The Essential Oil Content and Composition of Selected Salvia Species, Sage Teas, and Sage Drops

Sage is popular for its manifold applications and has always been used in herbalism. The Salvia genus encompasses up to 900 species, but only a few of them have been investigated. Hence, the objective was to investigate the essential oil content as well as the terpene composition of a number of Saliva species. In this context, S. officinalis var. Extrakta, S. officinalis ＂Aurea＂ and S. patens were investigated for the first time. To some extent, it was also possible to associate the terpene distribution of the investigated commercial sage teas and drops with the processed sage oil. Furthermore, an ultrasonic extraction with ethyl acetate seems to be an efficient quick-method for extracting the essential oil.

Control of Tetranychus urticae Koch by extracts of three essential oils of chamomile,marjoram and Eucalyptus

Objective:To evaluate the acaricidal activity of extracts of three essential oils of chamomile,marjoram and Eucalyptwi against Tetranychus urtiaie(T.urticae.)Koch.Methods:Extracts of three essential oils of chamomile,marjoram and Eucalyptus with different concentrations(0.5%,1.0%,2.0%,3.0%and 4.0%)were used to control T.urticae Koch.Results:The results showed that chamomile(Chamomilla recutita)represented the most potent efficient acaricidal agent against Tetranychus followed by marjoram(Marjorana hortensis)and Eucalyptus.The LC_(50)values of chamomile,marjoram and Eucalyptus for adults were 0.65,1.84 and 2.18,respectively and for eggs 1.17,6.26 and 7.33,respectively.Activities of enzymes including glutathione-Stxansferase,esterase(α-esterase andβ-esterase)and alkaline phosphatase in susceptible mites were determined and activities of enzymes involved in the resistance of acaricides were proved.Protease enzyme was significantly decreased at LC_(50)of both chamomile and marjoram compared with positive control.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(CC-MS)proved that the major compositions of Chamomilla recutita areα-bisabolol oxide A(35.251%),and trans-3-farersene(7.758%),while the main components of Marjorana hortensis are terpincne-4-ol(23.860%),p-cymene(23.404%)and sabinene(10.904%).Conclusions:It can be concluded that extracts of three essential oils of chamomile,marjoram and Eucalyptus possess acaricidal activity against T.urticae.

Antibacterial activity of the essential oils from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Objective:To examine the in vitro antimicrobial activities of essential oil of the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus(E.globulus).Methods:The essential oils of this plant were obtained by the hydrodistillation method.The inhibitory effects of this essential oil were tested against Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)by using agar disc diffusion and dilution broth methods.Results:The results obtained showed that essential oil of the leaves of E.globulus has antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria(E.coli)as well as gram positive bacteria(S.aureus).Conclusion:The encouraging results indicate the essential oil of E.globulus leaves might be exploited as natural antibiotic for the treatment of several infectious diseases caused by these two germs,and could be useful in understanding the relations between traditional cures and current medicines.

Extraction Conditions of Essential Oil from Eucalyptus Leaves by Distillation

[Objectives]To explore the extraction conditions of essential oil from eucalyptus leaves.[Methods]The essential oil of eucalyptus leaves was extracted by steam distillation,and the yields of essential oil from eucalyptus leaves under different extraction times,soaking times and different solid-liquid ratios were analyzed through orthogonal test with three factors and three variables.[Results]The effects of various factors on extraction results were:distillation time>solid-liquid ratio>soaking time.When the extraction time and soaking time were 1.5 and 2 h,and the solid-liquid ratio of eucalyptus leaves to distilled water was 1:10,the yield of essential oil was the highest(0.8%).The yield of essential oil increased with the increase of extraction and soaking time,but when reaching the optimal value,the yield decreased with the extension of time.Increasing the solid-liquid ratio can improve the yield of essential oil,but beyond a certain value the yield increased gradually while the cost performance decreased.[Conclusions]The results will provide some reference for the recovery and utilization of eucalyptus leaves.

