New Process for Extracting Oil and Starch from Tea Seeds

A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was static fermentation by which oil bodies and starch were separated naturally from tea seeds. By the process, tea seed oil and starch which were in conformity with government standards about edible oil and starch were successfully produced with 16% and 8% of production rate, respectively. The new process has many advantages, such as more simple equipments, lower production cost and whole natural products, etc..

The community structure and microbial linkage of rumen protozoa and methanogens in response to the addition of tea seed saponins in the diet of beef cattle

Background: This study investigated changes in rumen protozoal and methanogenic communities, along with the correlations among microbial taxa and methane(CH_4) production of six Belmont Red Composite beef steers fed tea seed saponins(TSS). Animals were fed in three consecutive feeding periods, a high-grain basal diet for 14 d(BD period) then a period of progressive addition of TSS to the basal diet up to 30 g/d for 20 d(TSS period), followed by the basal diet for 13 d without TSS(BDP post-control period).Results: The study found that TSS supplementation decreased the amount of the protozoal genus Entodinium and increased Polyplastron and Eudiplodinium genera. During BDP period, the protozoa community of steers did not return to the protozoal profiles observed in BD period, with higher proportions of Metadinium and Eudiplodinium and lower Isotricha. The addition of TSS was found to change the structure of methanogen community at the subgenus level by decreasing the abundance of methanogens in the SGMT clade and increasing the abundance of methanogens in the RO clade. The correlation analysis indicated that the abundance of SGMT clade methanogens were positively correlated with Isotricha, and Isotricha genus and SGMT clade methanogens were positively correlated with CH_4 production. While RO clade were positively correlated with the proportion of Metadinium genus, which was negatively correlated with CH_4 emission.Conclusions: These results suggest that different genera of rumen protozoa ciliates appear to be selectively inhibited by TSS, and the change in methanogen community at the subgenus level may be due to the mutualistic relationships between methanogens and rumen ciliates.

Efficient Extraction of Tea Saponin from Tea Seed Meals by ^(60)Coγ-Irradiation

In order to simplify the extraction process of tea saponin and improve its extraction rate,tea seed meals was taken as materials to explore effects of ^(60)Coγ-irradiation and H_(2)O_(2) on the extraction rate of tea saponin.The results showed that the optimal crude extract condition of tea saponin was 6%H_(2)O_(2) and an irradiation dose of 5 kGy,the extraction rate was 46.4%.However,when the irradiation dose and the H_(2)O_(2) concentration continued to increase,the extraction rate of tea saponin decreased.After flocculate extraction,the tea saponin content increased from 40.80%to 48.32%.Foaming property test results showed that the higher the tea saponin content in the solution was,the higher the foaming height will be,and the foam had a certain stability.This work provided a new method for the extraction of natural products,usingγ-ray irradiation and H_(2)O_(2) pretreatment to improve the extraction rate,and this was of great significance for industrial extraction.

New Standardized Cultivation Techniques for Tea Seed Production

The tea from tea plants,a kind of traditional leaf plant,is deeply loved by people,but the production of tea fruit and its important functional value have been seriously underestimated for a long time.To this end,the oil plant function and comprehensive utilization value of tea oil from tea fruit were introduced,and a set of new standardized cultivation technique of tea plants that could fully exert the potential of tea seed yield was put forward.The technique could increase the tea seed yield per mu from less than 50kg in traditional tea gardens to more than 200 kg,which broke through the production mode of single leaf picking in traditional tea gardens,gave play to the natural reproductive growth advantages of tea plants,achieved"leaf-seed dual harvest",and promoted the improvement of tea industry quality and efficiency,thereby creating a new path to achieve the"leaf-fruit dual use"of tea plants.

