Characterization of mulberry leaf instant tea and evaluation of its hypolipidemia effect via regulation of intestinal microbiota

The purpose of this study was to characterize mulberry leaf instant tea(MLIT)powder prepared from the'Longsang No.1'(Morus abla L.cv.Longsang 1)mulberry leaves in Heilongjiang Province(China)and assess its obesity-preventing/relieving effects.A total of 174 compounds including quercetin,chlorogenic acid,1-deoxyecomycin(1-DNJ)related to antihyperlipidemia effects were identified from the MLIT powder.MLIT treatment reversed the Lee's index,fat coefficient,and serum biochemical parameters in both the obesity relieving and obesity preventing mice fed with high-fat diet.In the obesity relieving experiment,the relative abundance of Desulfovibrio in mouse feces decreased after both 0.5%and 1%MLIT treatments.In obesity preventing experiments,mouse with different amount of MLIT treatments showed increased relative abundance of Akkermansia,Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus,while Deferribacteres,Desulfobacterota decreased.The beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract of mice treated with MLIT increased.This study proved that MLIT had antihyperlipidemia potential via modulating intestinal microbiota in mice.

Comparative study on Leaf Tissue Morphologic Changes of Chang-Sheng-Chuan Green Brick Tea Before ad After Fermentation

[Objective] The aim was to understand the change of fermentation pro- cess of Chang-sheng-chuan green brick tea and analyze the changes in the con- tents of structure components of tea leaves before and after fermentation. [Method] Ten tea leaves before and after fermentation were chosen. The tea leaves sections were made using paraffin microtomy, PAS staining, and observed under light mi- croscopy. Through image analysis for the tea leaves, we compared the changes on the areas of the cellulose and colloid in cell before and after pile-fermentation. At the same time, the tea leaves were observed under transmission electron micro- scope. [Result] The results showed that the pile-fermentation process caused the tea leaves tissue to become loose, and expanded the cell space. Besides, the cell wall of tea leaves was obviously thinning, and even breaking which composed of cellulose. Image analysis showed that the leaf fiber composition reduced significant- ly, with a corresponding increase of yellow colloid in cell. Under observation of transmission electron microscope, there were large amounts of fungi located in the space between the colloid and the cell wall of the tea leaves after pile-fermentation. [Conclusion] The fermentation of Green brick tea is the process of microbial bio- transformation of tea, which is dominated by microbe and consumed the cellulose components of tea leaves.

ALUMINUM CONTENT OF TEA LEAVES AND FACTORSAFFECTING THE UPTAKE OF ALUMINUM FROMSOIL INTO TEA LEAVES

Numerous studies indicated that aluminum, the most abundant metallic element within the lithosphere, was considered to be related to some human diseases especially the Alzheimer’s disease. Tea, economically an important beverage in the world, has been found to contain higher concentration of aluminum than many other drinks and foods. Therefore, tea would be a potentially important source of dietary aluminum. In order to understand the sources of aluminum in tea leaves and factors related with aluminum content of tea leaves, an experiment was designed to investigate the relationships of aluminum in tea leaves with leaf age, soil properties and forms of aluminum in soils. The results showed that there were great distinctions in the concentration of aluminum in tea leaves with different leaf age (Alold leaf> Almature leaf> Alyoung leaf). Moreover, soil pH was the major factor controlling the uptake of aluminum from soil into tea leaves. Furthermore, the content of aluminum in tea leaves was better predicated by the soluble aluminum extracted by 0.02mol/L CaCl2.

