An Unconventional Model of Poverty Alleviation Directed by the Human Rights Approaches:based on an Observation of the Targeted Poverty Alleviation Policy and Its Practice in Weixian County of Hebei Province

Against the background that poverty alleviation is increasingly linked to the human rights-based approach in the international community,an issue arises concerning how to assess the targeted poverty alleviation strategy in China from a human rights perspective.The human rights-based approach emphasiz connecting poverty alleviation with those rights recognized in international human rights conventions,with a focus on the notion of multi-dimensional poverty and the empowerment and accountability in the process of poverty alleviation.The targeted poverty alleviation in China embodies the notion of capability poverty and adopts a multi-dimensional poverty alleviation strategy.The principles of empowerment and accountability have also been implemented to a large extent.All of the elements existing in the targeted poverty alleviation model such as super political will,government dominance,targeted implementation and unconventional mobilization are critical to ensuring the eventual success of poverty alleviation and human rights protection therein.Generally speaking,some deficiencies in respect of empowerment and rule of law in targeted poverty alleviation will not hinder the overall effectiveness of poverty alleviation.Nevertheless,it will be very helpful to reinforce the empowerment and rule of law in order to insure the fairness and sustainability in poverty alleviation,especially in the inevitable transition from an unconventional model ofp overty alleviation to a conventional one in future.

“The Source of Flowing Water”:How Targeted Poverty Alleviation Helps China’s Rural Poor Access Credit

Based on the China Household Finance Survey(CHFS)data of 2011-2017,this paper investigated the effects of China’s targeted poverty alleviation policy on rural credit access and amount using the“difference-in-differences”methodology.This study found that the targeted poverty alleviation policy increased the availability and amount of formal credit to poor households and reduced the proportion and amount of their borrowing through informal channels,and that the effects increased amid the policy’s implementation over time.This paper further found that the policy effects were more significant for China’s western regions,reflecting a positive role of targeted poverty alleviation in coordinating pro-poor finance across regions.Compared with poor counties,poor households from non-poor counties experienced a greater increase in their probability and amount of formal credit access,reflecting China’s approach of reducing regional poverty before targeting more precisely at individual poor households.This paper also uncovered that no significant“elite capture”effect had existed in the allocation of formal agricultural credit under targeted poverty alleviation,but extremely poor households experienced no significant change in their access to formal credit.While the targeted poverty alleviation policy has helped create a sound rural credit market,it should further improve access to formal finance for extremely poor households.

The Model of Poverty Alleviation and Income Growth by Developing Plateau-characterized Agriculture and Its Achievements Analysis in Yunnan Province——a Case Study in Midu County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture

The policy of taking the targeted poverty alleviation measures has been the mission of the age in propelling the 13th Five-year Plan and building moderately prosperous society. A good poverty alleviation model is of significance for the goal. The research introduced a poverty-stricken county-Midu County, Dali Bai Au- tonomous Prefecture, analyzed the basic approaches and the main achievements of ＂the model of poverty alleviation and income growth by developing plateau-charac- terized agriculture＂, and proposed some suggestions to promoting and applying this model. The research provides references for plateau-characterized agricultural devel- opment and targeted poverty alleviation strategy.

Poverty Alleviation in the Poor Mountainous Areas of Western China by Supporting Industry: A Case Study of Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County in Yunnan Province

Poverty alleviation by supporting industry is a key measure to promote the poverty alleviation of relocated households. Taking Xundian County, the first county in Yunnan Province that has been lifted out of poverty, as an research case, this article analyzes and summarizes the industry-supporting poverty alleviation achievements and successful experience of two typical relocation areas (Shanhou Village and Eyang Village) in Xundian County. Practice has shown that the key to industry-supporting poverty alleviation lies in targetedness to strengthen the participation of poor farmers in industrial development. The interests of poverty alleviation entities should be linked by market mechanism to establish a benign interaction between all parties for win-win situation, thereby effectively guaranteeing the long-term and healthy development of poverty alleviation by supporting industry.

