沉默MPZL1调控β-catenin对A549/Tax细胞干性及耐药性的影响

目的探讨髓磷脂蛋白零样蛋白1(MPZL1)沉默后是否通过调控β-catenin表达对A549/Tax耐药性和细胞干性产生影响。方法采用不同浓度阿霉素和紫杉醇处理A549和A549紫杉醇耐药性(A549/Tax)细胞,观察两种细胞的耐药性差异。实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)和Western blot检测A549和A549/Tax细胞中MPZL1的表达量差异。对A549/Tax细胞沉默或者过表达MPZL1,进一步将细胞分为对照(control)组、短发卡RNA阴性对照(sh-NC)组、MPZL1沉默(sh-MPZL1)组、过表达阴性对照(OE-NC)组、MPZL1过表达(OE-MPZL1)组,运用细胞计数试剂盒8(CCK-8)和平板克隆实验分别检测MPZL1的表达变化对A549/Tax细胞增殖和克隆形成能力的影响。Western blot检测Wnt/β-catenin抑制剂XAV939和激活剂CHIR-99201处理细胞后,不同蛋白的表达变化。结果A549/Tax细胞对阿霉素和紫杉醇的半数抑制浓度(IC 50)较A549细胞明显增加(P<0.01)。MPZL1在A549/Tax中呈更高的表达趋势。MPZL1敲除后A549/Tax对阿霉素和紫杉醇的IC 50分别为2.731 mg/ml和4.939μg/ml,较阴性对照组的4.541 mg/ml和13.55μg/ml降低(P<0.01)。CCK-8和克隆形成实验结果显示,MPZL1敲除抑制肺癌A549/Tax细胞的增殖活力和克隆形成能力(P<0.05);Western blot结果显示,与阴性对照组相比,MPZL1、肿瘤干性相关蛋白(CD44和CD133)、多药耐药蛋白1(MDR1)、肺耐药相关蛋白(LRP)和β-catenin在sh-MPZL1中的表达水平明显减少(P<0.01)。此外,XAV939可抑制MPZL1、CD44、CD133、MDR1、LRP和β-catenin的表达。CHIR-99201处理细胞后部分逆转敲除MPZL1对上述蛋白的抑制作用。结论MPZL1在肺癌A549/Tax细胞中高表达。敲除MPZL1可抑制肿瘤干性和细胞增殖,增强肺癌A549/Tax细胞对阿霉素和紫杉醇的敏感性。

Effect of Property Tax on Optimization and Upgrading of Industrial Structure

China's economic growth and economic development has entered a new stage,and the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure is the core driving force for China to achieve high-quality economic development during the"14 th Five-Year Plan"period.Property tax has a conductive effect on the upgrading of industrial structure.Therefore,from the perspective of property tax and industrial structure adjustment and the relationship between them,this study summarizes the relevant research of domestic and foreign scholars.On the basis of the research,the paper puts forward some relevant policy suggestions on improving China's property tax and promoting the optimization and upgrading of China's industrial structure.

Exploring Corporate Tax Compliance in the Era of Digital Tax Collection and Administration:Insights from the“Golden Tax Phase Four”Project

This article primarily examines the current state of tax collection and management,alongside other associated issues.It integrates insights from China’s“14th Five-Year Plan”and anticipates the imminent implementation of the“Golden Tax Phase Four.”With this backdrop,the article offers recommendations for advancing the reform of the tax collection and management system,fostering the development of intelligent taxation,and accelerating the modernization of tax collection and management in China.

Research on Tax Risk Regulation and Strategic Management in the Context of Big Data

With the rapid development of big data,big data has been more and more applied in all walks of life.Under the big data environment,massive big data provides convenience for regional tax risk control and strategic decision-making but also increases the difficulty of data supervision and management.By analyzing the status quo of big data and tax risk management,this paper finds many problems and puts forward effective countermeasures for tax risk supervision and strategic management by using big data.

