A Comprehensive Survey on Joint Resource Allocation Strategies in Federated Edge Learning

Federated Edge Learning(FEL),an emerging distributed Machine Learning(ML)paradigm,enables model training in a distributed environment while ensuring user privacy by using physical separation for each user’s data.However,with the development of complex application scenarios such as the Internet of Things(IoT)and Smart Earth,the conventional resource allocation schemes can no longer effectively support these growing computational and communication demands.Therefore,joint resource optimization may be the key solution to the scaling problem.This paper simultaneously addresses the multifaceted challenges of computation and communication,with the growing multiple resource demands.We systematically review the joint allocation strategies for different resources(computation,data,communication,and network topology)in FEL,and summarize the advantages in improving system efficiency,reducing latency,enhancing resource utilization,and enhancing robustness.In addition,we present the potential ability of joint optimization to enhance privacy preservation by reducing communication requirements,indirectly.This work not only provides theoretical support for resource management in federated learning(FL)systems,but also provides ideas for potential optimal deployment in multiple real-world scenarios.By thoroughly discussing the current challenges and future research directions,it also provides some important insights into multi-resource optimization in complex application environments.

Optimization of resource allocation in FDD massive MIMO systems

The performance of massive MIMO systems relies heavily on the availability of Channel State Information at the Transmitter(CSIT).A large amount of work has been devoted to reducing the CSIT acquisition overhead at the pilot training and/or CsI feedback stage.In fact,the downlink communication generally includes three stages,i.e.,pilot training,CsI feedback,and data transmission.These three stages are mutually related and jointly determine the overall system performance.Unfortunately,there exist few studies on the reduction of csIT acquisition overhead from the global point of view.In this paper,we integrate the Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE)channel estimation,Random Vector Quantization(RVQ)based limited feedback and Maximal Ratio Combining(MRC)precoding into a unified framework for investigating the resource allocation problem.In particular,we first approximate the covariance matrix of the quantization error with a simple expression and derive an analytical expression of the received Signal-to-Noise Ratio(SNR)based on the deterministic equivalence theory.Then the three performance metrics(the spectral efficiency,energy efficiency,and total energy consumption)oriented problems are formulated analytically.With practical system requirements,these three metrics can be collaboratively optimized.Finally,we propose an optimization solver to derive the optimal partition of channel coherence time.Experiment results verify the benefits of the proposed resource allocation schemes under three different scenarios and illustrate the tradeoff of resource allocation between three stages.

Starlet:Network defense resource allocation with multi-armed bandits for cloud-edge crowd sensing in IoT

The cloud platform has limited defense resources to fully protect the edge servers used to process crowd sensing data in Internet of Things.To guarantee the network's overall security,we present a network defense resource allocation with multi-armed bandits to maximize the network's overall benefit.Firstly,we propose the method for dynamic setting of node defense resource thresholds to obtain the defender(attacker)benefit function of edge servers(nodes)and distribution.Secondly,we design a defense resource sharing mechanism for neighboring nodes to obtain the defense capability of nodes.Subsequently,we use the decomposability and Lipschitz conti-nuity of the defender's total expected utility to reduce the difference between the utility's discrete and continuous arms and analyze the difference theoretically.Finally,experimental results show that the method maximizes the defender's total expected utility and reduces the difference between the discrete and continuous arms of the utility.

An Adaptive Hybrid Optimization Strategy for Resource Allocation in Network Function Virtualization

With the rapid development of Network Function Virtualization(NFV),the problem of low resource utilizationin traditional data centers is gradually being addressed.However,existing research does not optimize both localand global allocation of resources in data centers.Hence,we propose an adaptive hybrid optimization strategy thatcombines dynamic programming and neural networks to improve resource utilization and service quality in datacenters.Our approach encompasses a service function chain simulation generator,a parallel architecture servicesystem,a dynamic programming strategy formaximizing the utilization of local server resources,a neural networkfor predicting the global utilization rate of resources and a global resource optimization strategy for bottleneck andredundant resources.With the implementation of our local and global resource allocation strategies,the systemperformance is significantly optimized through simulation.