Particle Size Effects on Antioxydant and Hepatoprotective Potential of Essential Oil from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Leaves against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Particle size fractionation by sieving is used to optimize antioxydant potential of natural substances. The aim of the present study was to evaluate particle size effects on antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils (EO) on CCl4-induced hepatic damage in Wistar rats. Animals were daily orally treated with the EOs extracted by hydrodistillation from powder sieved at four particle sizes (≥355, 200 - 355, 100 - 200, ≤100 μm) and those of the unsieved powder at dose of 50 mg/Kg for 7 days. Compounds that are evaluated for these activities are hydrocarbons and oxygenated terpenes that were identified and quantified by GC/MS. Activities of enzymes markers of hepatocellular damage in serum and antioxidant enzymes in the liver homogenates were measured. In this research, EOs significantly prevented the increase in serum ALT and AST (p < 0.05), total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol level in acute liver damage induced by CCl4 and significant increase level of plasma HDL-cholesterol. Also, significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the extent of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) liver in comparison to negative control group. The best antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities were those of EOs from two fine powder fractions (≤100 μm and 100 - 200 μm) was correlated to their high concentration in oxygenated terpenes (70.9% and 46.4%, respectively), when compared to the large particles (200 - 355 μm and ≥355 μm, with 33.3% and 41.8%, respectively) and unsieved powder (37.4%).

Chemical Variability and Antibacterial Activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Essential Oils from Senegal

1,8-cineole, also known as eucalyptol, is the main constituent and the most important of the leaf oils of many species of the genus Eucalyptus. In present study, the essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis from six different locations were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Essential oil yields ranged from 0.33% to 4.35%. In total, 34 constituents were identified, accounting for 94.0% to 99.8% of the total compositions. 1,8-cineole (46.4% - 84.4%) was the main constituent of all the essential oil samples, except for one sample collected in the Fatick region, which had p-cymene (46.4%) and 1,8-cineole (26.0%) as major compounds. The essential oil showed excellent activity against S. aureus, E. coli and E. faecalis (IZ = 25.3 ± 1.2 mm;18.7 ± 0.6 mm;17.8 ± 0.3 mm, respectively) and moderate activity against P. aeruginosa (IZ = 10.8 ± 0.8 mm). They may have potential applications in food and pharmaceutical products.

Chemical Characterization and Biological Potential of the Essential Oil of Eucalyptus globulus Labill

Oxidation of lipids in various products,along with the growth of medically important pathogens,has led to a search for medicinal plants with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.As a result,the aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus(EO-Eg).Antioxidant activity was assessed by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate(DPPH)assay method.Existing components were identified through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)analysis.Antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)were assessed by using the broth microdilution method with standard multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.The main EO-Eg compounds identified by GC-MS were isopulegol,citronellal,and citronellol,which are primarily used in the industrial sectors.EO-Eg demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity with an effective concentration(EC50)of 4.48μL/mL owing to the presence of phenolic compounds.Regarding antibacterial activity,the EO-Eg displayed a broad antimicrobial spectrum of antimicrobial activity across the different resistance phenotypes analyzed.The most notable antibacterial activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus 169 MRSA(MIC=0.0625%).As a result,our findings suggest that EO-Eg has antioxidant and antibacterial potential against hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant pathogens,which may be correlated with its major components.

Monoterpene hydrocarbons,major components of the dried leaves essential oils of five species of the genus Eucalyptus from Cote d’Ivoire

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the dried leaves of five species of the genus Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis, E. de-glupta, E. grandis, E. torelliana, E. urophylla) growing in C?te d’Ivoire, was analyzed by means of GC and GC/MS. The density and the refractive index were measured. The major components of all these oils are: α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, limonene, γ-terpinene, p-cymene and β-caryo-phyllene. The particularity of these oils is their monoterpene hydrocarbons major components.