Enhanced Disease Identification Model for Tea Plant Using Deep Learning

Tea plant cultivation plays a significant role in the Indian economy.The Tea board of India supports tea farmers to increase tea production by preventing various diseases in Tea Plant.Various climatic factors and other parameters cause these diseases.In this paper,the image retrieval model is developed to identify whether the given input tea leaf image has a disease or is healthy.Automation in image retrieval is a hot topic in the industry as it doesn’t require any form of metadata related to the images for storing or retrieval.Deep Hashing with Integrated Autoencoders is our proposed method for image retrieval in Tea Leaf images.It is an efficient andflexible way of retrieving Tea Leaf images.It has an integrated autoencoder which makes it better than the state-of-the-art methods giving better results for the MAP(mean average precision)scores,which is used as a parameter to judge the efficiency of the model.The autoencoders used with skip connections increase the weightage of the prominent features present in the previous tensor.This constitutes a hybrid model for hashing and retrieving images from a tea leaf data set.The proposed model will examine the input tea leaf image and identify the type of tea leaf disease.The relevant image will be retrieved based on the resulting type of disease.This model is only trained on scarce data as a real-life scenario,making it practical for many applications.

Capacity of Tea Scavenging Singlet Oxygen Studied by Means of 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran as Fluorescence Probe

In recent years, the effects of reactive oxygen species（ROS） generated in the course of biological metabolism, such as superoxide（O2 ）, hydrogen peroxide（H202）, hydroxyl radical（HO） and singlet oxygen（102） on the human health have received more attention due to their vital roles in physiological functions. Normally, antioxidant molecules, superoxide dismutase and catalase in biological organism can scavenge excessive free radicals by a series of chemical reactions to keep the cells in a state of redox homeostasis. Once the homeostasis has been broken,

A Study on Physiological Character of Fresh Tea Leaves in Different Cold-Resistant Varieties

In order to reveal the cold resistant mechanism of tea plant,two varieties with different cold resistances were studied.The activities of catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),superoxide dismutase(SOD) and polyphenol oxidase(PPO) were investigated,and the contents of soluble protein,sugar and malondialdehyde(MDA) were determined in fresh tea leaves in the autumn.The results showed that the activities of POD and the content of soluble sugar were both much higher in the variety with strong cold resistance,and the content of soluble protein was associated with the cold resistance,while the cold resistance of the plant was not related with the activities of the CAT,SOD and PPO,and the content of MDA.It is considered that the activity of POD and contents of soluble sugar could be used as indicators to identify the cold resistance of tea varieties.

基于滋味品质的万州区主栽茶树品种绿茶差异分析

滋味是茶叶的重要品质,为探明万州区主栽品种绿茶的滋味品质,采用感官审评和靶向检测方法评价不同品种绿茶茶汤的滋味,分析茶汤中儿茶素类、游离氨基酸类、嘌呤碱类、黄酮醇及其苷类和有机酸类5大类滋味成分含量。结果表明:4个品种茶树制备的绿茶滋味品质有明显区别,川中小叶群体种滋味浓强,‘安吉白茶’鲜爽、甘醇滋味特征明显,‘福鼎大白茶’兼具浓强、鲜爽、醇厚,‘中黄1号’滋味鲜爽但浓强不足;滋味成分分析结果表明,川中小叶群体种儿茶素类含量较高,游离氨基酸类含量较低;‘安吉白茶’游离氨基酸含量最高,‘福鼎大白茶’各类滋味成分含量均处于较高水平,‘中黄1号’滋味成分总量和水浸出物含量均较低;主成分分析结果表明,4个品种可以得到较好地区分,通过滋味贡献度分析发现,芦丁、咖啡碱等13种滋味成分具有较大贡献;差异分析结果表明,天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和茶氨酸是‘安吉白茶’和‘福鼎大白茶’鲜爽度的主要贡献物质,杨梅素-3-O-半乳糖苷和金丝桃苷是‘中黄1号’区别于其他3个品种茶类的主要滋味贡献物质,川中小叶群体种内部也有较大差异,其中C4和C5距离较近,含有较高含量的黄酮苷类物质,滋味表现出较强的收敛感。本研究对万州区主栽品种所制绿茶的品质特性进行了梳理,为万州区绿茶滋味品质改进研究提供参考。

Fluoride in Tea and Its Risk Assessment

Tea plant absorbs from soil a large amount of fluorine(F) which is accumulated in leaf,resulting in elevated F concentration in tea.It is a controversial topic whether the fluoride in tea is associated with fluorosis.The research advances in F variation of various kinds of tea,factors influencing F level in tea and the associated health risk assessment were reviewed in the present paper.The F level in tea increases with the maturity of the tea leaf.Brick tea had a high F content because it was prepared using mature shoots and old tea leaves as raw material.Some low grade UK supermarket economy teas contained elevated F comparable to the Chinese brick tea.Tea F level is also affected by tea cultivar,soil condition,tea processing method and tea infusion preparation method.