Analyzing Influencing Factors of Rural Poverty in Typical Poverty Areas of Hainan Province: A Case Study of Lingao County

Rural poverty and poverty reduction are not only the focal issues that have attracted worldwide attention, but also the vital issues on people's livelihood that has attached great importance and aimed to be solved by the central and local governments of China. Based on the survey data of 354 farming households, this paper, taking the national poverty county of Lingao County, Hainan Province for an example, examined the characteristics of rural poverty of the county. Moreover, this paper established the spatial lag model(SLM) from five dimensions, namely, status of the household head, household structure, health status, income composition and traffic accessibility, to analyze the main influencing factors of rural poverty according to the values of Moran's I and the diagnosis of spatial dependence of the OLS model. It is found that the poor farming households gathered mainly in five towns in the north and southwest of the county, and the rural poverty have the characteristics of low educational level of the heads, more minor children, high population of farming peasants, high incidence of disease and low proportion of household wage-equivalent income. The results also showed that the variables such as the number of minor children, the number of migrant worker, the number of farming peasants and the proportion of wage-equivalent income have significant effectiveness on rural poverty, while the status of the household head, health status and traffic accessibility have little influence. It is an important way to realize the goal of poverty alleviation by controlling the number of farmers' fertility, strengthening the vocational skills training of farmers, vigorously developing specialization and large-scale agriculture and increasing the employment opportunities of farmers.

福建省县域共同富裕水平测度及障碍因素分析

从收入均衡度、保障普惠度、生产丰富度、生活幸福度四方面构建县域共同富裕评价指标体系,综合运用耦合协调度模型、ESDA、Dagum基尼系数分析2013-2021年福建省县域共同富裕水平的时空变化特征,并通过障碍度模型探究其影响因素。结果表明:①研究期间福建省县域共同富裕水平呈现逐渐升高趋势,并存在显著的空间正相关,整体差距有所缩小,但闽东南地区内部差距存在逐渐扩大态势;②耦合协调等级从以轻度失调为主向轻度协调转变,耦合协调度呈现出与共同富裕水平类似的空间分布格局;③从准则层看,共同富裕水平的主要阻碍来自生产丰富度,从指标层看,主要障碍因子为期末参加城乡居民社会养老保险人数、粮食生产水平和消费水平。

Identification and alleviation pathways of multidimensional poverty and relative poverty in counties of China

To realize efficient and sustainable poverty alleviation,this study firstly investigated the identification of multidimensional poverty and relative poverty,and then explored relevant poverty alleviation pathways.Poverty levels in 31 provinces including the autonomous regions and municipalities of China were identified at the county level using the average nighttime light index(ANLI),county multidimensional development index(CMDI),and a method combining multidimensional poverty index and relative poverty standards.Poverty alleviation pathways for poverty-stricken counties were explored from the aspects of industry,education,tourism and agriculture.The results revealed that nearly 60% of counties in China were primarily under relative poverty,most of which were corresponded to light relative poverty.In terms of ANLI and CMDI,63% and 79% of the national poverty-stricken counties,as of 2018,could be identified,suggesting that CMDI had a higher performance for identifying poverty at the county level.In terms of poverty alleviation pathways,414,172,442,and 298 poverty-stricken counties were receptive to industry poverty alleviation,education poverty alleviation,tourism poverty alleviation,and agriculture poverty alleviation,and 61%of counties had more poverty-causing factors,implying that multidimensional poverty alleviation is suitable in most of the counties.

