Children's expectancy beliefs and subjective task values through two years of school-based program and associated links to physical education enjoyment and physical activity

Purpose：The present study examined the patterns of children＇s expectancy beliefs and subjective task values through the Physical Activity as Civil Skill Program and associated links to physical education enjoyment and total physical activity.Methods：The sample comprised 401 children aged 9–13 years from 3 small towns located in North-East Finland.All children received school-based activities across 2-year program from Grades 5 to 7.The present data were collected using questionnaires across 3 measurement phases during 2012–2014.Results：The levels of expectancy beliefs and subjective task values indicated to be relatively high and the development was stable through the program,especially in terms of expectancy beliefs,attainment value,and cost.In contrast,interest value and utility value decreased over the particular period of time.Boys believed they are physically more competent when compared to other students and valued physical education classes more important than girls.In addition,the higher the physical activity level the children reported,the higher the physical education enjoyment they perceived.Conclusion：The current program including actions to increase physical activity through manipulation of psychological and physical school environment modification indicated to be an effective strategy to prohibit declining levels of children＇s expectancy beliefs and task values.

Sport burnout inventoryDual career form for student-athletes: Assessing validity and reliability in a Finnish sample of adolescent athletes

Background:The pressure of pursuing an athletic career simultaneously with education may set adolescent student-athletes at risk for sport and school burnout.Although the 2 life domains of student-athletes are strongly intertwined,so far,there has not been an instrument for investigating sport burnout parallel to school burnout.The aim of the present study was to introduce a sport burnout measure for adolescents in a dual career context and investigate its validity and reliability by using confirmatory factor analysis.Methods:The participants were 391 student-athletes(51%females)who filled in a questionnaire of sport burnout and background variables in the beginning of upper secondary school.Results:A 3-factor model or a second-order-factor model described the data better and gave better reliability indices than a 1-factor model.The 3 dimensions of sport burnout were shown to be separate,but closely related constructs.Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity was obtained by correlating the 3 sport burnout dimensions with depressive symptoms,self-esteem,and sport task values.Conclusion:The results suggest that Sport Burnout InventoryDual Career Form(SpBI-DC)is a valid and reliable instrument for investigating sport burnout among adolescent student-athletes.