万州不同种植区域川中小叶种红茶滋味品质分析

为探明万州川中小叶种制作红茶滋味品质,该文以9个不同区域和表型特征的川中小叶种制备红茶,采用靶向检测方法,分析茶汤中儿茶素类、游离氨基酸类、生物碱类、黄酮醇及其苷类、有机酸类和可溶性糖组分6大类滋味成分,以感官分析,多元统计法,结合滋味贡献度(dove-over-threshold,Dot)分析川中小叶种茶树的滋味特征。结果表明:所有茶样分为4类,Ⅰ类茶样中包含C4,C5,C6,C8以及2个对比样,各滋味成分含量相对较为均衡;Ⅱ类茶样具备类似的林下栽培环境,黄酮苷类物质含量低,没食子酸、咖啡碱(caffeine,CAFF)、儿茶素类以及氨基酸类物质含量高,表现出醇厚、鲜爽度高的滋味特征;Ⅲ类茶样为叶形较大的种质,黄酮苷类、琥珀酸为其特征滋味成分,儿茶素类、茶氨酸和CAFF含量低,涩味和鲜爽度较高;Ⅳ类茶样儿茶素类、CAFF含量较高,Thea含量低,滋味浓强,但欠鲜爽。该研究对万州区不同区域川中小叶种制备红茶的品质特性进行了梳理,为该类种质资源进一步改进工艺和开发利用提供理论依据。

贵州两地野生茶树叶片解剖结构比较及抗逆性分析

为更好地开发和利用贵州省盘州市及三都县的野生茶树种质,以24份野生茶树为材料,比较两地野生茶树叶片形态特征和叶片解剖结构特征共23个叶片性状,并结合隶属函数法分析野生茶树的抗逆性。结果表明,盘州和三都两地的野生茶树,在叶片表观上存在明显区别,盘州野生茶树的叶长、叶宽和叶面积极显著大于三都野生茶树,长宽比则极显著小于三都野生茶树。盘州和三都野生茶树在叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、细胞数、主脉厚度、草酸钙晶体密度等16个叶片解剖结构性状上存在显著或极显著差异,相较于三都野生茶树,盘州野生茶树的叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、主脉厚度更厚,栅栏组织细胞排列更紧密,草酸钙晶体密度更大,上(下)表皮细胞厚度更薄。相关性分析显示,23个叶片性状间相关性较强,有43对呈极显著正相关,23对呈显著正相关,17对呈极显著负相关,12对呈显著负相关。聚类分析结果显示,24份野生茶树可分为4类,主脉厚度和维管束短径是主要划分依据。抗性评价结果显示,盘州野生茶树在抗旱性和抗寒性上略优于三都野生茶树。根据平均隶属函数值排序,筛选出SD-20-2、SD-20-3、PZ-05和PZ-09四份综合抗性较优的野生茶树,可作为高抗野生茶树种质选育抗逆性茶树品种。