职业教育服务精准扶贫与乡村振兴战略有效衔接策略的探索

党的十九大以习近平同志为核心的党中央前瞻性地提出了乡村振兴战略发展规划,为巩固脱贫攻坚成果指明了方向,也为精准扶贫与乡村振兴战略的有效衔接提供了政策支持和实施保障。精准培养与乡村振兴需求相匹配的专业人才,持续推进现代涉农职业教育发展是振兴乡村的关键,是实现乡村发展与职业教育发展“双赢”的重大机遇,有利于进一步激发职业教育的使命感和提升职业教育的社会认同度。通过对精准扶贫与乡村振兴战略之间衔接逻辑关系和有效路径的研究,提出了职业教育服务精准扶贫和乡村振兴战略有机衔接的实施策略。

后扶贫时代数字普惠金融精准扶贫模式及对策研究

目前,我国脱贫攻坚的完成,已逐渐进入后扶贫时代,数字普惠金融在精准扶贫中的作用日臻显著。本文通过深入分析数字普惠金融精准扶贫现状及存在问题,结合扶贫的传统模式,提出后扶贫时代数字惠普金融精准扶贫的核心模式:数字技术助力精准扶贫模式,构建政府、金融机构和产业协同“三位一体”模式以及推行数字普惠金融专业人才分层培养模式。基于上述模式,从不同扶贫主体的视角提出相关对策:提供优质数字普惠金融资源,加大基础设施建设;优化金融信用与监测评级量化指标体系;加强金融教育普惠,提高全民数字普惠素养。通过提高数字普惠金融在精准扶贫中的应用,进一步促进社会公平。

文化精准扶贫的行动模式、历史成就与基本经验

文化精准扶贫采取公共文化攻坚、文化遗产保护、艺术创作扶持、文化产业培育、乡村旅游开发、数字技术赋能、乡风文明铸魂、文化交流互通、文化治理筑基、人才建设固本等行动模式,使脱贫地区的公共文化建设短板得以补齐、文化旅游资源得到激活、文化产业实现长足发展、社会文明程度明显提升、文化治理能力得到提高、文化帮扶机制更加完善;形成了坚持文化帮扶与物质帮扶相统一、政府主导与社会参与相统一、区域视野与精准帮扶相统一、供给引导与需求导向相统一、深耕细作与跨界融合相统一、外援助力与内生动力相统一、文化发展与文化安全相统一等基本经验,对推进相对贫困治理和全体人民精神生活共同富裕、讲好人类减贫事业中国故事具有指导意义。

政府扶贫专项审计对脱贫质量的影响研究——基于四川省县级数据的准自然实验

以脱贫质量为出发点,基于“免疫系统论”“空间效应理论”分析扶贫审计促进脱贫质量提升的机理,并以四川省61个原国家级贫困县2011—2019年的数据为样本,运用多期双重差分模型以及空间杜宾模型进行实证检验,结果表明:扶贫审计有助于脱贫质量的提升,且扶贫审计在助力脱贫质量提升时具有明显的空间溢出效应。研究提升了脱贫质量计量的准确性、厘清了扶贫审计促进脱贫质量提升的路径,为把握全过程扶贫审计的重点以及完善区域协同审计提供了参考。

精准扶贫政策与农村居民增收——基于云南省129个县的实证检验

举世瞩目的全国脱贫攻坚战取得全面胜利之后,我国的精准扶贫政策是否促进了农民增收,其具体效应如何,已成为国内外高度关注的重要问题,需要对其进行精准的科学评估。针对目前采用宏观数据的研究较少、农村居民收入水平前后统计口径不一致、单纯将贫困县作为试验组而非贫困县作为对照组的做法无法通过平行趋势检验等问题和不足,本文选取全国贫困县最多的云南省开展实证研究。参考前期研究成果,本文将全省129个县按照贫困程度分为5个级别:Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级非贫困县和Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级贫困县,选用2011—2020年各县农村居民人均可支配收入进行双重差分模型(DID)分析。结果表明:(1)精准扶贫政策使贫困地区的农村居民收入增长速度明显加快,并且精准扶贫政策对各等级贫困县的作用效果大致相同。(2)然而,精准扶贫政策仅提升了农村居民收入的相对增量,即农村居民的增收速度得到了一定提升,但并没有完全改变贫困程度较深的地区农村居民收入增收的绝对数额显著低于贫困程度较浅地区的这个事实,各等级贫困县绝对收入差距仍存在进一步被拉大的趋势,消除相对贫困、推进乡村振兴和实现共同富裕仍然任重而道远。本文的研究结果可为促进脱贫成果巩固、拓展与乡村振兴战略有效衔接以及科学实施提供参考和借鉴。

