The protective roles of tea tree oil extracts in bovine mammary epithelial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Background: Tea tree oil(TTO) plays an important role in antibacterial activity and alleviating the inflammatory responses. Bovine mammary epithelium and polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNL) can actively respond to bovine mastitis infection. However, regulatory effects of TTO extracts on the innate immune response of bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs) and PMNL remain not reported. Therefore, aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of TTO extracts on the m RNA levels of the genes involved in the innate immune response of BMECs and PMNL.Results: Our results demonstrated that addition of 0.025% and 0.05% TTO increased the proliferation of BMECs, and significantly enhanced(P < 0.05) the viability of BMECs exposed to Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus). An inhibitory effect was observed against the growth of S. aureus by TTO incubation. The 0.05% TTO reduced S. aureus biofilm formation, association and invasion of S. aureus to BMECs, and changed the morphological and structural features of S. aureus. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were decreased(P < 0.001) by the incubation of TTO. Interestingly, the expression of IL-8 known for PMNL chemotactic function was elevated(P < 0.05) by 0.05%TTO treatment. Consistently, 0.05% TTO increased the migration of PMNL in S. aureus-exposed BMECs when compared with S. aureus treatment alone(P < 0.05). In addition, PMNL incubated with 0.05% TTO decreased the levels of NFKB inhibitor alpha(NFKBIA) and TNF-α.Conclusions: Our results indicate that use of TTO can relieve the BMECs pro-inflammatory response caused by S.aureus and promote the migration of PMNL to mount the innate immune responses, and it may be novel strategy for the treatment of bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus.

Anti-Fatigue Effect of Blended <i>Camellia oleifera Abel</i>Tea Oil and Ge-132 in Mice

Nowadays, people are busier and busier for working and living, and suffer a lot of pressure on their body or mind. Therefore, people are prone to have fatigue activity and decrease their working efficiency and happiness. It was reported that fatigue is a common symptom in the community, with up to half of the general population complaining of fatigue. More and more researchers devoted themselves to studying natural active ingredients in organism as the anti-fatigue drugs to release fatigue symptom. However, these natural ingredients were difficult to obtain from plants, animals and microorganisms by separating and purifying. In addition, some active substances have many side effects. In our study, we employed tea seed oil as main ingredients blended with bis-(carboxyethylgermanium) sesquioxide (Ge-132) to investigate the effects of anti-fatigue on mice by administrating mice with low dose, intermediate dose and high dose of tea seed oil complex for 0, 2 or 4 weeks. The specific tests of studying effects of anti-fatigue were body weight, weight-loaded force swimming, blood urea nitrogen, blood lactic acid and hepaticglycogen. And the results showed that appropriate level of tea seed oil complex could decrease the body weight and prolong the weight-loaded swimming time, and had an active effect on the bloodurea nitrogen, hepatic glycogen and blood lactic acid level mice, which significantly embodied the anti-fatigue activity of tea seed oil complex.

Determination of Tea Saponin in Camellia Seed Oil with UV and HPLC Analysis

A simple procedure is described for the HPLC and UV determination of tea saponin in tea seed oil. Determinate was accomplished with UV wavelength detection 550 nm for saponification sample, and HPLC was done under conditions: C18 analytical column of TC-C18, 4. 6 × 250 mm, column temperature at room temperature, injected sample volume was 10 μL, mobile phase’s methanol, flow-rate 0.8 ml/min and detection wavelength 280 nm.