Nanoemulsified Mentha piperita and Eucalyptus globulus oils exhibit enhanced repellent activities against Anopheles stephensi

Objective:To formulate nanoemulsion from essential oils of Mentha(M.)piperita L.and Eucalyptus(E.)globulus L.and to compare their repellant activity with normal essential oils and N,N-diethyl-m toluamide(DEET)as a standard chemical compound.Methods:In this study,protection time of essential oils and DEET was evaluated on four human subjects using test cage,and their values were determined against Anopheles stephensi.Furthermore,ED50 values for the above essential oils were determined using the ASTM E951-94 method.The compositions of essential oils were determined using GC-MS,and droplet size and zeta potential of the nanoemulsion were measured with dynamic light scattering.Results:The results(expressed as mean±SD)showed that protection time of M.piperita 50%,M.piperita Nano 50%,E.globulus 50%,E.globulus Nano 50%,and DEET 25%was(2.89±0.45)h,(4.17±0.28)h,(0.96±0.27)h,(5.51±0.02)h,and(6.10±0.47)h,respectively.ED50 values were 29.10(95%CI:23.36-36.06)μg/cm^2 for Mentha,19.39(15.35-23.99)μg/cm^2 for Mentha Nano,36.10(28.70-48.01)μg/cm^2 for Eucalyptus,18.50(14.65-23.23)μg/cm^2 for Eucalyptus Nano,and 3.62(2.68-4.55)μg/cm^2 for DEET,respectively.E.globulus Nano and M.piperita Nano provided significantly longer protection than normal essential oils E.globulus and M.piperita(P<0.01).Conclusions:The preparation of nanoemulsion from the essential oils of M.piperita and E.globulus,significantly increases the protection time and reduces ED50 values of these essential oils,hence,M.piperita Nano and E.globulus Nano can be good alternatives to DEET and other chemical compounds.

Phytochemistry and larvicidal activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis against malaria vector,Anopheles stephensi

Objective:To determine phytochemistry and larvicidal activity of Eucalyptus eamaldulensis against Anopheles stephensi.Methods:The chemical compositions of the leaf essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry（GC/MS）.The larvicidal activity of essential oils and extract of leaf were tested against 4th instar larvae of laboratory-reared Anopheles stephensi.Results:GC/MS analyses identified the presence of 28 compounds corresponding to 99.60%of the total oil.The main constituents in the leaf essential oil were 1,8-cineole（69.46%）,γ-Terpinene（15.10%）,α-Pinene（5.47%） and Globulol（2%）.The leaf extract and volatile oil exerted significant larvicidal activity with LC50 values of 89.85 and 397.75 ppm,respectively.Clear dose-response relationships were established with the highest dose of 320 ppm essential oil extract resulted almost 100%mortality in the population.Conclusions:The larvicidal properties suggest that the essential oil of plant is a potential source of valuable larvicidal compounds against malaria vector and can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.

超声有机溶剂法提取茶树花精油工艺优化及其成分分析

以茶树花为原料,采用超声有溶剂法提取茶树花精油。以茶树花精油得率为指标,在单因素试验的基础上通过响应面法优化提取工艺,并与索氏抽提法对比分析茶树花精油得率及其挥发性成分。结果表明:超声有机溶剂法提取茶树花精油的最佳工艺为超声功率240W、超声时间50min、石油醚添加量160mL、浸泡时间6h,在此条件下,茶树花精油得率为3.34%,而索氏抽提法的茶树花精油得率为1.59%。成分分析显示,在超声有溶剂法提取的茶树花精油中共检出23种挥发性成分,而在索氏抽提法提取的茶树花精油中只检出18种挥发性成分。

胶原蛋白-茶多酚-肉桂精油涂膜对调理黑鱼鱼片品质的影响

以黑鱼为原料制备调理黑鱼鱼片,研究蒸馏水(CK组)、5%胶原蛋白(C1组)、5%胶原蛋白+0.4%茶多酚(C2组)、5%胶原蛋白+1.5%肉桂精油(C3组)和5%胶原蛋白+0.4%茶多酚+1.5%肉桂精油(C4组)涂膜处理对其在冷藏过程中品质的影响。结果表明:在4℃密封冷藏条件下,涂膜处理可以有效延缓调理黑鱼鱼片冷藏过程中菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮含量和硫代巴比妥酸值的增加,维持调理黑鱼鱼片的L^(*)值、硬度和弹性等,抑制肌原纤维蛋白含量、总巯基含量和Ca^(2+)-ATPase活性的降低。CK组鱼片的菌落总数在冷藏9 d时达到了1.70×10^(6) CFU/g,而C4组鱼片的菌落总数在冷藏15 d时为1.91×10^(6) CFU/g,说明5%胶原蛋白+0.4%茶多酚+1.5%肉桂精油涂膜处理可以延长调理黑鱼鱼片保质期6~7 d。这为调理黑鱼鱼片以及其他水产品的保藏提供了参考。

