Electric Vehicle Charging Load Optimization Strategy Based on Dynamic Time-of-Use Tariff

Electric vehicle(EV)is an ideal solution to resolve the carbon emission issue and the fossil fuels scarcity problem in the future.However,a large number of EVs will be concentrated on charging during the valley hours leading to new load peaks under the guidance of static time-of-use tariff.Therefore,this paper proposes a dynamic time-of-use tariff mechanism,which redefines the peak and valley time periods according to the predicted loads using the fuzzy C-mean(FCM)clustering algorithm,and then dynamically adjusts the peak and valley tariffs according to the actual load of each time period.Based on the proposed tariff mechanism,an EV charging optimization model with the lowest cost to the users and the lowest variance of the grid-side load as the objective function is established.Then,a weight selection principle with an equal loss rate of the two objectives is proposed to transform the multi-objective optimization problem into a single-objective optimization problem.Finally,the EV charging load optimization model under three tariff strategies is set up and solved with the mathematical solver GROUBI.The results show that the EV charging load optimization strategy based on the dynamic time-of-use tariff can better balance the benefits between charging stations and users under different numbers and proportions of EVs connected to the grid,and can effectively reduce the grid load variance and improve the grid load curve.

Empirical analysis of carbon tariff's effect on the export structure of China's manufacturing industry and social welfare based on the GTAP model

In recent years,carbon emissions have gradually evolved from an environment issue into a political and economic one.Carbon tariff has brought about new trade barriers of developed countries,and in order to enhance the industrial competitiveness of developed countries,it will produce unfavorable impact on developing countries.Concentrated on the manufacturing industry,which is the most intensive high-carbon industry in China's export structure,this article studies the relationship between carbon tariff policy and industry structure of export trade and builds up a relation between climate change and international trade.First,by means of establishing a partial equilibrium model,it applies geometric analysis and mathematical analysis to compute the impact on China's manufacturing export trade and the consequences of the introduction of the US carbon tariff to China's manufacturing industry that has already imposed a domestic shipping carbon tax.Furthermore,with the application of the GTAP model,it estimates the overall economic and welfare effects on China's manufacturing industry if the US and Europe introduce carbon tariff by means of four ways,and then analyzes the influence on China's manufacturing industry export structure and social welfare as well.The result shows that the introduction of the US carbon import tariff lowers China's export price and export volume,and the implementation of a domestic carbon tax justifies a higher export price and a lower export volume for China.However,the degree of export reduction is smaller than that under the effect of the US carbon tariff.In the case of developed countries imposing carbon tariff on China's energy-intensive industries,such as chemical rubber products,oil and coal-processing industry and paper industry,whose export would be reduced,the negative impact on the paper industry is the severest,which will decrease the paper industry's export ranging from 1.79%to 6.05%,whereas the other industries' export will increase.Anyhow,it will promote China's manufacturing industry to adjust the export structure to a certain extent.In addition,it will lead to a decrease in China's welfare,with a decrease between $2,134 billion and $8,347 billion.Finally,this paper provides information on international coordination,export structure adjustment and green manufacturing adjustment as a reference for the development of China's manufacturing industry.

History and Development of Mobile Tariff in China

With the rapid growth of mobile market in China,mobile phone has stepped into people’s life.Mobile development, especially mobile tariff is more and more concerned.At the same time,as services and competition in the mobile market change,package pricing,bundle pricing and sales, and handset compensation are becoming increasingly popular in the daily life.The diversified trend of mobile tariff calls for further study and analysis.By giving accurate historical facts and detailed data,as well as comprehensive description of mobile tariff development and history in China,the article analyzes several hot issues like handset compensation and tariff competition in order to offer beneficial reference for communication investigation.

The Research of the Tariff Revenue Impact on China Based on APEC List of Environmental Goods

In this paper, the development conditions of the trades of merchandises among APEC countries, which were based on the APEC environmental goods are retrospected and summarized. Considering the commitments to reduce tariff rates on the 54 types of goods in 2015, the international tariff revenue of each country on this kind of goods will be influenced to different extents. This article quantifies the potential loss of each country from the perspective of the tariff revenue loss and contrasts the results, in order to offer related advice and suggestions from the standpoint of Chinese participation of tariff reduction among environmental goods.