精准扶贫视角下生态系统服务与贫困人口生计耦合关联分析

在生态文明建设和精准扶贫背景下,处理好贫困区生态系统保护和扶贫开发间的关系,是如期实现2020年全面建成小康社会的基础。以全国717个贫困市、区、县为研究对象,构建了精准扶贫视角下生态系统服务与贫困人口生计耦合的评价指标体系和灰色关联耦合模型,分析中国贫困区生态系统服务和贫困人口生计耦合的主要影响因素以及耦合度的时空演变规律,结果表明:(1) 2015年中国贫困区生态系统服务和人口生计两个系统各指标间的关联度在0.363—0.964。其中,生态系统服务对贫困人口生计的综合关联度为0.793,贫困人口生计对生态系统服务的综合关联度为0.740。(2) 2000—2015年生态系统服务和人口生计耦合度长时间序列呈"W"型变化,年际间波动变化明显,但整体维持在0.770—0.801之间。(3) 2000—2015年生态系统服务与贫困人口生计耦合度最高的区域主要集中分布在西部区域,主要包括西藏省、四川省西北藏区及青海省南部,东中部区域的耦合度相对较低,中国贫困区生态系统服务与贫困人口生计间耦合的空间分异显著。(4) 2000—2015年生态系统服务与贫困人口生计耦合度呈上升趋势的区县有92个,占中国全部贫困区县数量的12.83%;呈下降趋势的区县有163个区县,占中国全部贫困区县数量的22.73%;保持稳定不变的区县有462个,占中国全部贫困区县数量的64.44%。这些结论可为区域精准扶贫制定针对性政策,如期实现脱贫,提供参考和借鉴。

农民合作社在精准扶贫中的作用机制研究

结合世界银行与国家扶贫办合作开展的第六期扶贫项目实践,对项目中形成的农民合作社扶贫结构和逻辑进行了分析和探讨,重点研究了农民合作社实现精准扶贫的作用机制。"政府—市场—社区—合作社"四位一体的扶贫模式,可以促进政府、市场、社区扶贫资源与合作社对接,吸纳和再造贫困农户自有资源;通过发挥合作社这一重要载体的作用,增强贫困农户的自主发展意识和话语权,形成一种贫困农户资产收益长效机制,转变产业链中贫困农户的角色与分工,提高贫困农户的自我发展能力,实现扶贫精准对接,推动长效扶贫机制的形成。

后精准扶贫时代多维贫困的识别与治理——以大连市为例

在后精准扶贫时代,收入贫困得到改善的同时,健康、教育、就业和生活水平等维度仍存在剥夺情况。基于精准扶贫基本方略,探究不同维度贫困状况对精准脱贫的实现具有重要意义。基于国家统计局大连调查队住户收支与生活状况调查数据,结合MPI多维贫困指数和A-F双界限法构建多维贫困指标体系。在指标选定和权重设置上,基于Rasch模型对指标进行筛选,使用等权法和难度权重法两种方式设置权重并对结果加以比较,最终通过测算和分解多维贫困指数分析多维贫困群体的特征。研究发现,收入不再是衡量和识别贫困的唯一标准;受教育年限、饮用水、洗澡设施等多项指标被剥夺情况较为严重;农村地区多维贫困发生率远高于城市,但平均被剥夺程度差距不大;贫困程度与家庭人口呈正相关关系。当下应进一步提高多维贫困识别的科学性和可操作性,实现体系规范化和指标标准化。