Physicochemical Properties and Functional Compounds of Commercial Green Tea Seed Oil

Physicochemical properties of green tea seed oil including cold test,color,flash point,gravity,refraction index,moisture content,acid value,iodine value,unsaponifiable matter and saponification value were investigated.Fatty acid composition and catechin content of the oil was determined by GC and HPLC analysis.The oil is stable at low temperature.High flash point(267.8 ± 5.1℃) showed the high thermal stability of green tea seed oil as well,which support for suitability to use as cooking oil.Specific gravity and refraction index of green tea seed oil was found as 0.913 and 1.4679,respectively.Color of the oil was measured as 99.7 ± 0.2 for lightness,1.9 ± 0.1 for greenness and 6.6 ± 0.1 for yellowness.Acid value(KOH mg/ml),iodine value,unsaponifiable matter(%) and saponification value of green tea seed oil were 0.21,104.1,0.11 and 215,respectively.Fatty acids compositions of green tea seed oil was found to be dominated by oleic acid(81.3%) and presence of minor amount of linoleic acid(4.8%),palmitic acid(4.6%),palmitoleic acid(3.3%),linolenic acid(3.2%) and stearic acid(1.0%).The presence of antioxidative compounds such as(-)-epicatechingallate(207.2 ± 0.2 g /g) and(-)-epigallocatechin gallate(99.5 ± 0.6 g/g) in the oil could enhance its shelf life during storage.

Estimating the Age of Oil-tea Camellia Trees

To determine the age of oil-tea camellia trees, regression equations including Logistic, Mitscherlich, Gompertz, Korf, and Richards were used to calculate accumulative growth rate using basal trunk disc and investigate the relations between the age of oil-tea camellia trees and their growth rate of secondary trunk. The Gompertz equation Y=71.296 1exp （-3.874 4exp （-0.006 4t）） was the most optimal equation to simulate the accumulative growth rate of basal trunk disc. This equation could be used to estimate the age of oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. The Korf equation Y=576.900 1exp （-4.153 0x -0.314 2 ） was the best equation to describe the relation between the age and growth rate of different secondary trunks. With the adjustment coefficient and average growth of different secondary trunk discs, it is possible to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. In addition, taking three or more discs from the same diameter group and calculating their average growth rate could lead to more accurate results. For trees that grow in different areas, environmental conditions should be carefully considered when using the above two equations to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees.

Rheology study of supercritically extracted tea-oil

The rheological analysis on dynamic shear rate-viscosity relationship of tea-oil extracted from tea-oil tree seeds by supercritical extraction method was carried out at gradient temperatures and constant shear rate,respectively.The results show that at 20,40,60 and 80 ℃,once the shear rate increases gradually,the torque enlarges correspondingly,while the viscosity shows little difference.However,at the constant shear rate,the rising temperature results in a steady downtrend on tea-oil viscosity.This results reveal that tea-oil viscosity is not closely correlated with shear rate at constant temperature,yet negatively correlated with temperature at constant shear rate.

Study on the Preparation of"Oil-tea"Instant Tea from the Compound Extract of Green Tea and Ginger

[Objectives]This study was conducted to develop an"oil-tea"instant tea with traditional"oil-tea"flavor,easy preservation and transportation and good taste.[Methods]With green tea,ginger and peanuts as experimental materials,a compound extract was obtained by boiling,and the"oil-tea"instant tea was prepared by spray drying.The tea polyphenol content and soluble solid content of the extract(oil tea soup),the yield of finished solid product and sensory quality were comprehensively evaluated.[Results]The optimum instant tea technical parameters were determined as follows:the ratio of material to liquid 1∶15,the extraction time of boiling 60 min,the inlet air temperature of spray drying 180℃,the feeding speed 850 ml/h,the soluble solid content of the extract 13%,and the amount of maltodextrin added 12 mg/g.Under these conditions,the yield of the instant tea was high,and the instant tea had better sensory quality and good solubility.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for the commercial development of"oil tea".

Thermal Behavior and UV Properties of Organomodified Kaolin Oleochemically Derived from Rubber Seed Oils (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) and Tea Seed Oils (<i>Camellia sinensis</i>)

Kaolin was modified using a chemical complex of hydrazine hydrate and oleochemical sodium salts derived from rubber seed oil (SRSO) and tea seed oil (STSO) respectively. Characterization of the pristine kaolin and the modified kaolins were performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Simultaneous Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) and UV Spectrophotometry. TG/DTA revealed that the incorporation of the oleochemical salts enhanced thermal decomposition of kaolin into metakaolin. Ultraviolet spectrophotometric studies conducted on the modified kaolin show for the first time that the SRSO-modified kaolin and STSO-modified kaolin have a peak absorbance wavelengths of 312.72 nm and 314.26 nm respectively. This shows that the modified kaolin is a promising candidate for sunscreen applications.