Joint Task Allocation and Resource Optimization for Blockchain Enabled Collaborative Edge Computing

Collaborative edge computing is a promising direction to handle the computation intensive tasks in B5G wireless networks.However,edge computing servers(ECSs)from different operators may not trust each other,and thus the incentives for collaboration cannot be guaranteed.In this paper,we propose a consortium blockchain enabled collaborative edge computing framework,where users can offload computing tasks to ECSs from different operators.To minimize the total delay of users,we formulate a joint task offloading and resource optimization problem,under the constraint of the computing capability of each ECS.We apply the Tammer decomposition method and heuristic optimization algorithms to obtain the optimal solution.Finally,we propose a reputation based node selection approach to facilitate the consensus process,and also consider a completion time based primary node selection to avoid monopolization of certain edge node and enhance the security of the blockchain.Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm,and the total delay can be reduced by up to 40%compared with the non-cooperative case.

Computing Resource Allocation for Blockchain-Based Mobile Edge Computing

Users and edge servers are not fullymutually trusted inmobile edge computing(MEC),and hence blockchain can be introduced to provide trustableMEC.In blockchain-basedMEC,each edge server functions as a node in bothMEC and blockchain,processing users’tasks and then uploading the task related information to the blockchain.That is,each edge server runs both users’offloaded tasks and blockchain tasks simultaneously.Note that there is a trade-off between the resource allocation for MEC and blockchain tasks.Therefore,the allocation of the resources of edge servers to the blockchain and theMEC is crucial for the processing delay of blockchain-based MEC.Most of the existing research tackles the problem of resource allocation in either blockchain or MEC,which leads to unfavorable performance of the blockchain-based MEC system.In this paper,we study how to allocate the computing resources of edge servers to the MEC and blockchain tasks with the aimtominimize the total systemprocessing delay.For the problem,we propose a computing resource Allocation algorithmfor Blockchain-based MEC(ABM)which utilizes the Slater’s condition,Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)conditions,partial derivatives of the Lagrangian function and subgradient projection method to obtain the solution.Simulation results show that ABM converges and effectively reduces the processing delay of blockchain-based MEC.

Joint Allocation of Computing and Connectivity Resources in Survivable Inter-Datacenter Elastic Optical Networks

Inter-datacenter elastic optical networks(EON)need to provide the service for the requests of cloud computing that require not only connectivity and computing resources but also network survivability.In this paper,to realize joint allocation of computing and connectivity resources in survivable inter-datacenter EONs,a survivable routing,modulation level,spectrum,and computing resource allocation algorithm(SRMLSCRA)algorithm and three datacenter selection strategies,i.e.Computing Resource First(CRF),Shortest Path First(SPF)and Random Destination(RD),are proposed for different scenarios.Unicast and manycast are applied to the communication of computing requests,and the routing strategies are calculated respectively.Simulation results show that SRMLCRA-CRF can serve the largest amount of protected computing tasks,and the requested calculation blocking probability is reduced by 29.2%,28.3%and 30.5%compared with SRMLSCRA-SPF,SRMLSCRA-RD and the benchmark EPS-RMSA algorithms respectively.Therefore,it is more applicable to the networks with huge calculations.Besides,SRMLSCRA-SPF consumes the least spectrum,thereby exhibiting its suitability for scenarios where the amount of calculation is small and communication resources are scarce.The results demonstrate that the proposed methods realize the joint allocation of computing and connectivity resources,and could provide efficient protection for services under single-link failure and occupy less spectrum.

Learning-based user association and dynamic resource allocation in multi-connectivity enabled unmanned aerial vehicle networks

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAvs)as aerial base stations to provide communication services for ground users is a flexible and cost-effective paradigm in B5G.Besides,dynamic resource allocation and multi-connectivity can be adopted to further harness the potentials of UAVs in improving communication capacity,in such situations such that the interference among users becomes a pivotal disincentive requiring effective solutions.To this end,we investigate the Joint UAV-User Association,Channel Allocation,and transmission Power Control(J-UACAPC)problem in a multi-connectivity-enabled UAV network with constrained backhaul links,where each UAV can determine the reusable channels and transmission power to serve the selected ground users.The goal was to mitigate co-channel interference while maximizing long-term system utility.The problem was modeled as a cooperative stochastic game with hybrid discrete-continuous action space.A Multi-Agent Hybrid Deep Reinforcement Learning(MAHDRL)algorithm was proposed to address this problem.Extensive simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and showed that it has a higher system utility than the baseline methods.

