The protective roles of tea tree oil extracts in bovine mammary epithelial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Background: Tea tree oil(TTO) plays an important role in antibacterial activity and alleviating the inflammatory responses. Bovine mammary epithelium and polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNL) can actively respond to bovine mastitis infection. However, regulatory effects of TTO extracts on the innate immune response of bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs) and PMNL remain not reported. Therefore, aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of TTO extracts on the m RNA levels of the genes involved in the innate immune response of BMECs and PMNL.Results: Our results demonstrated that addition of 0.025% and 0.05% TTO increased the proliferation of BMECs, and significantly enhanced(P < 0.05) the viability of BMECs exposed to Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus). An inhibitory effect was observed against the growth of S. aureus by TTO incubation. The 0.05% TTO reduced S. aureus biofilm formation, association and invasion of S. aureus to BMECs, and changed the morphological and structural features of S. aureus. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were decreased(P < 0.001) by the incubation of TTO. Interestingly, the expression of IL-8 known for PMNL chemotactic function was elevated(P < 0.05) by 0.05%TTO treatment. Consistently, 0.05% TTO increased the migration of PMNL in S. aureus-exposed BMECs when compared with S. aureus treatment alone(P < 0.05). In addition, PMNL incubated with 0.05% TTO decreased the levels of NFKB inhibitor alpha(NFKBIA) and TNF-α.Conclusions: Our results indicate that use of TTO can relieve the BMECs pro-inflammatory response caused by S.aureus and promote the migration of PMNL to mount the innate immune responses, and it may be novel strategy for the treatment of bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus.

A randomized controlled trial of topical tea tree preparation for MRSA colonized wounds

Background:The prevalence of MRSA(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)colonized wounds in home care residents is expected to grow continuously as a result of the substantial proportion of older people requiring institutionalized care due to chronic disease and declining functional status,which contribute to more frequent skin breakdown and wound formation.Tea tree oil has been claimed to have anti-bacterial,analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects that have been suggested in many in-vitro studies to have good efficacy against MRSA.The aims of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of 10%topical tea tree preparation to eradicateMRSA and to ascertain its influence on wound healing forMRSA-colonized wounds.Methods:It was a randomized controlled trial,single-blind study.Those with stage II or above MRSA-colonized wounds and who had given their informed consent formed the sample.The determined sample sizewasbasedonthe effect size of our previouspilot study,whichwas 0.46.Five outcome measurements were taken for the MRSA bacterial count and wound healing condition at baseline and at 1-week intervals during the 4-week dressing intervention period.Results:Thirty-two participants were recruited from two non-government nursing homes,16 in the control group and 16 in the tea tree oil group.The control group residents received routine saline gauze dressing,while the tea tree oil group residents received the 10%topical tea tree preparation dressing.In the tea tree oil group,all chronic wounds that had previously been delayed in healing were healed within 28 days without adverse reaction.MRSA was also completely eradicated in 14(87.5%)out of 16 wounds in the group receiving the 10%topical tea tree preparation.

Use RAPD Analysis to Classify Tea Trees in Yunnan

RAPD assessment on genetic variations of 45 tea trees in Yunnan was carried out. Eight primers selected from 40 random primers were used to amplify 45 tea samples, and a total of 95 DNA bands were amplified, of which 90 (94.7 %) were polymorphism. The average number of DNA bands amplified by each primer was 11.5. Based on the results of UPGMA cluster analysis of 95 DNA bands amplified by 8 primers,all the tested materials could be classified into 7 groups including 5 complex groups and 2 simple groups, which was basically identical with morphological classification. In addition, there were some speciations in 2 simple groups.

Climatic Zoning of Tea Tree Planting in Hanzhong City

[Objective]The research aimed to study climatic zoning of tea tree cultivation in Hanzhong. [Method]Based on climate data at 11 meteorological observatories of Hanzhong during 1971-2010,selecting annual average extreme minimum temperature,annual average temperature,accumulative temperature ≥10 ℃ and annual rainfall as climatic zoning factors,regression model between zoning factors and geographic information was established,and comprehensive climatic zoning indicator of tea tree cultivation in Hanzhong was determined. [Result]Tea tree cultivation in Hanzhong was divided into suitable,more suitable and unsuitable planting zones by using critical value of climatic zoning. [Conclusion]The research could provide scientific basis for reasonable planning layout and sustainable development of tea tree in the whole city.