Taxation Models and Improvement Proposals for Personal Income Tax in the Sharing Economy

As an innovative economic model,the sharing economy has seen rapid growth globally in recent years.It has not only brought a profound impact on traditional economies but also injected new vitality and momentum into the sustainable development of the social economy.However,for the sharing economy,the process of collecting personal income tax is facing several issues,such as the ambiguity of tax policies regarding personal income,challenges in identifying taxpayers,and difficulties in defining income.To achieve the fairness and efficiency of personal income tax collection in the sharing economy,this study proposes optimized regulatory mechanisms and conducts in-depth discussions on the adjustment of personal income tax policies,innovation in tax management technology,and improvement in the quality of personal income tax services.

Analysis and Innovative Strategies of Tax Preferential Policies to Promote the Sustainable Development of Small-Scale Individual Businesses

This study conducted an in-depth analysis of the current tax preferential policies for small-scale individual businesses and compared them with similar policies both domestically and internationally,aiming to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the current system.After examining the impact of these tax preferential policies on the economic status of individual business owners and the broader social economy,this article proposes a set of innovative tax preferential strategies based on theoretical foundations.By developing these innovative strategies and clarifying their implementation paths,the aim is to promote the sustainable and healthy development of small-scale individual businesses,thereby fostering comprehensive socio-economic progress.The conclusion of this study not only summarizes policy recommendations with practical significance but also provides theoretical support for the optimization and innovation of future related systems.

Impact of taxes on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development:Evidence from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD)countries

Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.This research used effective average tax(EAT),tax on personal income(TPI),tax on corporate profits(TCP),and tax on goods and services(TGS)as the variables of taxes,and employed secondary data from 38 OECD countries covering 2000–2021.The study also used Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier(LM),Pesaran Scaled LM,Bias-Corrected Scaled LM,and Pesaran Cross-sectional dependence(CSD)tests to analyze the existence of crosssectional dependency.Then,we established the stationarity of variables through second-generation panel unit root tests(Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF)and Cross-sectional Im,Pesaran,and Shin(CIPS)),and confirmed the long-run cointegration of the variables by using secondgeneration panel cointegration test(Westerlund cointegration test).The results showed that EAT,TPI,TCP,and TGS are positively associated with SDGs.However,the change in TPI has a smaller effect on SDGs than the change in EAT or TCP or TGS.The result of panel causality indicated that EAT,TPI,and TGS have a unidirectional causal relationship with SDGs.The study also found that TCP has a bi-directional causal relationship with SDGs.Moreover,the finding indicated that the OECD countries need to focus on tax policies to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This study is based on the theory of optimal taxation(TOT),which suggests that tax systems should be designed to maximize social welfare.Finally,we suggests the importance of taking a comprehensive approach for the managers and policy-makers when analyzing the impact of taxes on SDGs.

Dynamic decision and its complex dynamics analysis of low-carbon supply chain considering risk-aversion under carbon tax policy

This study establishes a low-carbon supply chain game model under the centralized decision situation and the decentralized decision situation considering the manufacturer risk-aversion behavior, and discusses the influence of the manufacturer risk-aversion behavior on the optimal decision, profit, coordination, and complex dynamics of the supply chain. We find that comparing with the risk-neutral decentralized decision, the increase of manufacturer's risk tolerance attitude can narrow the gap between the supply chain profit and the centralized decision, but it will further reduce the carbon emission reduction level. The increase of risk tolerance of the manufacturer and carbon tax will narrow the stable region of the system. Under this situation, the manufacturer should carefully adjust parameters to prevent the system from losing stability,especially the adjustment parameters for carbon emission reduction level. When the system is in a chaotic state, the increase of carbon tax rate makes the system show more complex dynamic characteristics. Under the chaotic state, it is difficult for the manufacturer to make correct price decision and carbon emission reduction strategy for the next period, which damages its profit, but increases the profit of the retailer and the supply chain. Finally, the carbon emission reduction cost-sharing contract is proposed to improve the carbon emission reduction level and the supply chain efficiency, achieving Pareto improvement. The stability region of the system is larger than that in the centralized decision situation, but the increase of the cost sharing coefficient will reduce the stability of the system in the decentralized decision-making situation.