A new quantum key distribution resource allocation and routing optimization scheme

Quantum key distribution(QKD)is a technology that can resist the threat of quantum computers to existing conventional cryptographic protocols.However,due to the stringent requirements of the quantum key generation environment,the generated quantum keys are considered valuable,and the slow key generation rate conflicts with the high-speed data transmission in traditional optical networks.In this paper,for the QKD network with a trusted relay,which is mainly based on point-to-point quantum keys and has complex changes in network resources,we aim to allocate resources reasonably for data packet distribution.Firstly,we formulate a linear programming constraint model for the key resource allocation(KRA)problem based on the time-slot scheduling.Secondly,we propose a new scheduling scheme based on the graded key security requirements(GKSR)and a new micro-log key storage algorithm for effective storage and management of key resources.Finally,we propose a key resource consumption(KRC)routing optimization algorithm to properly allocate time slots,routes,and key resources.Simulation results show that the proposed scheme significantly improves the key distribution success rate and key resource utilization rate,among others.

Resource Allocation in Multi-User Cellular Networks:A Transformer-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

To meet the communication services with diverse requirements,dynamic resource allocation has shown increasing importance.In this paper,we consider the multi-slot and multi-user resource allocation(MSMU-RA)in a downlink cellular scenario with the aim of maximizing system spectral efficiency while guaranteeing user fairness.We first model the MSMURA problem as a dual-sequence decision-making process,and then solve it by a novel Transformerbased deep reinforcement learning(TDRL)approach.Specifically,the proposed TDRL approach can be achieved based on two aspects:1)To adapt to the dynamic wireless environment,the proximal policy optimization(PPO)algorithm is used to optimize the multi-slot RA strategy.2)To avoid co-channel interference,the Transformer-based PPO algorithm is presented to obtain the optimal multi-user RA scheme by exploring the mapping between user sequence and resource sequence.Experimental results show that:i)the proposed approach outperforms both the traditional and DRL methods in spectral efficiency and user fairness,ii)the proposed algorithm is superior to DRL approaches in terms of convergence speed and generalization performance.

Resource Allocation for Cognitive Network Slicing in PD-SCMA System Based on Two-Way Deep Reinforcement Learning

In this paper,we propose the Two-way Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)-Based resource allocation algorithm,which solves the problem of resource allocation in the cognitive downlink network based on the underlay mode.Secondary users(SUs)in the cognitive network are multiplexed by a new Power Domain Sparse Code Multiple Access(PD-SCMA)scheme,and the physical resources of the cognitive base station are virtualized into two types of slices:enhanced mobile broadband(eMBB)slice and ultrareliable low latency communication(URLLC)slice.We design the Double Deep Q Network(DDQN)network output the optimal codebook assignment scheme and simultaneously use the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(DDPG)network output the optimal power allocation scheme.The objective is to jointly optimize the spectral efficiency of the system and the Quality of Service(QoS)of SUs.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the CNDDQN algorithm and modified JEERA algorithm in terms of spectral efficiency and QoS satisfaction.Additionally,compared with the Power Domain Non-orthogonal Multiple Access(PD-NOMA)slices and the Sparse Code Multiple Access(SCMA)slices,the PD-SCMA slices can dramatically enhance spectral efficiency and increase the number of accessible users.

Online Learning-Based Offloading Decision and Resource Allocation in Mobile Edge Computing-Enabled Satellite-Terrestrial Networks

Mobile edge computing(MEC)-enabled satellite-terrestrial networks(STNs)can provide Internet of Things(IoT)devices with global computing services.Sometimes,the network state information is uncertain or unknown.To deal with this situation,we investigate online learning-based offloading decision and resource allocation in MEC-enabled STNs in this paper.The problem of minimizing the average sum task completion delay of all IoT devices over all time periods is formulated.We decompose this optimization problem into a task offloading decision problem and a computing resource allocation problem.A joint optimization scheme of offloading decision and resource allocation is then proposed,which consists of a task offloading decision algorithm based on the devices cooperation aided upper confidence bound(UCB)algorithm and a computing resource allocation algorithm based on the Lagrange multiplier method.Simulation results validate that the proposed scheme performs better than other baseline schemes.