Physicochemical Properties and Functional Compounds of Commercial Green Tea Seed Oil

Physicochemical properties of green tea seed oil including cold test,color,flash point,gravity,refraction index,moisture content,acid value,iodine value,unsaponifiable matter and saponification value were investigated.Fatty acid composition and catechin content of the oil was determined by GC and HPLC analysis.The oil is stable at low temperature.High flash point(267.8 ± 5.1℃) showed the high thermal stability of green tea seed oil as well,which support for suitability to use as cooking oil.Specific gravity and refraction index of green tea seed oil was found as 0.913 and 1.4679,respectively.Color of the oil was measured as 99.7 ± 0.2 for lightness,1.9 ± 0.1 for greenness and 6.6 ± 0.1 for yellowness.Acid value(KOH mg/ml),iodine value,unsaponifiable matter(%) and saponification value of green tea seed oil were 0.21,104.1,0.11 and 215,respectively.Fatty acids compositions of green tea seed oil was found to be dominated by oleic acid(81.3%) and presence of minor amount of linoleic acid(4.8%),palmitic acid(4.6%),palmitoleic acid(3.3%),linolenic acid(3.2%) and stearic acid(1.0%).The presence of antioxidative compounds such as(-)-epicatechingallate(207.2 ± 0.2 g /g) and(-)-epigallocatechin gallate(99.5 ± 0.6 g/g) in the oil could enhance its shelf life during storage.

Production of Cocoa Butter Replacer by Dry Fractionation, Partial Hydrogenation, Chemical and Enzymatic Interesterification of Tea Seed Oil

Production of cocoa butter replacer (CBR) from tea seed oil through common modification methods of oils (dry fractionation, partial hydrogenation, chemical and enzymatic interesterification) was evaluated. Some physico-chemical properties (iodine, saponification, acid and peroxide values) and fatty acid composition (FAC) of modified samples were analyzed and compared with a reference cocoa butter (CB). Solid and liquid fractions for large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (approx. 80%) and thereby lower iodine values (81 - 85 gI2/100g) than that of CB (37% and 34 gI2/100 g, respectively), are not suitable as CBR. Among all ratios of chemically and enzaymatically interesterified oil blends (20%, 25% and 30% of hydrogenated tea seed oil with 80%, 75% and 70% of tea seed oil/liquid fraction/solid fraction), the samples with ratio of 30:70 from both chemical and enzymatic interesterification had FAC and iodine value closer to that of CB. A comparision between chemically and enzymatically interesterified samples (CISs and EISs, respectively), in terms of solid fat content (SFC) indicated that although the SFC values in EIS were much lower than that of CB, but the thermal behavior of this sample is comprable to CB at 20℃- 30℃ (sharp melting point of CB).

Thermal Behavior and UV Properties of Organomodified Kaolin Oleochemically Derived from Rubber Seed Oils (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) and Tea Seed Oils (<i>Camellia sinensis</i>)

Kaolin was modified using a chemical complex of hydrazine hydrate and oleochemical sodium salts derived from rubber seed oil (SRSO) and tea seed oil (STSO) respectively. Characterization of the pristine kaolin and the modified kaolins were performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Simultaneous Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) and UV Spectrophotometry. TG/DTA revealed that the incorporation of the oleochemical salts enhanced thermal decomposition of kaolin into metakaolin. Ultraviolet spectrophotometric studies conducted on the modified kaolin show for the first time that the SRSO-modified kaolin and STSO-modified kaolin have a peak absorbance wavelengths of 312.72 nm and 314.26 nm respectively. This shows that the modified kaolin is a promising candidate for sunscreen applications.

Determination of Tea Saponin in Camellia Seed Oil with UV and HPLC Analysis

A simple procedure is described for the HPLC and UV determination of tea saponin in tea seed oil. Determinate was accomplished with UV wavelength detection 550 nm for saponification sample, and HPLC was done under conditions: C18 analytical column of TC-C18, 4. 6 × 250 mm, column temperature at room temperature, injected sample volume was 10 μL, mobile phase’s methanol, flow-rate 0.8 ml/min and detection wavelength 280 nm.