Production of Cocoa Butter Replacer by Dry Fractionation, Partial Hydrogenation, Chemical and Enzymatic Interesterification of Tea Seed Oil

Production of cocoa butter replacer (CBR) from tea seed oil through common modification methods of oils (dry fractionation, partial hydrogenation, chemical and enzymatic interesterification) was evaluated. Some physico-chemical properties (iodine, saponification, acid and peroxide values) and fatty acid composition (FAC) of modified samples were analyzed and compared with a reference cocoa butter (CB). Solid and liquid fractions for large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (approx. 80%) and thereby lower iodine values (81 - 85 gI2/100g) than that of CB (37% and 34 gI2/100 g, respectively), are not suitable as CBR. Among all ratios of chemically and enzaymatically interesterified oil blends (20%, 25% and 30% of hydrogenated tea seed oil with 80%, 75% and 70% of tea seed oil/liquid fraction/solid fraction), the samples with ratio of 30:70 from both chemical and enzymatic interesterification had FAC and iodine value closer to that of CB. A comparision between chemically and enzymatically interesterified samples (CISs and EISs, respectively), in terms of solid fat content (SFC) indicated that although the SFC values in EIS were much lower than that of CB, but the thermal behavior of this sample is comprable to CB at 20℃- 30℃ (sharp melting point of CB).

Oxidative Stability of Green Tea Extract-Enriched Rice Bran Oil During Storage

Adding green tea extract to rice bran oil was expected to improve its oxidative stability,so this study was conducted to investigate oxidative stability of green tea extract-enriched rice bran oil(RBOG) during storage at 60℃ for 15 days compared to rice bran oil(RBO),olive(OL),canola(CN),and grape-seed oil(GS).Acid values did not increase during storage,and the highest value was found for OL.The peroxide values of RBOG,RBO,CN,OL,and GS increased for up to 15 days.The highest average rate constant for the change in peroxide value was found for RBO(0.282).TBARS increased continually during storage of RBOG,RBO,CN,and OL;however,the value increased for up to 9 days and then decreased for GS.The highest average rate constant of change in TBARS was found for CN.Overall,the results suggest that green tea extract improves oxidative stability of rice bran oil.

Characterization and Synthesis through Fast Phase-Transfer of Oil-Soluble Double-Coordinated Tea-Polyphenols Arsenic

Fast phase-transferring was adopted in ethanol solution at the condition of n (oil-soluble tea pol-yphenol): N (As3﹢) = 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, pH = 4.0, temperature 40&deg;C - 45&deg;C, action period of 15 h to compose the target, of which the productivity was 59%, UV was 267.50, 218.00, 220.50 nm, FTIR was 6291, 34158.6, 2850.2, 1708.2;1457.3;1370.4, 1224.2, 1144.0, 760.5 cm﹣1, fluorescence value λmax = 257, 591.1, 593.7, 590.3, 591.0, 591.5, XRD λ/nm is 3.6974, 4.186, 12.0762, 15.4747, 1H-NMRδ = 0.782, 1.193, 1.483 - 1.586, 1.959 - 2.184, 2.479, 3.116, 3.970 - 3.981, 5.231 - 5.753, 6.537 - 7.300. Finally it was ascertained through XRD as double-coordinated polycrystal compound.