影响农民对精准扶贫政策成效评价的因素分析——兼论农村的扶贫现状

利用五省农户调查数据,对农村扶贫的现状及影响农民对精准扶贫政策成效评价的因素进行分析。结果表明:农村主要的致贫原因是患病。现阶段,农民普遍认为所在村贫困户的选择和扶贫项目的安排比较合理,并且村及户层面的扶贫效果都比较好;但同时,有约12%的农民对当前的精准扶贫政策不太了解。进一步,建立农民对精准扶贫政策成效评价的二元选择模型,发现:所在村贫困户选择是否合理、扶贫项目安排是否合理、人均纯收入水平、年龄、是否患有大病、是否参加村委会选举、生活污水是否通过管道排放,是影响农民对精准扶贫政策成效评价的重要因素。从扶贫政策相关因素来看,农村贫困户的选择越合理,到村的扶贫项目安排得越合理,农民对精准扶贫政策成效的评价就越高,说明未来精准扶贫政策应该在扶贫资源合理、准确配置等方面继续发力,以进一步提高精准扶贫政策的成效,实现国家扶贫脱贫战略目标。

教育扶贫如何精准化——基于多学科视角的模型建构

教育扶贫是精准扶贫战略中的重要组成部分.教育扶贫走向精准化是时代发展的必然要求.致贫因素的多样性和教育精准扶贫的复杂性以及学科发展的融合性共同决定了教育扶贫是一项具有学科辐射性的复杂工程.经济学、社会学、教育学、文化学和地理学等学科与教育扶贫价值的耦合性为教育扶贫精准化提供了可能.建构以教育发展为本原、以经济发展为动力、以社会公平为导向、以文化建设为使命、以生态建设为着力点的“五位一体”统筹发展的教育扶贫精准化模型,形成多学科视角下教育扶贫的合作共享机制是实现教育扶贫精准化的重要途径.

文旅融合型乡村旅游精准扶贫模式研究——以广东林寨古村落为例

为了实现"十三五"期末全国贫困人口全面脱贫的目标,乡村扶贫任务艰巨。尤其是具有自然、文化类旅游资源丰富的贫困乡村,如广东省林寨古村落的乡村旅游扶贫模式,实现了本地文化资源与旅游要素的深度融合,全面提升了乡村扶贫的经济、社会、文化等效应,增强乡村的自我"造血"功能,进一步推进新农村和美丽乡村建设。

燕山-太行山片区旅游精准扶贫模式创新研究

旅游精准扶贫是燕山-太行山集中连片特困区脱贫致富的有效途径之一,这是由其特定的地理以及时代特征所决定的。燕山-太行山片区旅游精准扶贫应立足自身实际条件,充分尊重旅游精准扶贫的发展规律,从旅游精准扶贫识别、精准帮扶和精准管理三方面系统实施"三位一体"的旅游精准扶贫模型。然而目前燕山-太行山片区旅游精准扶贫中还存在诸多挑战和制约因素,如扶贫资金使用效率和管理效用较低、旅游精准扶贫绩效差异较大、村民脱贫内生动力较弱、扶贫利益分配存在矛盾以及旅游扶贫项目缺乏科学规划。因此燕山-太行山片区在应用和推广"三位一体"的旅游精准扶贫模型中应重点做好以下工作:(1)持续增强旅游精准帮扶的动力;(2)加强旅游精准扶贫管理;(3)切实改善旅游精准扶贫环境;(4)加强旅游精准扶贫识别和帮扶的精准度。

新时代地质调查支撑服务脱贫攻坚模式探讨——以赣州地区为例

中国地质调查局及相关单位针对赣南革命老区脱贫攻坚对地质调查工作的需求,在特色农业发展、支撑饮用水安全和保障生产用水、服务优势矿产勘查与开发、绿色矿业发展、特色旅游开发、资源综合利用技术创新等方面,部署实施了一批地质调查项目,取得一批地质调查工作成果,建设成一批示范工程与示范基地并初步转化为经济效益,地质调查工作支持服务脱贫攻坚取得了显著成效,探索形成行业特色明显的新时期"地质调查+"扶贫模式。下一步需要在绿色矿山、优势资源勘查开发、水文地质、新能源勘查开发等方面继续加大投入力度,推动示范工程与示范基地建设,强化实效,促进老区资源优势向经济优势和发展优势转化。