Analysis of Nigerian Electricity Generation Multi Year Tariff Order Pricing Model

The Multi Year Tariff Order (MYTO) is the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) pricing framework for determining the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry (NESI) pricing model. One of the objectives of the NERC’s MYTO pricing model is to ensure regulated electricity end user tariff without compromising return on investment. Achieving this objective is imperative to attract investors in the growing Nigerian electricity market. However, NESI has hitherto been faced with challenges ranging from its inability to provide sufficient power to its customers to not being viable enough to provide return on capital invested. In this paper, sensitivity analysis of power plant operation and performance parameters on the cost of electricity (CoE) generation using MYTO (power generation) pricing model were evaluated. Thermodynamic modeling and simulation of an open cycle gas turbine (OCGT) was carried out to augment scarce data on power plant performance and operation in Nigeria. Sensitivity analysis was carried out using probabilistic method based on Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) implemented in commercial software (@ Risk®). The result highlighted sensitivity of the model input parameters to cost of electricity generation based on technical and financial assumptions of MYTO model. Seven most influential parameters affecting generation cost were identified. These parameters and their correlation coefficients are given as: 1) foreign exchange rate, 0.76;2) cost of fuel, 0.51;3) thermal efficiency, -0.23;4) variable operation and maintenance cost, 0.22;5) fixed operating and maintenance cost, -0.03;6) capacity factor, -0.02;and 7) average capacity degradation, 0.01. Based on the gas turbine engine and input parameter distributions statistics for this study, the generation cost lies between 9.84 to 15.45 N/kWh and the probabilities of CoE within these values were established.

Study on Low Carbon Trade Development in China Pearl River Delta Region Initiated by Low Carbon Tariffs

In order to clarify the linkage between carbon tariffs and trade development, the Pearl River Delta region of China, the area with intensive processing trade, was selected to analyze the effects of carbon tariff collections on the production cost, export commodity structure, trade modes and trade terms of the export industries in the Pearl River Delta region, and measures of developing low carbon trade were proposed.

Optimal Tariff and Endogenous Drivers for Trade Liberalization

Trade liberalization requires institutional coordination and openness,and is driven by a multitude of factors.This paper simulates endogenous optimal tariffs under different model structures to uncover the underlying drivers of trade liberalization.Parametric calibration and simulation methods based on the numeric general equilibrium model are employed to estimate the optimal tariff rates of countries with and without trade retaliation.Then,near-reality assumptions are added into the standard general equilibrium model structure,including the cross-border capital flow,multi-country assumption and trade cost,to simulate decreasing optimal tariff rates.The simulation results suggest that world economic development has increased the economic ties and interdependence among nations,making trade liberalization an endogenous optimal choice.The backlash against globalization in recent years is motivated by short-term factors,but will not persist in the long run since it goes against the law of economic growth and socio-economic development.

Several iron ore exporting countries raised tariffs

It is learned from oversea reports that, Indonesia launched a 20% tariff on 14 mineral products including iron ore since May 6th. It is reported, in addition to Indonesia, other countries will lift tariffs or limit the export of mineral resources.

IN 1997 SOME IMPORT AND EXPORT TARIFF RATES ADJUSTED

The General Customs Administration issued a circular statingthat,based upon a decision of the State Council,in 1997 someimport and export tariff rates would be adjusted.The major con-tents of the circular are the adjustment of the import tariff rates of 4tariff lines of commodities and items under 124 tariff lines;theelimination of the export tariffs for 14 tariff lines of commodities,addition of export tariff rates for 2 kinds of precious metals andimposition of provisional export tariff rates for 4 kinds of corn-

The Effect of Variable Electricity Tariffs in the Household on Usage of Household Appliances