中国主要油茶产区山茶炭疽菌群体遗传结构分析

以中国主要油茶产区的油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)炭疽病优势种山茶炭疽菌(Colletotrichum camelliae)的16个地理种群168个菌株为供试材料,应用ISSR分子标记技术进行遗传多样性和种群遗传结构分析。16个地理种群的多态位点百分比(PPB)为98.99%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)为0.28,Shannon信息多样性指数(Is)为0.43,遗传相似度(I)平均为0.834,遗传距离(D)平均为0.183,表明山茶炭疽菌遗传多样性水平较高且异质性较强,种群间存在一定程度的遗传变异,遗传距离与地理距离之间无相关性。湖北省、浙江省、江西省、湖南省和广西5个省级种群总基因多样度(Ht)为0.274 8,遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.517 4,基因流(Nm)为0.466 4,表明山茶炭疽菌5个省级种群虽然被分化,但是不存在基因流动现象(Nm<1)。

茶树油对脂多糖诱导奶牛小肠上皮细胞损伤的影响

本试验旨在研究茶树油(TTO)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导奶牛小肠上皮细胞(BIECs)损伤的影响。试验选取3头健康新生中国荷斯坦犊牛的空肠组织,分离并获得BIECs进行培养。通过使用不同浓度的LPS(0、1、2和4μg/mL)和不同浓度的TTO(0、0.00625%、0.01250%、0.02500%、0.05000%和0.10000%),建立细胞炎症模型。然后,对照组以不含TTO和LPS的培养基处理细胞;LPS组以1μg/mL的LPS处理细胞12 h;LPS+TTO组采用0.01250%和0.02500%的TTO预处理细胞12 h,经水洗后,再暴露于LPS处理12 h。结果表明:1)与对照组(未添加TTO)相比,添加0.00625%、0.01250%、0.02500%和0.05000%TTO对BIECs细胞活力无显著影响(P>0.05),添加TTO显著提高跨膜电阻(TEER)(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,添加0.01250%TTO显著提高BIECs中闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)、封闭蛋白(occludin)、闭合蛋白-1(claudin-1)和闭合蛋白-4(claudin-4)的mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05),显著降低肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05)。2)与LPS组相比,LPS+TTO组TEER以及ZO-1、occludin和claudin-1的mRNA相对表达量显著提高(P<0.05),TNF-α的mRNA相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05);LPS+TTO组ZO-1蛋白相对表达量显著提高(P<0.05)。综上可知,TTO可以通过上调紧密连接蛋白表达和下调炎性因子表达,缓解LPS诱导的犊牛小肠上皮细胞屏障功能障碍和炎症损伤。

超声有机溶剂法提取茶树花精油工艺优化及其成分分析

以茶树花为原料,采用超声有溶剂法提取茶树花精油。以茶树花精油得率为指标,在单因素试验的基础上通过响应面法优化提取工艺,并与索氏抽提法对比分析茶树花精油得率及其挥发性成分。结果表明:超声有机溶剂法提取茶树花精油的最佳工艺为超声功率240W、超声时间50min、石油醚添加量160mL、浸泡时间6h,在此条件下,茶树花精油得率为3.34%,而索氏抽提法的茶树花精油得率为1.59%。成分分析显示,在超声有溶剂法提取的茶树花精油中共检出23种挥发性成分,而在索氏抽提法提取的茶树花精油中只检出18种挥发性成分。

基于简化基因组测序技术的油茶SNP标记开发及指纹图谱构建

【目的】基于简化基因组,挖掘油茶单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点,筛选可用于油茶种质鉴定的简化SNP组合位点,构建SNP指纹图谱,建立一种快速准确鉴定广西油茶主栽良种苗木的SNP分子标记方法。【方法】以12个油茶无性系种质的两个重复共24份油茶标准样本为材料,采用ddRADseq流程进行文库构建,使用BWA将过滤后的测序数据比对到已发布的南荣油茶Camellia oleifera var.“Nanyongensis”参考基因组上,利用GATK进行SNP位点筛选,ANNOVAR软件进行SNP位点注释,STRUCTURE软件进行群体结果分析,使用PLINK进行主成分分析;利用R语言,使用条件随机筛选法(CRS),筛选能够区分出油茶种质的最简SNP组合,绘制指纹图谱。【结果】测序数据质量良好,可用于SNP分子标记位点的开发筛选。与参考基因组比对后,共获得622064个为SNP标记位点,其中无基因型缺失的SNP位点40147个,多态性信息含量(PIC)大于0.35的SNP位点2094个,前后60 bp碱基保守无变异的SNP位点共184个。最终筛选出可以将12个油茶无性系种质区分开的15个核心SNP标记位点组合,并以此绘制出SNP指纹图谱。【结论】基于简化基因组,建立了广西主要栽培油茶种质的SNP标记开发和指纹图谱绘制的方法,为苗期油茶种质的快速准确鉴定提供了理论依据和技术指导,助力规范油茶苗木市场,促进油茶产业健康发展。