茶树花精油处理对桑葚室温贮藏品质的影响

将茶树花精油与壳聚糖复配制备涂膜液,并在25℃贮藏条件下探究其对桑葚的保鲜效果。结果表明:茶树花精油可有效抑制桑葚腐烂,延缓丙二醛含量、过氧化物酶活力的上升,减缓维生素C、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物含量的下降,降低呼吸强度。综合模糊评价结果表明,经茶树花精油体积分数0.125%的复合涂膜液涂膜处理的桑葚在25℃下可贮藏7 d,模糊综合评价隶属度大于0.90,对应维生素C含量(10.05 mg/100 g)、可滴定酸含量(0.48 g/100 g)、可溶性固形物含量(14.75%)、呼吸强度(6.82 mg/(kg·h))的隶属度均超过0.5。

不同水平的茶树精油对仔猪生长性能及免疫功能的影响

研究旨在评估日粮中添加不同水平的茶树精油对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率和免疫功能的影响,并筛选最适宜的添加水平。试验选择96只21日龄“杜×长×大”断奶仔猪,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复8只断奶仔猪。对照组仔猪饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,各试验组分别在基础日粮中添加50、100和200 mg/kg茶树精油。预饲期7 d,正式试验期为28 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,饲喂100 mg/kg的茶树精油可显著增加断奶仔猪的末重、平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低料重比(P<0.05);饲喂100和200 mg/kg的茶树精油可使断奶仔猪腹泻率降低28.89%和51.60%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,饲喂100 mg/kg的茶树精油可显著提高断奶仔猪血清免疫球蛋白A (IgA)、免疫球蛋白G (IgG)、免疫球蛋白M (IgM)和白细胞介素-2 (IL-2)、白细胞介素-10 (IL-10)的水平(P<0.05),显著降低肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)水平(P<0.05);饲喂50、100和200 mg/kg的茶树精油可显著降低断奶仔猪血清白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)水平(P<0.05)。研究表明,断奶仔猪饲料中添加适量的茶树精油可以提高生长性能、降低腹泻率、增强机体免疫力,且茶树精油的适宜添加水平为100 mg/kg。

Antibacterial activity of essential oil of north west Algerian Eucalyptus camaldulensis against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Objective:To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the crude oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis(E.camaldulensis)leaves.Methods:The essential oils of E.camaldulensis harvested from the garden of the Health Center in Sidi Bel Abbes city(North West of Algeria),were screened for their antibacterial activities against two clinical bacteria[Escherichia coli(E.coli),Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)]by the agar disc diffusion method and broth dilution susceptibility assay.Results:The diameter of zones of inhibition by the leaf extracts of E.camaldulensis was 10-31 mm and 10-26 mm respectively for E.coli and S.aureus.Gram positive S.aureus was more resistant to tested essential oil than Gram negative E.coli.Conclusions:The results suggested a potential antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of E.camaldulensis,which may find its application in future research for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

植物中药抗菌驱蚊功能棉纤维的制备及性能

为了赋予棉纤维抗菌、防蚊功能,将植物精油微胶囊、尼姆树果实、绿茶提取物配制成一定浓度的混合液,再放入经过预处理的棉纤维进行特殊处理,制得抗菌驱蚊棉纤维,并利用相关仪器或设备测试了该纤维的相关性能。结果表明:与未经处理的棉纤维相比,处理后的抗菌驱蚊棉纤维断裂强度降低了0.33 cN/dtex,断裂伸长率增加了1.04%,回潮率增加了1.51%。由抗菌驱蚊棉纤维洗前和水洗20次抗菌效果对比分析可知,功能棉纤维对3种菌的抑制率分别可以达到98.60%、97.22%、95.34%和95.42%、93.51%、90.46%;水洗0次和水洗20次的驱蚊率分别达到78.80%和47.80%。