Demand side management (DSM) has been discussed and investigated widely as a strategy to also influence residential energy consumption. Flexible energy tariffs are often proposed as a possible tool of DSM. However, real-life experience with this tool is rare. It was therefore the objective of this study to investigate under more realistic conditions how consumers are able and willing to adjust their residential energy consumption under the conditions of flexible energy tariffs with and without the support of intelligent smart appliances. Sixty-seven households in Germany within an experimental design with fictive tariff model (August 11 to July 12) driven by RWE Effizienz GmbH, as the energy utility, and Miele & Cie.KG, as the appliance manufacturer, were equipped with intelligent smart meters and 41 of them also with smart appliances (washing-machine and tumble-dryer). As a first part of the experiment, the energy tariff changed per hour and day by day, depending on the forecast of the availability of renewable energy in Germany between 10 €-Cent and 40 €-Cent per kWh. Consumers could respond to this change by adjusting the operation of their energyconsuming appliances either by themselves or—with the smart appliances—by a programmed start at low tariffs. The behaviour of the 41 consumers with smart appliances and their motivation are intensively investigated and analysed during this running two year project including several questionnaires. The consumers had to fill out daily a diary about the usage of their washing-machine, tumble-dryer, dishwasher and ironing devices. These data were matched with the actual tariff. This did allow identifying if and to which extend the consumers adjust their household activities depending on availability of solar and wind energy. These data were also used to calculate the cost savings by using the flexible tariff. In comparison to the costs of the fixed tariff of 25 €-Cent per kWh savings of 25% were realised on average. The results of a first phase already show that flexible tariffs are able to influence the operation of household appliances towards a flexible demand.

The Effect Tariff Policy before and after WTO Agreement Signature to Sedan Made in Japan Demand in Indonesia

The focus of this research is to know the effect of tariff policy of automobile demand before and after World Trade Organization (WTO). Analysis method used in this research is quantitative analysis with simultaneous model and estimated using Two Stage Least Square (TSLS) approach, and the next analysis is a test of hypothesis using partial and simultaneous test. Based on the result of the estimation, it can be concluded that the independent variable in the first model, car price and PDB per capita is positive and dummy variable of economic crisis is negative to Japanese automobile demand. And independent variable in the second model, demand and tariff (the first dummy) is positive but fuel price and tariff (the second and the third dummy) are negative to Japanese automobile price. In other words, the influence of tariff policy in 1980-1994 is positive, and those in 1995-1997 and 1998-2005 are negative to Japanese automobile demand.

On-Grid Tariff in China——History, Current Situation, and Proposed Reform

This article introduces the history of the reform of on-grid tariff in China, the current status of and currently adopted mechanisms related to on-grid tariffs of coal-fired and renewable energy power generation facilities. The article further discusses the proposed and on-going reform and restructure in the electricity price sector, and the trial reforms in regional electricity markets.

TARIFF AND IMPORT TAXES TO BE LEVIED ON INLAND PRINTED MATTERS CONDUCTED IN HONGKONG AND MACAO

InIn accordance with the regulations as stipulated in Circularon Some Relevant Issues in Levying Tariff and ImportTaxes on Printed Matters Conducted in HongKong andMacao(Promulgated by Decree No.9 of Tariff Regulation Com-mission in 1997), the regulations regarding import duties as stipu-lated in Circular on Measures for Strict Control over Printing inHongKong and Macao, submitted by State Economic Commis-sion, State Planning Commission and Ministry of Finance andapproved by the State Council in its Decree No. 141 in 1985, shallcease to be effective as of July 1, 1997.The Customs, as of July 1, shall levy tariff and import taxesin line with the legal tax rate on inland printed matters conductedin HongKong and Macao. All former pertinent provisions shallbe null and void at the same time.

Goal and Progress of Power Tariff Reform——An interview with Liu Zhenqiu,Vice Director ofDepartment of Price,NDRC

● Power tariffreform has made many important and substantialprogresses in respect ofmarketization● The benchmark tariff is a revolutionary progress made in China's power tariff reform● Coal-electricity price linkage is a transitional approach which needs further improvement● The principle of T&D pricing is "cost plus profit," but it can also be based on pro rata control● China's electricity market should choose the mode of bilateral contracting combined withcentralized market● The direction of the power tariff reform is that electricity price shall be controlled mainly by the re-lationship between supply and demand in the

China to cut tariff for keeping her promise at WTO

CHINA BUSINESS MONTHLY Starting from January 1,2002, China will put into practice all the promises it offered concerning reduction of customs duty for its WTO accession. It is going to cut the general tariff level of imported goods from the current 15.3 percent to 12 percent by the end of 2002. According to its duty under WTO, the Chinese government would lower the tariff rates of 5,300 items at different levels in 2002, accounting for 73 percent of the total items of tariffs. The average tariff rate of...