Distributed Resource Allocation in Dispersed Computing Environment Based on UAV Track Inspection in Urban Rail Transit

With the rapid development of urban rail transit,the existing track detection has some problems such as low efficiency and insufficient detection coverage,so an intelligent and automatic track detectionmethod based onUAV is urgently needed to avoid major safety accidents.At the same time,the geographical distribution of IoT devices results in the inefficient use of the significant computing potential held by a large number of devices.As a result,the Dispersed Computing(DCOMP)architecture enables collaborative computing between devices in the Internet of Everything(IoE),promotes low-latency and efficient cross-wide applications,and meets users’growing needs for computing performance and service quality.This paper focuses on examining the resource allocation challenge within a dispersed computing environment that utilizes UAV inspection tracks.Furthermore,the system takes into account both resource constraints and computational constraints and transforms the optimization problem into an energy minimization problem with computational constraints.The Markov Decision Process(MDP)model is employed to capture the connection between the dispersed computing resource allocation strategy and the system environment.Subsequently,a method based on Double Deep Q-Network(DDQN)is introduced to derive the optimal policy.Simultaneously,an experience replay mechanism is implemented to tackle the issue of increasing dimensionality.The experimental simulations validate the efficacy of the method across various scenarios.

Resource Allocation for IRS Assistedmm Wave Wireless Powered Sensor Networks with User Cooperation

In this paper,we investigate IRS-aided user cooperation(UC)scheme in millimeter wave(mmWave)wirelesspowered sensor networks(WPSN),where two single-antenna users are wireless powered in the wireless energy transfer(WET)phase first and then cooperatively transmit information to a hybrid access point(AP)in the wireless information transmission(WIT)phase,following which the IRS is deployed to enhance the system performance of theWET andWIT.We maximized the weighted sum-rate problem by jointly optimizing the transmit time slots,power allocations,and the phase shifts of the IRS.Due to the non-convexity of the original problem,a semidefinite programming relaxation-based approach is proposed to convert the formulated problem to a convex optimization framework,which can obtain the optimal global solution.Simulation results demonstrate that the weighted sum throughput of the proposed UC scheme outperforms the non-UC scheme whether equipped with IRS or not.

Adaptive Resource Allocation Algorithm for 5G Vehicular Cloud Communication

The current resource allocation in 5G vehicular networks for mobile cloud communication faces several challenges,such as low user utilization,unbalanced resource allocation,and extended adaptive allocation time.We propose an adaptive allocation algorithm for mobile cloud communication resources in 5G vehicular networks to address these issues.This study analyzes the components of the 5G vehicular network architecture to determine the performance of different components.It is ascertained that the communication modes in 5G vehicular networks for mobile cloud communication include in-band and out-of-band modes.Furthermore,this study analyzes the single-hop and multi-hop modes in mobile cloud communication and calculates the resource transmission rate and bandwidth in different communication modes.The study also determines the scenario of one-way and two-way vehicle lane cloud communication network connectivity,calculates the probability of vehicle network connectivity under different mobile cloud communication radii,and determines the amount of cloud communication resources required by vehicles in different lane scenarios.Based on the communication status of users in 5G vehicular networks,this study calculates the bandwidth and transmission rate of the allocated channels using Shannon’s formula.It determines the adaptive allocation of cloud communication resources,introduces an objective function to obtain the optimal solution after allocation,and completes the adaptive allocation process.The experimental results demonstrate that,with the application of the proposed method,the maximum utilization of user communication resources reaches approximately 99%.The balance coefficient curve approaches 1,and the allocation time remains under 2 s.This indicates that the proposed method has higher adaptive allocation efficiency.

Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradien-Based Task Offloading Resource Allocation Joint Offloading

With the advancement of technology and the continuous innovation of applications, low-latency applications such as drones, online games and virtual reality are gradually becoming popular demands in modern society. However, these applications pose a great challenge to the traditional centralized mobile cloud computing paradigm, and it is obvious that the traditional cloud computing model is already struggling to meet such demands. To address the shortcomings of cloud computing, mobile edge computing has emerged. Mobile edge computing provides users with computing and storage resources by offloading computing tasks to servers at the edge of the network. However, most existing work only considers single-objective performance optimization in terms of latency or energy consumption, but not balanced optimization in terms of latency and energy consumption. To reduce task latency and device energy consumption, the problem of joint optimization of computation offloading and resource allocation in multi-cell, multi-user, multi-server MEC environments is investigated. In this paper, a dynamic computation offloading algorithm based on Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) is proposed to obtain the optimal policy. The experimental results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper reduces the delay by 5 ms compared to PPO, 1.5 ms compared to DDPG and 10.7 ms compared to DQN, and reduces the energy consumption by 300 compared to PPO, 760 compared to DDPG and 380 compared to DQN. This fully proves that the algorithm proposed in this paper has excellent performance.

Research on the Balanced Development of Urban and Rural Compulsory Education Through Education Resource Allocation

With the rapid development of our country’s economy,education has gradually become the focus of social attention.The problem of unbalanced distribution of urban and rural educational resources has become increasingly prominent,urban educational resources are relatively rich,while rural educational resources are relatively scarce,and the balanced development of urban and rural compulsory education has become an urgent task.This paper mainly investigates and studies the distribution of urban and rural educational resources,discusses the unbalanced distribution of urban and rural educational resources and analyzes the reasons,and puts forward a series of corresponding solutions to promote the balanced development of urban and rural compulsory education.

Tasks-Oriented Joint Resource Allocation Scheme for the Internet of Vehicles with Sensing, Communication and Computing Integration

With the development of artificial intelligence(AI)and 5G technology,the integration of sensing,communication and computing in the Internet of Vehicles(Io V)is becoming a trend.However,the large amount of data transmission and the computing requirements of intelligent tasks lead to the complex resource management problems.In view of the above challenges,this paper proposes a tasks-oriented joint resource allocation scheme(TOJRAS)in the scenario of Io V.First,this paper proposes a system model with sensing,communication,and computing integration for multiple intelligent tasks with different requirements in the Io V.Secondly,joint resource allocation problems for real-time tasks and delay-tolerant tasks in the Io V are constructed respectively,including communication,computing and caching resources.Thirdly,a distributed deep Q-network(DDQN)based algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problems,and the convergence and complexity of the algorithm are discussed.Finally,the experimental results based on real data sets verify the performance advantages of the proposed resource allocation scheme,compared to the existing ones.The exploration efficiency of our proposed DDQN-based algorithm is improved by at least about 5%,and our proposed resource allocation scheme improves the m AP performance by about 0.15 under resource constraints.

Downlink Resource Allocation for NOMA-Based Hybrid Spectrum Access in Cognitive Network

To solve the contradiction between limited spectrum resources and increasing communication demand,this paper proposes a wireless resource allocation scheme based on the Deep Q Network(DQN)to allocate radio resources in a downlink multi-user cognitive radio(CR)network with slicing.Secondary users(SUs)are multiplexed using non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA).The SUs use the hybrid spectrum access mode to improve the spectral efficiency(SE).Considering the demand for multiple services,the enhanced mobile broadband(eMBB)slice and ultrareliable low-latency communication(URLLC)slice were established.The proposed scheme can maximize the SE while ensuring Quality of Service(QoS)for the users.This study established a mapping relationship between resource allocation and the DQN algorithm in the CR-NOMA network.According to the signal-to-interference-plusnoise ratio(SINR)of the primary users(PUs),the proposed scheme can output the optimal channel selection and power allocation.The simulation results reveal that the proposed scheme can converge faster and obtain higher rewards compared with the Q-Learning scheme.Additionally,the proposed scheme has better SE than both the overlay and underlay only modes.

User Scheduling and Slicing Resource Allocation in Industrial Internet of Things

Heterogeneous base station deployment enables to provide high capacity and wide area coverage.Network slicing makes it possible to allocate wireless resource for heterogeneous services on demand.These two promising technologies contribute to the unprecedented service in 5G.We establish a multiservice heterogeneous network model,which aims to raise the transmission rate under the delay constraints for active control terminals,and optimize the energy efficiency for passive network terminals.A policygradient-based deep reinforcement learning algorithm is proposed to make decisions on user association and power control in the continuous action space.Simulation results indicate the good convergence of the algorithm,and higher reward is obtained compared with other baselines.