茶树精油对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫功能以及肠道屏障功能的影响

本试验旨在研究茶树精油(TTO)对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫功能及肠道屏障功能的影响。选取21日龄断奶仔猪150头,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,各TTO组分别在基础饲粮中添加25、50、100、200 mg/kg TTO,饲喂28 d后测定其生长性能指标、血浆抗氧化和免疫指标。而后根据生长性能与血浆抗氧化和免疫指标结果选择对照组和50 mg/kg TTO组进行肠黏膜抗氧化与免疫指标的检测,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色切片观察肠道组织结构,16S rDNA测序分析肠道菌群结构。结果显示:1)各TTO组的料重比均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),各TTO组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但以50 mg/kg TTO组料重比最低。2)与对照组相比,25、50、100、200 mg/kg TTO组血浆中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),丙二醛(MDA)的含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。3)50、100、200 mg/kg TTO组血浆中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)的含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);25、200 mg/kg TTO组血浆中免疫球蛋白M(IgM)的含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),同时100 mg/kg TTO组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,50 mg/kg TTO组回肠绒毛隐窝比极显著升高(P<0.01)。5)与对照组相比,50 mg/kg TTO组十二指肠、回肠黏膜中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),十二指肠、空肠黏膜中GSH-Px的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),回肠黏膜中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),空肠、回肠黏膜中MDA的含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。6)50 mg/kg TTO组十二指肠及回肠黏膜中分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)的含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。7)在门水平上,50 mg/kg TTO组十二指肠中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在属水平上,50 mg/kg TTO组十二指肠和回肠中梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium)的相对丰度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),十二指肠、回肠和盲肠中克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)的相对丰度均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);50 mg/kg TTO组在氨基酸代谢、辅因子和维生素代谢、萜类化合物和聚酮酸的代谢等功能上较对照组极显著增强(P<0.01)。综上可知,在饲粮中添加TTO可以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,提升机体的抗氧化能力和免疫功能,增强肠道屏障功能,提升仔猪的健康水平。

基于反射光谱的油茶籽油掺伪量快速测定及特征波长特性研究

为了探索紫外-可见-近红外反射光谱测定油茶籽油掺伪量的方法,按照不同掺伪比例制备了244个油茶籽油掺伪大豆油、菜籽油、花生油、玉米油的样本,以自主搭建的实验平台采集所制备样本在200~1100 nm范围内的反射光谱。将原始光谱进行Savitzky-Golay(SG)-连续小波变换(CWT)预处理后,利用Kennard-Stone(K-S)算法以2∶1的比例将样本划分成校正集和预测集。采用竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)、连续投影算法(SPA)、自主软收缩算法(BOSS)、迭代变量子集优化算法(IVSO)进行特征波长选择,分别建立基于支持向量机(SVM)、极限学习机(ELM)、随机森林(RF)的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型,同时对特征波长的特性进行了研究。结果表明:原始光谱经过SG-CWT(L5)预处理和BOSS特征波长筛选后,建立的基于SVM的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型能够鉴别掺伪量为1%及以上的油茶籽油,该模型在十折交叉验证和网格搜索法下得到最佳惩罚因子(c)和核函数(γ)分别为5.2780和0.1088,其预测决定系数(R_(P)^(2))、预测均方根误差(RMSE_P)、预测平均绝对误差(MAE_(P))分别为0.9985、0.0134、0.0102。特征波长聚集程度和陡度对模型预测结果存在一定影响。综上,建立的基于反射光谱的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型预测误差小,预测效果较好。