不同光质萎凋处理云南大叶种白茶品质的差异

通过对云南大叶种鲜叶进行不同光质萎凋处理,以找出最优加工工艺,为进一步研究大叶种白茶提供理论依据。以云南大叶种长叶白毫为试验对象,采用蓝光和黄光2种光质萎凋,对茶样进行感官品质、生化成分以及香气成分的检测与分析。结果表明,经过2种光质处理后,感官审评总分均高于对照(室内自然凋萎),综合分数从高到低分别为黄光、蓝光、对照,得分分别为92.5、91.8、89.2。经过2种光质处理的茶叶感官品质优于对照,其中黄光优于蓝光。经过2种光质处理的云南大叶种白茶品质得到明显提高,与对照相比,黄光萎凋显著提高了云南大叶种白茶氨基酸、咖啡碱、可溶性糖的含量(P<0.05),蓝光次之,对照最低;与对照相比,2种光质处理均提高了水浸出物含量,蓝光提高幅度大于黄光;2种光质处理均降低了茶多酚含量,蓝光降低幅度大于黄光。试验茶样共鉴定出93种香气组分,其中对照58种,蓝光萎凋57种,黄光萎凋55种。黄光萎凋、蓝光萎凋和室内自然萎凋的茶样芳樟醇相对含量分别为65.43%、62.70%、61.36%。不同光质萎凋有助于云南大叶种白茶品质的提升,其中黄光优于蓝光。处理过的茶样香气、滋味等均比常规加工工艺有较大的改善,是加工云南大叶种优质白茶的方法。

不同海拔大叶种有机茶土壤与叶片碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

本试验对普洱市祖祥高山有机茶园有限公司的不同海拔梯度有机茶根际土壤和叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量比进行了研究,探究了海拔高度对大叶种有机茶树根际土和叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征的影响,分析了该试验地大叶种茶树生长的限制性因素,为大叶种有机茶园的合理养分管理提供数据支持。结果表明,不同海拔大叶种有机茶叶片的全碳、全氮、全磷含量及叶片C:N、C:P、N:P随海拔的升高有着不同的变化趋势:海拔越高,叶片的C:N和C:P越低,根据对植物营养元素的限制因素叶片N:P的分析可知,有机茶叶片的N:P在四个海拔梯度上都低于14,叶片全碳、全氮、全磷含量及叶片C:N、N:P在不同海拔间无显著差异,但叶片C:P在海拔间差异显著。不同海拔大叶种有机茶根际土壤全碳、全氮、全磷含量及土壤C:N、C:P、N:P随着海拔的升高有不同的变化趋势,海拔越高,土壤的全碳、全氮、全磷含量越高,在不同海拔间差异显著,土壤C:N、C:P、N:P在不同海拔间差异不显著。叶片的C:N、C:P、N:P与土壤的C:N、C:P、N:P多呈显著正相关关系。总之,大叶种有机茶的生长受氮的限制,所以在有机茶园经营管理过程中,要注意养分投入的平衡。

茶树品种‘白鸡冠’与‘福云6号’遗传连锁图谱构建

【目的】近年来对茶树白化性状调控机理的研究逐渐增多,但到目前为止白化性状的基因调控机制仍然未知。通过构建‘白鸡冠’与‘福云6号’高密度遗传连锁图谱,为后续白鸡冠叶色基因定位奠定基础。【方法】创建白鸡冠(♀)与福云6号(♂)F1代遗传分离群体,采用SLAF-seq技术和HighMap软件开发SNP分子标记,构建高密度遗传连锁图。【结果】用茶树参考基因组作电子酶切预测,选用HaeIII酶切方案。SLAF标签长度选择314~364 bp,预测到230000个SLAF标签。SLAF标签在基因组各染色体上分布基本均匀,酶切方案可行。建库准确性评估发现,对照样数据的双端比对效率为85.98%,酶切效率为91.82%,说明SLAF建库正常。本实验共获得828 448 417条reads(165.67 Gb)测序数据,测序平均Q30为93.94%,平均GC含量为43.67%,样本GC分布正常。获得SNP标记5 975 507个,成功分型的有643 601个,用于遗传图谱构建的标记有500 988个,最终上图标记有7 967个,总图距为2 754.59 cM,上图标记完整度为99.84%,共构建出15个高密度遗传连锁群。【结论】利用白鸡冠与福云6号F1代遗传分离群体构建出含15个连锁群的高密度遗传连锁图谱。