基于单积分球技术的最佳样本厚度研究及油茶籽油鉴伪

为减少单积分球技术采集光谱数据过程中的光损失,探索了油茶籽油检测时光损失量最小的样本厚度,并研究在此样本厚度下鉴别掺伪油茶籽油的能力。采用蒙特卡罗(MC)算法模拟单积分球技术下样本的测量,将模拟出的反射率(MR)和透射率(MT)作为实际值,单积分球采集的数据作为预测值,将实际值与预测值之间的平均相对误差(MRE)和均方根误差(RMSE)作为评价指标,确定最佳的样本厚度。按不同掺伪比例制备了230组样本,采集最佳样本厚度的掺伪油茶籽油光谱数据,结合逆向倍增(IAD)算法得到样本的吸收系数(μ_(a))和约化散射系数(μ_(s)′)。将μ_(a)和μ_(s)′经过均值中心化预处理之后,利用Kennard-Stone(K-S)算法以7∶3的比例将样本划分成训练集和测试集,分别建立基于支持向量机(SVM)和随机森林(RF)的多分类定性鉴别模型。结果表明:样本厚度为14mm时,MR和MT的MRE和RMSE均相对较小;μ_(a)和μ_(s)′建立的SVM模型鉴别准确率分别为97.10%和95.65%,建立的RF模型鉴别准确率分别为98.55%和97.10%。因此,基于最佳样本厚度下的单积分球技术结合SVM和RF模型,可有效实现油茶籽油的快速鉴伪。

Anti-Fatigue Effect of Blended <i>Camellia oleifera Abel</i>Tea Oil and Ge-132 in Mice

Nowadays, people are busier and busier for working and living, and suffer a lot of pressure on their body or mind. Therefore, people are prone to have fatigue activity and decrease their working efficiency and happiness. It was reported that fatigue is a common symptom in the community, with up to half of the general population complaining of fatigue. More and more researchers devoted themselves to studying natural active ingredients in organism as the anti-fatigue drugs to release fatigue symptom. However, these natural ingredients were difficult to obtain from plants, animals and microorganisms by separating and purifying. In addition, some active substances have many side effects. In our study, we employed tea seed oil as main ingredients blended with bis-(carboxyethylgermanium) sesquioxide (Ge-132) to investigate the effects of anti-fatigue on mice by administrating mice with low dose, intermediate dose and high dose of tea seed oil complex for 0, 2 or 4 weeks. The specific tests of studying effects of anti-fatigue were body weight, weight-loaded force swimming, blood urea nitrogen, blood lactic acid and hepaticglycogen. And the results showed that appropriate level of tea seed oil complex could decrease the body weight and prolong the weight-loaded swimming time, and had an active effect on the bloodurea nitrogen, hepatic glycogen and blood lactic acid level mice, which significantly embodied the anti-fatigue activity of tea seed oil complex.

混菌发酵茶籽抗氧化肽的分离纯化及其功能活性研究

为促进茶叶籽资源的深度开发利用,采用不同截留分子质量的超滤膜对混菌发酵茶籽多肽产物进行分级分离,比较茶籽多肽的抗氧化活性与其分子质量的对应关系;利用凝胶过滤色谱技术对茶籽多肽逐级纯化,获得特征性茶籽抗氧化肽,对其二级结构组成及相对含量进行分析,并考察其热稳定性和抗消化稳定性;以H_(2)O_(2)诱导小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(MEF细胞)建立氧化损伤模型,评价茶籽抗氧化肽的细胞氧化损伤保护功能。结果表明:经超滤分级后,茶籽多肽的抗氧化活性与其分子质量呈负相关,分子质量小于1 kDa的TSP4组分具有最高的自由基清除能力;TSP4分子质量分布范围在90~849 Da之间,凝胶过滤色谱纯化得到的TSP4-b亚组分平均分子质量为446 Da,其二级结构中的β-折叠的相对含量从未发酵茶叶籽的16.59%上升至44.43%,α-螺旋则由未发酵茶叶籽的37.61%降至17.57%;TSP4-b经20~60℃热处理以及模拟胃肠消化后,自由基相对清除率仍可分别保持在90%及80%以上,具备良好的热稳定性及抗消化能力;中(0.5 mg/mL)、高(5.0 mg/mL)剂量的TSP4-b的介入可使H_(2)O_(2)诱导的MEF细胞存活率分别达到73.8%、82.4%。综上,所分离的茶籽抗氧化肽具有较强的抗氧化活性,对H_(2)O_(2)诱导的细胞损伤具有保护作用,在医药、保健食品等领域具有良好的发展潜力。

