.00%)相比更低(P<0.05)。干预后,试验组患者抑郁评分(12.48±3.26)分、焦虑评分(11.05±4.24)分与对照组的(16.59±3.13)、(15.43±4.19)分相比更低(P<0.05)。试验组患者心理功能评分(80.16±4.28)分、物质生活状态评分(81.28±4.61)分、社会功能评分(80.13±3.24)分与对照组的(71.37±4.64)、(72.13±4.62)、(70.92±3.13)分对比更高(P<0.05)。结论靶控瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉在临床老年手术患者干预中的效果更好,且患者对麻醉效果更加满意,感觉阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞起效时间相对较短,更加安全,值得被临床应用推广。

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉方案对肝部分切除术患者麻醉效果及创伤反应的影响

目的探讨瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉方案对肝部分切除术患者麻醉效果及创伤反应的影响。方法选取2020年12月至2022年12月收治的80例行肝部分切除术患者作为研究对象,根据麻醉方案不同将其分为对照组和观察组,各40例。对照组采用常规麻醉方案,观察组采用瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉方案。比较两组的血流动力学指标、创伤反应指标及苏醒情况。结果手术10 min(T_(1))、术毕(T_(2)),观察组的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)高于对照组(P<0.05)。T_(1)、T_(2),观察组的5-羟色胺(5-HT)、前列腺素E_(2)(PGE_(2))水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。拔管后即刻、拔管后15 min,观察组的改良警觉/镇静评估法(OAA/S)评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉方案能提高肝部分切除术患者麻醉效果,减轻创伤反应,利于术后苏醒。

BIS监测技术指导下丙泊酚靶控输注对结直肠癌根治术患者的影响

目的:分析脑电双频指数(BIS)监测技术指导下靶控输注丙泊酚麻醉对结直肠癌根治术患者的影响。方法:选取2022年1月—2023年12月北京丰台医院收治的100例结直肠癌患者,按随机数表法分为两组,各50例。所有患者均行结直肠癌根治术治疗,对照组常规靶控输注丙泊酚麻醉,观察组则在BIS监测技术指导下靶控输注丙泊酚麻醉。比较两组的手术指标、血流动力学指标及应激反应指标等。结果:观察组丙泊酚用量少于对照组,并发症发生率低于对照组,诱导时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间、手术时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。插管时(T_(1))、插管后1 min(T_(2))、建立气腹时(T_(3))、手术结束时(T_(4)),两组心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)均高于麻醉诱导前(T_(0)),但观察组MAP、HR均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后12 h,两组皮质醇(Cor)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)水平低于术前,肾上腺素(E)水平高于术前,且观察组Cor、NE水平低于对照组,E水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:BIS监测技术指导下靶控输注丙泊酚可有效减少结直肠癌根治术患者的应激反应,维持血流动力学稳定,有利于提高麻醉安全性,降低术后并发症风险。