Tea tree oil,a vibrant source of neuroprotection via neuroinflammation inhibition:a critical insight into repurposing Melaleuca alternifolia by unfolding its characteristics

Over the past few decades,complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide.The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vitro and in vivo as part of efforts to legitimize their usage.One such product is tea tree oil(TTO),a volatile essential oil primarily obtained from the native Australian plant,Melaleuca alternifolia,which has diverse traditional and industrial applications such as topical preparations for the treatment of skin infections.Its anti-inflammatory-linked immunomodulatory actions have also been reported.This systematic review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of TTO and its main components that have shown strong immunomodulatory potential.An extensive literature search was performed electronically for data curation on worldwide accepted scientific databases,such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,PubMed,ScienceDirect,Scopus,and esteemed publishers such as Elsevier,Springer,Frontiers,and Taylor&Francis.Considering that the majority of pharmacological studies were conducted on crude oils only,the extracted data were critically analyzed to gain further insight into the prospects of TTO being used as a neuroprotective agent by drug formulation or dietary supplement.In addition,the active constituents contributing to the activity of TTO have not been well justified,and the core mechanisms need to be unveiled especially for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects leading to neuroprotection.Therefore,this review attempts to correlate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of TTO with its neuroprotective mechanisms.

Preparation and characterization of tea tree oil-β-cyclodextrin microcapsules with super-high encapsulation efficiency

This study aimed to prepare tea tree oil-β-cyclodextrin microcapsules using an optimized co-precipitated method.The impact of the volume fraction of ethanol in the solvent system for microencapsulation on encapsulation efficiency was investigated and analyzed sophisticatedly.Super-high encapsulation efficiency was achieved when a 40%volume fraction of ethanol was used for the microencapsulation procedure,where the recovery yield of microcapsules and the embedding fraction of tea tree oil in microcapsules were as high as 88.3%and 94.3%,respec-tively.Additionally,considering the operation cost,including time and energy consumption,an economical preparation was validated so that it would be viable for large-scale production.Based on the results of morphological and X-ray diffraction analysis,the crystal structure appeared to differ before and after microencapsulation.The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of microcapsules.Furthermore,the antibacterial activity of the fabricated microcapsules was assessed by a simple growth inhibition test using Bacillus subtilis as the study object,and the hydrophilic property was proved by a water contact angle measurement.

The Tea Tree Genome Provides Insights into Tea Flavor and Independent Evolution of Caffeine Biosynthesis

茶是世界有巨大的经济、药用、文化的重要性的最旧、很流行的包含咖啡因的饮料。这里，我们在场第一个高质量的核苷酸序列充满重复(80.9%) ，栽培的茶树山茶 sinensis 的 3.02-Gb 染色体。我们证明茶树的一种非常地大的染色体尺寸从一些 LTR retrotransposon 家庭的慢、稳定、长期的扩大被结果。除了一个最近的整个染色体的复制事件，基因的系特定的扩大把新陈代谢的生合成与 flavonoid 联系了被发现，它提高 catechin 生产，萜烯酶激活，和应力公差，为茶风味和改编的重要特征。我们相对可可子和咖啡表明一个独立人士和茶咖啡因合成小径的快速的进化。在 25 山茶种类之中的比较研究表明那更高的表情大多数 flavonoid- 和咖啡因铺平 -- 然而并非 theanine 相关的基因贡献 catechins 和咖啡因的增加的生产并且因此提高处理茶的适用性和茶质量。这些新奇调查结果为进一步的 metabolomic 和典型生合成小径的功能的 genomic 精炼铺平道路并且将帮助开发将最后满足并且吸引世界范围的更多的茶喝酒者的茶风味的一个更多样化的集合。

Estimating the Age of Oil-tea Camellia Trees

To determine the age of oil-tea camellia trees,regression equations including Logistic,Mitscherlich,Gompertz,Korf,and Richards were used to calculate accumulative growth rate using basal trunk disc and investigate the relations between the age of oil-tea camellia trees and their growth rate of secondary trunk.The Gompertz equation Y = 71. 296 1 exp(-3. 874 4 exp(-0. 006 4 t)) was the most optimal equation to simulate the accumulative growth rate of basal trunk disc.This equation could be used to estimate the age of oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. The Korf equation Y = 576. 900 1 exp(-4. 153 0 x^(-0. 314 2)) was the best equation to describe the relation between the age and growth rate of different secondary trunks. With the adjustment coefficient and average growth of different secondary trunk discs,it is possible to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. In addition,taking three or more discs from the same diameter group and calculating their average growth rate could lead to more accurate results. For trees that grow in different areas,environmental conditions should be carefully considered when using the above two equations to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees.