油茶籽粕发酵菌株的筛选鉴定及发酵产物特性分析

油茶行业的迅速发展导致油茶籽粕废弃物的大量产生,其落后的处理方式造成了严重的资源浪费,制约了我国油茶行业的可持续发展。油茶籽粕中富含有机质,利用微生物发酵法降解其中的纤维素、木质素及茶皂素等生物大分子来制备有机肥是实现油茶籽粕合理资源化利用的有效途径。通过筛选获得3株针对油茶籽粕中纤维素和木质素的高效降解菌,包括1株真菌X1-1,属于Pleurostomarichardsiae,以及2株细菌M4-2和M5-2,分别为蒙氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas monteilii)和类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp)属,可有效降低发酵产物中茶皂素的含量,实现油茶籽粕的无害化处理。实验结果显示,经菌株X1-1、M4-2和M5-2发酵处理28 d后,油茶籽粕中纤维素含量的降解率分别为29.74%、19.65%和13.19%,木质素含量的降解率分别为12.84%、17.85%和26.39%,茶皂素含量的降解率分别为34.06%、45.05%和46.15%;且发酵后的油茶籽粕腐熟度、有机质含量和养分含量等指标均符合有机肥标准。研究结果拓展了油茶籽粕的资源化利用途径,同时为木质素和纤维素的高效降解提供了良好的菌种资源。

微生物发酵法制备茶籽多肽及其功能活性研究

采用微生物发酵茶籽制备茶籽多肽,并分析其功能活性及构效关系。结果表明:微生物发酵能提升茶籽原料的蛋白质成分释放及多肽生成,以解淀粉芽孢杆菌为最优发酵菌种,其最佳发酵工艺:接种量1%,发酵温度35℃,茶籽添加量50 g/L,pH 6.0,摇床转速120 r/min,发酵时间48 h,该条件下茶籽多肽产量达到6.13 mg/mL。茶籽原料经发酵后,小分子量蛋白比例提升了16.25%;茶籽多肽中的必需氨基酸、疏水性氨基酸及酸性氨基酸比例显著提升,使其抗氧化活性优于茶籽原料。

纳米茶籽油微囊对低脂猪肉糜制品品质影响

高脂产品低脂化符合消费者对健康的追求,是未来肉制品发展方向之一。本文以无茶籽油脂肪替代肉糜为对照组,考察了两种形式的茶籽油(Tea seed oil,TSO)及纳米微囊化茶籽油(Nano tea seed oil microcapsules,NTM)代替猪背膘对猪肉糜制品理化性质的影响,对不同脂肪替代肉糜制品保水性、蒸煮得率、水分分布、质构、微观结构、脂肪氧化水平等指标进行了研究。结果表明,添加50%、70%NTM可以改善添加TSO造成的肉糜制品保水能力的下降;NTM替代组的T_(21)弛豫时间、占比与无替代对照组组差异不显著(P>0.05),而TSO替代组不易流动水占比显著下降(P<0.05);NTM替代组,其L^(*)、b^(*)值较于无茶籽油替代组有所增强,a^(*)降低,且具有明显的脂肪氧化抑制效果,有效延长贮藏期;微观结构结果表明,NTM替代组油脂分布较TSO添加组更均匀,与蛋白质结合更紧密;质构特性结果表明,TSO替代会造成质构的劣化,而NTM可以改善劣化情况,其中添加70%NTM的肉糜弹性和粘度优于50%和70%NTM替代组。综上,添加70%NTM可以均匀分布于猪肉糜中,并与蛋白质之间形成更多的氢键,从而达到稳定低脂猪肉糜保水力,硬度,弹性等理化性质的目的。因此添加70%NTM的低脂肉糜品质最优。