茶树精油抗沙门氏菌活性研究

【目的】研究茶树精油对沙门氏菌的生长、碱性磷酸酶含量、胞外蛋白含量、电导率、生物膜形成、鞭毛动力等的影响,初步探讨其抑菌机理。【方法】分别检测茶树精油和多种抗生素对沙门氏菌最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)及茶树精油对沙门氏菌最小杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC)。检测不同质量浓度茶树精油对沙门氏菌生长曲线、碱性磷酸酶活性和胞外蛋白质量浓度、电导率、生物膜、鞭毛动力的影响。【结果】茶树精油对沙门氏菌的MIC和MBC均为10540μg/mL。2635,5270,10540μg/mL茶树精油对沙门氏菌的生长均有抑制作用,且随着茶树精油质量浓度的增加,其对沙门氏菌的抑制作用增强,沙门氏菌的碱性磷酸酶活性和胞外蛋白质量浓度增加,电导率增强,生物膜形成受到抑制,鞭毛动力下降。【结论】茶树精油通过影响沙门氏菌的生长、碱性磷酸酶活性和胞外蛋白质量浓度、电导率、生物膜形成、鞭毛动力而发挥抑菌作用。

茉莉花香气成分及其加工应用研究进展

笔者阐述了茉莉花香气成分的释放机理,分析了影响茉莉花香气成分的因素,指出茉莉花香气成分的释放主要是酶促反应的进行,是由花香前体物质在温度、水分、氧气等作用下经生物酶水解释放出来,认为品种、花的开放程度、产地、环境因子、提取方法都对茉莉花香气成分的组成和含量具有不同程度的影响,其中以花的开放程度、环境因子和提取方法最为明显。文章还对茉莉花在食品、茶叶、香烟及其他方面的应用做了概述,最后对茉莉花的理论研究以及开发新产品方面做了展望。

响应面法优化冷鲜鸡复合生物保鲜剂配比

为了延长冷鲜鸡的货架期,在单因素实验的基础上,利用Box-Behnken实验设计和响应面法研究了由牛至精油、茶多酚和D-异抗坏血酸钠配制的复合保鲜剂对冷鲜鸡胸肉的保鲜效果。建立了以挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）含量为响应值的二次回归模型,确定了复合生物保鲜剂中各种组分的最佳配比。将优化的复合生物保鲜剂应用于鸡肉保鲜,通过测定感官评定、质构、色差、p H、菌落总数、TVB-N以及硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）值等指标,对其保鲜效果进行了验证。结果表明：三种生物保鲜剂的最佳添加量为牛至精油0.786%、茶多酚0.164%和D-异抗坏血酸钠0.031%,此时TVB-N可达81.89 mg/100 g。经复合保鲜剂处理过的冷鲜鸡胸肉在4℃下贮藏时,可将货架期由常规冷藏对照组的7 d延长至11~12 d。

遮荫对蒸青绿茶香气成分的影响

气相色谱分析遮荫茶与露天茶的香气组成,结果表明:露天茶不含β-檀香醇和苯甲酸及其所生成的酯,除低级脂肪族化合物含量较高外,其他香气成分遮荫茶比露天茶明显提高。其中芳樟醇、橙花醇、香草醇。香叶醇及其环化生成的萜品烯和醇等单萜烯类提高1.39～1.53倍,茉莉酮及其甲酯提高1.70～1.85倍,百里香酚提高3.64～11.26倍。两种覆盖处理相比,简易草覆虽含有较高的芳香族化合物和茉莉酮、芳樟醇、百里香酚等芳香成分,但大棚草覆茶的萜烯总量、紫萝酮系化合物、香豆素、十八烷醇以及高级脂肪酸的酯含量较高。这些增香剂以及定香剂使后者的香气较为持久。