英德野生茶树叶片表型性状的遗传多样性分析

为了解英德野生茶树的叶片表型性状的遗传多样性及进化特点,对英德89份野生茶树资源的表型性状的变异系数、遗传多样性指数、表型分化系数进行分析。结果表明,89份资源的18项叶片性状的变异系数为12.90%~43.11%,平均27.86%;平均遗传多样性指数为1.12,表型分化系数为17.07%~45.51%,平均33.40%。聚类分析结果表明,当欧氏距离为21.5时,所有材料可分为4大类,分类结果与地域分布有一定相关性。巢氏方差分析表明,在不同种群间和种群内,数量性状均有极显著差异。相关性分析表明,叶长与叶宽、叶面积、叶脉对数、叶长宽比、叶形呈极显著相关;叶形与叶长宽比、叶脉对数之间呈极显著相关;叶基与叶宽之间呈极显著相关;叶长宽比与叶尖、着生状态呈极显著负相关。因此,英德野生茶树资源存在丰富的遗传多样性,茶树种质资源类型原始型、进化型以及中间类型并存,但以中间类型和进化型为主。

四川九龙古茶树种质资源农艺性状遗传多样性研究

为探究甘孜九龙古茶树种质资源的分布区域、形态特征和农艺性状的遗传多样性,通过基本统计分析、变异系数、多样性指数、主成分分析和聚类分析,对67份九龙古茶树种质资源的21个质量性状和12个数量性状进行了遗传多样性分析和评价。结果表明:九龙古茶树资源农艺性状变异丰富,除树型和树姿外,质量性状的遗传多样性指数范围为0.17~1.27,平均为0.82,其中以花瓣颜色多样性指数最小,果实形状的多样性指数最大;数量性状变异系数范围为1.38%~29.94%,平均为15.27%,以叶面积的变异系数最高,萼片数的变异系数最低。主成分分析显示,前11个主成分累计贡献率在76.49%,其中叶宽、叶长、叶色和花瓣颜色等性状是九龙古茶树种质资源农艺性状表现出差异的主要因素。21个质量性状聚类分析结果显示,在欧式距离为16.9时,可将67份九龙古茶树种质资源划分为4个类群,聚类结果与海拔高度及地理位置无明显相关性。本次调查的古茶树种质资源中有13份种质位于海拔2400 m以上,长势良好,展现出良好的抗寒性和抗旱性。此外,还有2份种质花瓣颜色特异,1份种质籽粒较大且结果率高。研究结果为九龙古茶树种质资源收集、保护和利用奠定一定基础。

茶树花的功能成分及相关产品研究进展

茶树花作为茶树生长发育过程中的副产物,具有丰富的保健功能成分和研究利用价值。中国是茶叶大国,茶树花资源丰富且开发潜力巨大。茶树花中存在丰富的保健功能成分,且与茶叶相似,对茶树花进行系统开发利用有助于增加茶农和茶企业的经济收益,实现“变废为宝”进一步提高茶产业的附加值,为茶农创造更多的经济价值。本文主要是通过文献综述的方式,收集、整理并分析近几年茶树花的研究和开发利用现状。从茶树花资源角度出发,对其生化成分的提取及近年茶树花产品开发利用现状进行综述,以期为茶树花资源的开发提供新的思路和参考,对茶产业的可持续发展具有一定的实践和经济价值。

茶树精油对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫功能以及肠道屏障功能的影响

本试验旨在研究茶树精油(TTO)对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫功能及肠道屏障功能的影响。选取21日龄断奶仔猪150头,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,各TTO组分别在基础饲粮中添加25、50、100、200 mg/kg TTO,饲喂28 d后测定其生长性能指标、血浆抗氧化和免疫指标。而后根据生长性能与血浆抗氧化和免疫指标结果选择对照组和50 mg/kg TTO组进行肠黏膜抗氧化与免疫指标的检测,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色切片观察肠道组织结构,16S rDNA测序分析肠道菌群结构。结果显示:1)各TTO组的料重比均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),各TTO组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但以50 mg/kg TTO组料重比最低。2)与对照组相比,25、50、100、200 mg/kg TTO组血浆中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),丙二醛(MDA)的含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。3)50、100、200 mg/kg TTO组血浆中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)的含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);25、200 mg/kg TTO组血浆中免疫球蛋白M(IgM)的含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),同时100 mg/kg TTO组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,50 mg/kg TTO组回肠绒毛隐窝比极显著升高(P<0.01)。5)与对照组相比,50 mg/kg TTO组十二指肠、回肠黏膜中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),十二指肠、空肠黏膜中GSH-Px的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),回肠黏膜中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),空肠、回肠黏膜中MDA的含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。6)50 mg/kg TTO组十二指肠及回肠黏膜中分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)的含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。7)在门水平上,50 mg/kg TTO组十二指肠中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在属水平上,50 mg/kg TTO组十二指肠和回肠中梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium)的相对丰度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),十二指肠、回肠和盲肠中克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)的相对丰度均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);50 mg/kg TTO组在氨基酸代谢、辅因子和维生素代谢、萜类化合物和聚酮酸的代谢等功能上较对照组极显著增强(P<0.01)。综上可知,在饲粮中添加TTO可以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,提升机体的抗氧化能力和免疫功能,增强肠道屏障功能,提升仔猪的健康水平。