A Multi-Module Machine Learning Approach to Detect Tax Fraud

Tax fraud is one of the substantial issues affecting governments around the world.It is defined as the intentional alteration of information provided on a tax return to reduce someone’s tax liability.This is done by either reducing sales or increasing purchases.According to recent studies,governments lose over$500 billion annually due to tax fraud.A loss of this magnitude motivates tax authorities worldwide to implement efficient fraud detection strategies.Most of the work done in tax fraud using machine learning is centered on supervised models.A significant drawback of this approach is that it requires tax returns that have been previously audited,which constitutes a small percentage of the data.Other strategies focus on using unsupervised models that utilize the whole data when they search for patterns,though ignore whether the tax returns are fraudulent or not.Therefore,unsupervised models are limited in their usefulness if they are used independently to detect tax fraud.The work done in this paper focuses on addressing such limitations by proposing a fraud detection framework that utilizes supervised and unsupervised models to exploit the entire set of tax returns.The framework consists of four modules:A supervised module,which utilizes a tree-based model to extract knowledge from the data;an unsupervised module,which calculates anomaly scores;a behavioral module,which assigns a compliance score for each taxpayer;and a prediction module,which utilizes the output of the previous modules to output a probability of fraud for each tax return.We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework by testing it on existent tax returns provided by the Saudi tax authority.

Tax avoidance and earnings management:a neural network approach for the largest European economies

In this study,we investigate the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management in the largest five European Union economies by using artificial neural network regressions.This methodology allows us to deal with nonlinearities detected in the data,which is the principal contribution to the previous literature.We ana-lyzed Compustat data for Germany,the United Kingdom,France,Italy,and Spain for the 2006–2015 period,focusing on discretionary accruals.We considered three tax avoidance measures,two based on the effective tax rate(ETR)and one on book-tax differences(BTD).Our results indicate the presence of nonlinear patterns and a posi-tive,statistically significant relationship between discretionary accruals and both ETR indicators implying that when companies resort to earnings management,a larger tax-able income—and thus higher ETR and lesser tax avoidance–would ensue.Hence,as also highlighted by the fact that discretionary accruals do not appear to affect BTD,our evidence does not suggest that companies are exploiting tax manipulation to reduce their tax payments;thus,the gap between accounting and taxation seems largely unaf-fected by earnings management.

Fairness in Climate Change Mitigation: The Case of Carbon Taxation

Environmental economists have advocated carbon taxation for its efficiency and effectiveness in reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Yet, whether the policy would be fair in any given context needs to be better realized. While the distributive effects of carbon taxation have been widely discussed, a more comprehensive understanding of tax fairness is lacking. This paper reviews the academic literature through the lens of three justice concepts -recognition, procedure, and distribution—to understand the implications of previous studies for fair carbon tax policy-making. Upon examining the relevant literature, the findings highlight the limited evidence concerning recognition and procedural justice in carbon taxation, particularly in developing country context. This calls for more assessments through these perspectives. It also emphasizes the importance of recognition for vulnerable groups, such as women, with an intersectionality approach;a fair policy process through information provision, inclusive representation, fair level playing field;and proportionate burden sharing through context-specific design elements such as targeted revenue use.

Does higher tax rate affect tobacco usage?Unravelling the nexus between tobacco regulatory control and public health concern

Objectives:Bangladesh stands as a prominent global consumer of tobacco,with alarming consequences on public health.The Global Adult Tobacco Survey reported that tobacco consumption claimed over 126000 lives in 2018,contributing to 13.5%of all deaths in the country.This study aims to explore the effectiveness of higher tax rates and tobacco use regulation as control mechanisms in mitigating tobacco consumption and health care cost burden,with a particular emphasis on its implications for public health.Methods:This study is based on the annual time series data over the period 2000-2020.The study employs the ordinary least square method to analyze the quantitative confirming the stationarity of data at level.This research uses different models to investigate individual effects and combined effects on both tobacco consumption and tobacco health care cost burden.Results:The study finds a negative relationship between tobacco tax rate and tobacco consumption.More specifically,the higher tax rate of tobacco(low(β=-0.3495),medium(β=-0.2319),high(β=-0.9033),premium(β=-0.7322),filtered(β=-0.2114),and non-filtered(β=-0.3452)categories)is significant to reduce tobacco use at 1%level of significance.The study finds similar results when it applied tobacco retail price instead of tobacco tax rate as the independent variable.Finally,the study investigates the impact on health care cost through tobacco consumption,tobacco control law,growth rate,export-import,and tobacco production.The results indicate that tobacco consumption,export-import,and tobacco production increases health care cost burden while tobacco use regulatory decreases it.By reducing tobacco consumption,higher taxes and tobacco use regulation contribute to alleviating the burden on the healthcare system,promoting healthier lifestyles,and aligning with global health objectives.Conclusions:Higher tax rate on tobacco products is necessary to increase the retail price so that tobacco users cannot consume tobacco.Specific tax and uniform tax base are needed so that tobacco users cannot switch to lower priced brands.Tobacco control laws need to revised and proper implementation should be ensured as well,to achieve the goal of tobacco free Bangladesh by 2040.Tobacco-related diseases,responsible for a significant proportion of deaths in the country,could witness a considerable decline with the successful implementation of higher tax rates and tobacco use regulation.This study provides insights that not only contribute to the economic discourse but also accentuate the broader public health benefits arising from effective tobacco taxation policies.