基于反射光谱的油茶籽油掺伪量快速测定及特征波长特性研究

为了探索紫外-可见-近红外反射光谱测定油茶籽油掺伪量的方法,按照不同掺伪比例制备了244个油茶籽油掺伪大豆油、菜籽油、花生油、玉米油的样本,以自主搭建的实验平台采集所制备样本在200~1100 nm范围内的反射光谱。将原始光谱进行Savitzky-Golay(SG)-连续小波变换(CWT)预处理后,利用Kennard-Stone(K-S)算法以2∶1的比例将样本划分成校正集和预测集。采用竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)、连续投影算法(SPA)、自主软收缩算法(BOSS)、迭代变量子集优化算法(IVSO)进行特征波长选择,分别建立基于支持向量机(SVM)、极限学习机(ELM)、随机森林(RF)的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型,同时对特征波长的特性进行了研究。结果表明:原始光谱经过SG-CWT(L5)预处理和BOSS特征波长筛选后,建立的基于SVM的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型能够鉴别掺伪量为1%及以上的油茶籽油,该模型在十折交叉验证和网格搜索法下得到最佳惩罚因子(c)和核函数(γ)分别为5.2780和0.1088,其预测决定系数(R_(P)^(2))、预测均方根误差(RMSE_P)、预测平均绝对误差(MAE_(P))分别为0.9985、0.0134、0.0102。特征波长聚集程度和陡度对模型预测结果存在一定影响。综上,建立的基于反射光谱的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型预测误差小,预测效果较好。

湖南省主要品种油茶籽油的营养品质研究

我国长江流域及以南地区,都是油茶种植的最佳地区,以湖南省种植面积为最多。为探究湖南不同油茶的生产适应性,分析湖南不同油茶品种的差异性,研究不同品种对油茶籽油品质的影响,包括湖南省6个全国主推品种:华鑫、华金、华硕、湘林210、湘林1号和湘林27号,还有其他主要种植品种,如衡东大桃系列、湘林系列、和湘林97号。该研究对不同品种油茶籽油的脂肪酸组成与活性物质含量进行分析检测,应用聚类分析和主成分分析方法综合评价。结果显示,油茶籽油主要脂肪酸为油酸、棕榈酸和亚油酸;不饱和脂肪酸含量超过88%。油茶籽油中甾醇总含量为583.35~1623.79 mg/kg,主要组分为Δ7-豆甾烯醇和β-谷甾醇,占甾醇总量85%以上。油茶籽油中生育酚以α-生育酚为主,占总生育酚80%以上。油茶籽油的角鲨烯含量为70.49~304.32 mg/kg。油茶籽油中多酚含量为3.37~19.14 mg/kg。聚类分析将油茶籽油样品分为5类,主成分分析结果表明,Y15华硕油茶籽油综合评分最高。

葡萄籽提取物/茶多酚对海藻酸钠纳米复合膜性能的影响

以葡萄籽提取物(grape seed extract,GSE)、茶多酚(tea polyphenols,TP)制备复合保鲜液,研究其抗菌、抗氧化效果。同时以海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,SA)、纳米纤维(nano-crystalline cellulose,NCC)为基材,添加质量分数8%,不同质量比(1∶0、0∶1、1∶1、1∶2、2∶1)的复合保鲜液制备活性包装膜,并考察复合膜形貌、结构、机械性能、阻隔性能。结果表明,复合保鲜液添加量为0.8%时,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌的生长均完全抑制,GSE、TP以2∶1复配对DPPH自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基清除率最高。与CK膜(不添加GST、TP)相比,2GT膜(GSE∶TP质量比为2∶1)表面光滑,结构致密,相对结晶度增大,说明膜体系间具有良好的相容性,熔融温度提高,热稳定性较好,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别提高191.24%、7.15%,水蒸气透过率、CO 2透过率分别降低31.52%、44.60%,可屏蔽100%的紫外线UVB(320~275 nm)、UVC(275~200 nm)及大部分UVA(400~320 nm)。