茶树喷灌防霜中植株储水/冰量动态变化与影响因素研究

喷灌是园艺作物有效的防霜技术之一。为确定茶树喷灌防霜需水量和节约水资源,需研究喷灌过程中植株的储水/冰量动态变化及影响因素。本文设计了一种防滴落、茎杆水收集及称量组合装置,可直接精确获取整株茶树的储水/冰量;试验分析非冻结和冻结、微量和摇臂2类喷头条件下储水/冰量变化的异同;最后探究了冻结下微量喷头喷灌时长对储冰量和茎杆水量的影响。研究结果表明,非冻结条件下,茶树储水量变化经历积累、动平衡和干燥3个阶段;冻结条件下的储冰量随喷灌进行持续增加,并在停喷后较长时间内保持不变,即积累和保持阶段,随后依次经历融化流失和干燥阶段;相同喷灌压力和时长下,微量喷头的储水量和储冰量分别是摇臂喷头的1.2倍和2.0倍;微量喷头喷灌时长对最大储水量无明显影响,约为0.22 kg,最大储冰量则随喷灌时长的增加而显著增加,1.5 h的储冰量是0.5 h的2.9倍。微量喷头作用的茎杆水量,在非冻结和冻结条件下也较高,分别是摇臂喷头的3.0倍和2.7倍。本文研究了茶树植株表面储水/冰量变化及影响因素,改进了灌木类植物冠层截留量的测量方法,为提升防霜效果和实现精准喷灌奠定了基础。

不同品种和工艺条件对白茶品质形成机制的影响研究进展

白茶属微发酵茶,不同茶树品种制作工艺白茶鲜醇可口和花香浓郁的品质有所差异,在不同工艺条件下,茶中多酚类物质、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、生物碱和可溶性糖等内含物质发生不同程度变化,导致白茶外形、色泽及冲泡后汤色、滋味和香气发生不同程度的变化,进而赋予了独特的品质特征。白茶的品质形成十分复杂,其成分的组成、含量及所表现的香气特征受茶树品种和工艺条件的不同而有所差异。鉴于此,为推动工艺白茶产业的发展,挖掘白茶品质形成机制,本文综述了近几年白茶在萎凋和干燥过程中品质形成机制,分析了不同茶树品种和工艺条件对白茶品质影响原因并进行了展望,旨在为提升白茶品质、优化白茶加工工艺及利用和选育更多不同茶树品种供理论依据。

茶树边坡抗冲性能影响因素分析

为研究茶树种植对边坡抗冲性能的作用并探究影响茶树边坡抗冲性能的因素,以远安县某茶场地域环境为对象设计边坡模型,进行冲刷试验、水稳性团聚体分布测定和根系分形扫描。结果显示:1)径流率先增大到峰值再波动并趋于稳定,最大径流率表现为茶树边坡(1.224)<原生植被边坡(1.280)<素土边坡(1.398);2)茶树边坡抗冲系数比原生植被边坡和素土边坡分别提升12.8%和53.2%;3)边坡土壤水稳性团聚体含量表现为茶树边坡>原生植被边坡>素土边坡;4)茶树发育情况整体优于原生植被,具体表现在覆盖度(茶树95%>原生植被87%)和分形维数2方面。经分析,茶树种植有利于提升边坡抗冲性能,抗冲性能受植被覆盖度、根系发育情况、水稳性团聚体含量、冲刷时间和冲刷深度的影响。