The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Air Pollution in the Economic Community of West African States region: What Influence Does Tax Expenditure Have?

Air pollution is one of the crucial environmental challenges facing the countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The objective of this paper is to examine the effect of an attractive tax policy on the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and air pollution in ECOWAS region over the period 2000 to 2019. By using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and panel data analyses (fixed effects and random effects), the results show that, in general, FDI does not have a significant effect on air pollution in the region. However, closer analysis reveals that an interaction between FDI and an attractive tax policy has a negative effect on air quality, leading to an increase in air pollution. Thus, companies attracted by tax incentives may not meet rigorous environmental standards. These results highlight the importance for policymakers to balance economic incentives with environmental protection in ECOWAS. Attractive tax policies can stimulate investment, but they must be designed in a way that encourages environmentally friendly practices, thereby helping to improve air quality in the region.

Overview of the Reports on the Reformation of Personal Income Taxation

Presentation of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation that have been prepared with a development plan for the Greek economy,that discuss the issue of taxation and point out its important features.The goal is the complete modernization of the tax system,so that it responds more fully to the principles of social justice,contributes to the economic development of the country and is governed by simple and modern procedures,which apply to all tax objects.The purpose of the study is to deepen the proposals for tax reform based on the peculiarities of the Greek economy,the international trends in this field and the weaknesses of the tax system.The effects of a tax reformation are analyzed and how it should take the form of the reform,which,however,requires a new legislation,which will bring about radical and deep cuts,which respond to the new conditions and the internationalization of the economy.Proposals for a set of structural measures,which are necessary for the country’s adaptation to the wider European environment and the elimination of the weaknesses that increase its distance from the other member countries.Citation of the common points of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation and their adoption by the tax leadership.

An Uneven Impact of Emerging Technologies on Taxpayers With Various Income Levels Audited by the IRS: Empirical Evidence From an AI Technology Application and Regression Models

This study aims to investigate the influence of emerging technology adoption on tax compliance, encompassing both the Internal Revenue Service’s (IRS) compliance audits and taxpayers’ compliance performance (collectively, tax compliance). We employed the Gradient Descent optimization algorithm, an artificial intelligence (AI) technology application, to scrutinize the connection between the quality of US tax filings and the development of emerging technology, among other contributing factors. Additionally, we utilized multiple linear regression to evaluate the relationships between dependent variables, specifically IRS audit rates and the no-change rate at different income levels,1 and several independent variables, including a proxy for emerging technology in the form of tax software. Our findings reveal that while emerging technology significantly impacts tax compliance within the IRS and taxpayers’ performance, its effects vary across income groups. Notably, emerging technology seems to confer greater advantages to higher-income individuals compared to their lower-income counterparts. These study results hold considerable policy implications for government decision-makers in promoting the adoption of emerging technology among lower-income taxpayers.

Stamp Duty Tax and Growth of Economy:Evidence from Nigeria

This study looked at the impact of the Nigerian stamp duty tax on the growth of the economy.Time series data were employed spanning the years 1999-2020.For various years,related data were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin,the Bureau of National Statistics,and Federal Inland Revenue Service reports.E-view 9.0 was used to test the hypothesis using the ordinary least square.The study outcome revealed that stamp duty has an insignificant and positive impact on Nigeria’s economic growth.It was recommended that the government improve public entities and provide strong government investment as a source of domestic revenue generated from various business activities.

地方财力冲击下的企业纳税遵从:征管效应还是迎合效应?