超声波法提取恒山黄芪叶茶黄酮最佳工艺研究

目的探索超声波法提取黄芪叶茶中黄酮的最优方法。方法利用超声波辅助提取法结合单因素试验和正交试验,确定提取恒山黄芪叶茶中黄酮的最佳提取工艺。结果因素影响力排序:料液比>乙醇浓度>超声波功率>提取温度>提取时间。得到最佳提取工艺为:料液比为1∶35 g/mL,乙醇浓度为60%,超声波功率为280 W,提取温度为60℃,提取时间为45 min。结论在此最佳条件下,恒山黄芪叶茶中总黄酮的提取率为14.302%。

信阳文化元素在茶叶包装设计中的应用研究

文章旨在深入研究茶叶包装设计,聚焦于信阳文化元素在其中的创新性应用。通过对信阳文化独特元素的深入分析与巧妙结合,提升包装的文化价值与市场吸引力。茶叶包装在某些方面的缺失和不足已成为市场竞争中的短板。因此,文章首先核心聚焦于以茶叶包装为核心融入本土文化特色,并总结包装中存在缺乏地域性、缺乏创新性、缺乏环保性的问题。其次,从三个不同方面探讨将信阳文化元素在茶叶包装设计中的应用价值。最后,提取信阳文化元素来展开设计实践。以期在实际应用中,通过视觉设计赋能产品,提升茶叶的品牌价值,为地域性产品包装设计提供新思路。

灵芝菌发酵枇杷叶茶的研制

以枇杷叶为主料,研究利用灵芝菌来发酵枇杷叶制成养生茶,并测定其营养成分与重金属、农残含量。结果表明:美芝、大红芝可作为发酵枇杷叶的灵芝菌株;美芝菌丝生长速度较大红芝的快,生长速度配方B>配方C>配方A;添加少量的玉米粉、甜叶菊能够促进灵芝菌丝的生长,添加少量的甜叶菊有助于提升发酵茶的口感;发酵后的枇杷叶中多糖、总蛋白、游离氨基酸含量均有显著增加,但三萜酸含量有所下降;不同灵芝菌株发酵后的枇杷叶营养成分有所差别;发酵后的枇杷叶的重金属、农残含量均符合检测标准。

英德野生茶树叶片表型性状的遗传多样性分析

为了解英德野生茶树的叶片表型性状的遗传多样性及进化特点,对英德89份野生茶树资源的表型性状的变异系数、遗传多样性指数、表型分化系数进行分析。结果表明,89份资源的18项叶片性状的变异系数为12.90%~43.11%,平均27.86%;平均遗传多样性指数为1.12,表型分化系数为17.07%~45.51%,平均33.40%。聚类分析结果表明,当欧氏距离为21.5时,所有材料可分为4大类,分类结果与地域分布有一定相关性。巢氏方差分析表明,在不同种群间和种群内,数量性状均有极显著差异。相关性分析表明,叶长与叶宽、叶面积、叶脉对数、叶长宽比、叶形呈极显著相关;叶形与叶长宽比、叶脉对数之间呈极显著相关;叶基与叶宽之间呈极显著相关;叶长宽比与叶尖、着生状态呈极显著负相关。因此,英德野生茶树资源存在丰富的遗传多样性,茶树种质资源类型原始型、进化型以及中间类型并存,但以中间类型和进化型为主。