基于气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术分析不同预处理技术对压榨山茶油风味的影响

旨在提升山茶油风味品质,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)技术分析微波、烘烤、蒸制3种预处理技术对压榨山茶油中挥发性成分的影响,并结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLSDA)、相对气味活度值(ROAV)和聚类分析比较不同预处理压榨山茶油挥发性成分的差异。结果表明:不同预处理压榨山茶油中共鉴定出40种挥发性成分,其中醛类18种(40.02%~51.88%)、醇类9种(10.99%~19.85%)、酮类6种(19.37%~27.35%)、酯类3种(4.21%~11.44%)、吡嗪类2种(1.25%~6.50%)、烃类1种(0.19%~0.32%)和酸类1种(0.35%~2.16%),其中微波预处理压榨山茶油的挥发性物质含量最高,其次为烘烤、蒸制的;OPLS-DA建立的模型能够有效地区分不同预处理压榨山茶油,并根据变量投影重要性(VIP)值大于1筛选出了10种特征挥发性成分,分别是2-甲基丁醛D、3-甲基丁醛D、2,3-戊二酮、乙酸甲酯、2-甲基吡嗪、丙酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮、顺-2-庚烯醛、正己醇、1-丁醇,其中前5种为关键风味成分(ROAV大于1);聚类分析表明不同预处理压榨山茶油的10种特征挥发性成分存在差异,分类结果与OPLS-DA分类基本一致。综上,不同预处理技术所得压榨山茶油的风味不同,可通过OPLS-DA和聚类分析进行区分。

油茶籽壳多糖超声辅助提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析

旨在为开发利用油茶籽壳多糖提供基础,以油茶籽壳为原料,通过单因素试验结合响应面法对超声辅助提取多糖的工艺条件进行优化,并对超声辅助提取油茶籽壳多糖(CFP-U)的理化性质(分子质量、单糖组成、傅里叶变换红外光谱、紫外光谱、微观结构)和体外抗氧化活性(羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和ABTS+自由基清除率)进行了测定。结果表明:CFP-U的最优超声辅助提取工艺条件为超声时间20min、超声功率650W、液料比40∶1,在此条件下油茶籽壳多糖的得率为(3.28±0.06)%;高效凝胶渗透色谱分析表明,CFP-U的纯度较高,分子质量为91.6kDa;高效液相色谱分析表明,CFP-U的单糖由平均摩尔比为0.05∶0.14∶0.05∶1.00∶0.05∶0.30∶0.35∶0.41的甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖和岩藻糖构成;红外光谱表明,CFP-U存在α-糖苷键、β-糖苷键和吡喃糖环;紫外全波长扫描表明,CFP-U中基本不含蛋白质;扫描电子显微镜观察发现,CFP-U呈不规则形态,为片状结构,表面光滑;体外抗氧化活性测定表明CFP-U能有效清除羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和ABTS+自由基,并在一定浓度范围内呈剂量效应关系,且抗氧化活性优于传统热水法提取的油茶籽壳多糖。综上,采用超声辅助法可以有效提取油茶籽壳多糖,且油茶籽壳多糖具有较强的体外抗氧化能力。

基于电子鼻与HS-SPME-GC-MS技术的武夷茶区3种茶叶籽油挥发性香气成分的比较分析

以武夷茶区3种茶叶籽油为研究对象,首先采用定量描述分析法(QDA)对3种茶叶籽油的感官属性进行了分析,然后利用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)结合电子鼻(E-nose)对其挥发性香气成分进行了区分和比较。结果表明,不同品种茶叶籽油在多个感官属性上差异明显,E-nose可有效区分3种茶叶籽油,GC-MS在3种茶叶籽油中共检测出52种挥发性香气成分,并采用香气活力值(OAV)确定了3种茶叶籽油的关键香气物质,3种茶叶籽油香气成分和关键香气物质的组成、含量各不相同。研究结果可为不同品种茶叶籽油的品种鉴别提供一定的理论依据。