利用2010—2015年中国税收调查数据,以国际石油价格暴跌作为外生冲击,构建强度双重差分(DID)模型探究地方财力冲击对企业纳税遵从行为的因果效应。研究发现:“压力型”财政冲击下,企业纳税遵从显著提升;政府为弥补财力缺口,倾向于加强对小微企业的纳税监管,但是财力不足反而刺激了少数民族地区企业的避税动机。从影响机制来看,财政压力下,地方政府会提高征税努力并加强税收监管,同时企业也会采取策略性行为迎合政府财政需求,两种渠道共同抑制了企业避税行为。进一步分析表明,地方财力冲击所激发的征管效应与迎合效应,提升了地区行业间税负公平性。

助力还是阻力:税收优惠政策与企业数字化转型

税收优惠政策在推进企业数字化转型中发挥了助力还是阻力,这是亟须研究的重要课题。基于2008—2021年中国上市公司数据,考察税收优惠政策对企业数字化转型的影响及作用机制。研究发现:税收优惠能有效促进企业数字化转型,且可以通过促进创新产出、缓解债务风险及优化融资环境的路径提高企业数字化转型水平。进一步研究发现,将税收优惠区分研发费用加计扣除和固定资产加速折旧这两种不同优惠方式,加计扣除与加速折旧对企业数字化转型的影响效应具有显著差异,加计扣除与企业数字化转型呈倒“U”型关系,而加速折旧显著促进了企业数字化转型,且两者之间没有形成“1+1>2”的协同效应。异质性检验发现,税收优惠促进企业数字化转型的作用在非国有企业、内部控制质量较高和成熟期企业较为明显。研究结论有利于厘清税收优惠政策助推企业数字化转型的作用机制,促进企业加快数字化转型。

减税降费对企业投资效率的影响研究

减税降费政策是促进企业发展、提高市场活力的重要举措,对提高企业投资效率、推进供给侧改革具有重要意义。本文通过我国沪深A股上市公司2012-2020年的数据,对减税降费对企业投资效率的影响进行研究。研究结果表明:减税降费能够有效提升企业的投资效率;机制检验表明,减税降费可以通过缓解融资约束,减少企业投资不足的行为,通过降低信息不对称程度抑制过度投资的行为。通过进一步研究发现,减税降费对提高民营企业、低自由现金流企业投资效率的效果更为显著;政策对不同成长机会的企业影响效应有所区别;政策对市场化程度较高地区的企业投资不足的作用更加明显,而对市场化程度较低地区的企业过度投资的作用更为明显。本文还提出了推进减税降费政策,从而提高企业投资效率、促进企业高质量发展的政策建议。

个人养老金税收优惠政策何以可为?——来自美国、德国和澳大利亚的经验与启示

发展个人养老金是健全养老保险体系和积极应对人口老龄化挑战的重要举措,而灵活高效的税收优惠政策则是推动个人养老金制度高质量发展的关键要素。虽然近年来我国制定了个人养老金税收优惠政策,但是仍存在诸多问题,严重掣肘个人养老金制度的高质量发展。基于文献研究法、比较分析法对美国、德国和澳大利亚等典型国家个人养老金税收优惠政策的主要实践、基本特征、实施效果以及对中国的启示等重要问题进行深入探讨。研究发现,经过数十年的积极探索,美国、德国和澳大利亚逐步建立了灵活高效的个人养老金税收优惠政策,主要体现在激励方式灵活多样、政策制定立法先行、政策调整循序渐进、关注低收入群体的需求以及鼓励以家庭为参保对象等五个方面,有效推动了其个人养老金制度的发展与成熟。不过,这些典型国家个人养老金税收优惠政策在取得瞩目成就的同时,仍然面临对低收入群体的吸引力不足等现实困境。结合典型国家的有益经验和深刻教训,对我国个人养老金税收优惠政策存在的主要问题进行剖析,并提出更具针对性的见解,认为我国个人养老金税收优惠政策应当从四个方面作出改进:一是引入多种税收优惠模式,增强政策的吸引力;二是凸显税收优惠政策的精准性,助推优惠资源向低收入群体倾斜;三是提升税收优惠政策的灵活性,鼓励个人合理配置税收优惠额度;四是税收优惠政策应支持以家庭形式参保。