基于代谢组学方法的冬桑复合茶化学成分比较分析

目的基于代谢组学方法系统解析冬桑复合茶(mulberry-leaf teas,MTs)关键化学成分,并通过与感官结果结合阐明其中潜在风味成分。方法本研究采集了市售冬桑、绿茶、乌龙茶和红茶原料,冬桑绿茶复合茶、冬桑乌龙茶复合茶和冬桑红茶复合茶样本。采用搅拌棒吸附萃取(stir bars orptive extraction,SBSE)富集样品中的挥发性成分,热解析附后,采用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)进行分析,并采用基于超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆飞行时间质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry,UPLC-QToF/MS)的代谢组学技术全面解析MTs的关键香气成分及非挥发性品质成分。结果冬桑绿茶中β-环柠檬醛、橙花醇和2-甲基丁酸顺式-3-己烯酯,冬桑乌龙茶中2-壬烯醛、苯甲醛、香叶醛和芳樟醇,冬桑红茶中芳樟醇、脱氢芳樟醇、4-萜品醇、α-松油醇、橙花醇和香叶醇等香气成分是构成复合茶的香气关键成分。此外,共鉴定出73个黄酮类、36个有机酸类、21个脂类、18个萜类和苯丙烷类、15个糖类、8个生物碱类、7个氨基酸类以及5个脂溶性色素类成分,筛选出15个变量投影重要性指标大于1的特征性成分,特别是(+)-没食子儿茶素、槲皮素3-O-槐糖、原花青素C1、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、表儿茶素(4α-8)儿茶素、槲皮素3,7-糖苷、二氢杨梅素、山奈酚-3-鼠李糖苷、dTDP-6-脱氧-D-糖、D-岩藻糖、二羟基-1(10)-螺环戊烯-2-酮11-糖苷、PI(16:0/18:2(9Z,12Z))、PG(16:0/18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z))(L10)、对羟基奎尼酸、抗坏血酸等桑叶特征性成分,这些非挥发性成分是直接或间接贡献复合茶滋味的关键成分。结论本研究系统解析了传统茶与冬桑叶拼配的复合茶关键风味物质基础及其对特征风味品质的潜在贡献,为优化茶与冬桑复合配方提供科学依据,拓展茶跨界组合应用提供理新思路。

桑叶茶与小叶紫檀对汉麻纤维套染性能的研究

为扩展天然染料染色的色谱范围,采用桑叶茶和小叶紫檀对汉麻纤维进行套染,分析了桑叶茶染液的质量分数、媒染剂的质量分数、小叶紫檀染液的质量分数对套染汉麻纤维K/S值的影响,以及套染后汉麻纤维的耐摩擦色牢度、耐汗渍色牢度和耐皂洗色牢度。结果表明,桑叶茶与小叶紫檀套染的汉麻纤维可以获得颜色较深的紫红色。综合分析正交试验和单因素试验结果,得到桑叶茶与小叶紫檀对汉麻纤维套染的优化工艺条件如下:桑叶茶染液质量分数60%,媒染剂质量分数10%,小叶紫檀染液质量分数100%。在该条件下所套染汉麻纤维的耐摩擦色牢度和耐汗渍色牢度符合国家服用性能标准,耐皂洗色牢度有待提高。

基于叶片解剖结构性状的17份江西茶树种质资源综合评价

【目的】基于叶片解剖结构性状,对江西地方茶树种质资源进行综合评价,旨在为江西茶树新品种选育及特色茶产品开发提供理论参考及优异资源。【方法】以17份江西茶树资源为材料,对16项叶片解剖结构性状进行观测与遗传多样性分析,并间接鉴定其抗逆性、适制性和生产力水平,采用主成分分析法结合聚类分析进行综合评价。【结果】17份江西茶树资源遗传多样性指数变幅为0.88~2.09,变异系数范围为7.73%~63.70%,抗寒性平均得分为1.35,生产力平均指数为2 031.43。近一半的茶树资源适制绿茶和乌龙茶,少数适制红茶或红、绿茶兼制。采用隶属函数法对茶树抗旱性指标进行评价,发现抗旱性前6位茶树资源由强至弱依次为赣茶3号、程风绿、赣茶2号、遂川种、靖安白叶和杏林。经主成分综合得分计算结合聚类分析表明,排名前3的茶树依次为赣茶3号、程风绿、杏林,主要聚在第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类,其叶片栅栏组织较发达,适制绿茶、乌龙茶;而得分较低的2份修水野生茶树资源九龙1号和九龙2号,主要聚在第Ⅲ类,其叶片海绵组织较发达,可作为宁红茶品种改良的亲本材料。【结论】17份江西茶树种质资源展现出较强的耐寒、抗旱能力及高潜在生产力等丰富的遗传多样性,赣茶3号、程风绿、杏林综合性状优良,可在江西绿茶品种选育及茶产品开发方面加以利用。