基于代谢物分析的沅陵地方茶树种质资源评价

沅陵县地处湖南西部,是湖南产茶大县,产茶历史悠久,其独特的地理位置和优越的生态环境孕育了丰富的茶树资源。为了探明沅陵县地方茶树资源的特性及其直接利用价值,分别对其区域内官庄(GZ)、麻溪铺(WJ)和清浪(QL)等3个乡镇的茶树资源进行挂牌调查及鲜叶内主要代谢物检测分析。结果发现,WJ茶树资源的水浸出物含量最高,QL的茶多酚含量最高,GZ的游离氨基酸和咖啡碱含量最高;茶多酚和咖啡碱区域间存在显著差异(p<0.05),水浸出物、游离氨基酸、可可碱和茶碱区域间无明显差异(p>0.05),儿茶素组分中仅表没食子儿茶素(Epigallocatechin,EGC)和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)含量区域间存在明显差异(p<0.05),其他儿茶素组分区域间无显著性差异(p>0.05)。聚类分析和单一生化成分分析,所取样品可聚为三类,Ⅰ类为茶多酚较低、氨基酸较低及简单儿茶素较高的资源,Ⅱ类为游离氨基酸含量较高、茶多酚含量较低和酚氨比值较低的资源,Ⅲ类为高茶多酚、高儿茶素尤其是酯型儿茶素EGCG含量高的资源。其中较适合加工绿茶的资源有WJ08、QL01、QL02、QL11和QL14;适合加工红茶的资源有QL07、QL03、QL09和QL13。特异资源有QL07(EGCG含量>10%)、QL05(高游离氨基酸含量3.961%)、QL11(低儿茶素苦涩味指数4.365)与GZ04(低酚氨比6.881),这些特异资源可为茶树育种及茶叶生产提供原材料。

茶树花的品质成分及功效研究进展

茶树花是茶叶生产产生的附加产物,含有丰富的营养成分,具有多种保健功能。为提高茶树花资源利用效率,本文综合文献资料,总结分析茶树花的主要成分及其功效,其中成份包括水溶性糖、茶皂素、蛋白质、氨基酸、黄酮类化合物和超氧化物歧化酶等,讨论不同茶树花之间有效部分的差异及其潜在的研究应用价值,包括水浸出物、茶多糖、茶氨酸和茶多酚,并对不同茶树花在食品领域、日用领域和医疗领域的选择性深度生产加工进行展望。

茶园间种桉树对茶叶品质的影响研究

调查发现云南昌宁、云县等地部分茶园间种了桉树。本研究采集了间作和未间作桉树的茶鲜叶分别烘干和阴干制备茶样,应用分光光度法、高效液相色谱法等测定了茶叶水浸出物、茶多酚、儿茶素、黄酮醇、茶氨酸等41种成分含量,结合感官审评分析了间种桉树对茶叶品质的影响。茶样内含生化成分经主成分、正交偏最小二乘法判别分析发现,与对照相比,间作桉树茶样的没食子儿茶素、山奈酚、槲皮素、甘氨酸、鞣花酸、木犀草素、花旗松素、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、表没食子儿茶素等9种成分含量显著升高(VIP>1,p<0.05,FC>1.2),而谷氨酸含量显著降低(VIP>1,p<0.05,FC<0.83)。感官审评发现,间作桉树的阴制茶样香气与滋味都辛辣,品质降低。研究结果表明,云南昌宁、云县等茶区茶园间种桉树会降低茶叶品质,不宜在茶园间种。

人工光源对茶树生长及茶叶品质的影响研究进展

光是影响茶树生长及茶叶品质的重要因子。不同光质对于茶树生长和茶叶品质有着不同影响,不同品种茶树生长和茶类加工工艺对于光的响应也有所不同。综述了近年来人工光源补光对茶树生理特征、理化成分、色素类物质及香气类物质积累的影响,以期为人工光源在我国茶树设施栽培、茶叶全天候加工以及茶叶品质的提升等方面提供理论依据。

春茶后不同修剪处理对夏秋茶机采效果研究

“春茶手采+夏秋茶机采”是一种兼顾经济效益和资源利用率的生产模式。为研究春茶后不同修剪处理对夏秋茶机采效果的影响,以‘福鼎大毫茶’与‘龙井长叶’为试验品种,在春茶提早结束和正常结束后分别进行轻修剪和重修剪,探讨不同修剪处理对夏秋茶产量性状及机采鲜叶机械组成的影响。结果表明,不同修剪时间主要影响叶层厚度,春茶提早结束进行修剪的茶树叶层厚度高于春茶正常结束后修剪的茶树;不同修剪程度主要影响树高、树幅、百芽重、产量及新梢的一致性,轻修剪的茶树树高、树幅、百芽重、产量和新梢一致性优于重修剪处理;修剪时间与修剪程度交互作用主要影响发芽密度,春茶正常结束后进行轻修剪茶树发芽密度最高。不同修剪处理对夏秋季机采鲜叶目标芽叶得率及破碎叶占比无显著影响。