In the intricate landscape of healthcare,vicarious liability looms large,shaping the responsibilities and actions of healthcare practitioners and administrators alike.Illustrated by a poignant scenario of a medication...In the intricate landscape of healthcare,vicarious liability looms large,shaping the responsibilities and actions of healthcare practitioners and administrators alike.Illustrated by a poignant scenario of a medication error,this article navigates the complexities of vicarious liability in healthcare.It explains the legal basis and ramifications of this theory,emphasizing its importance in fostering responsibility,protecting patient welfare,and easing access to justice.The paper explores the practical effects of vicarious responsibility on day-to-day operations,leadership practices,and decision-making processes via the eyes of senior consultants,junior doctors,and hospital administrators.Through comprehensive insights and real-world examples,it underscores the imperative of fostering a culture of accountability,communication,and quality care to navigate the intricate web of liabilities inherent in modern healthcare.展开更多
The development of neurodegenerative diseases is closely related to the disruption of central nervous system homeostasis.Microglia,as innate immune cells,play important roles in the maintenance of central nervous syst...The development of neurodegenerative diseases is closely related to the disruption of central nervous system homeostasis.Microglia,as innate immune cells,play important roles in the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis,injury response,and neurodegenerative diseases.Lactate has been considered a metabolic waste product,but recent studies are revealing ever more of the physiological functions of lactate.Lactylation is an important pathway in lactate function and is involved in glycolysis-related functions,macrophage polarization,neuromodulation,and angiogenesis and has also been implicated in the development of various diseases.This review provides an overview of the lactate metabolic and homeostatic regulatory processes involved in microglia lactylation,histone versus non-histone lactylation,and therapeutic approaches targeting lactate.Finally,we summarize the current research on microglia lactylation in central nervous system diseases.A deeper understanding of the metabolic regulatory mechanisms of microglia lactylation will provide more options for the treatment of central nervous system diseases.展开更多
Reducing the secondary inflammatory response, which is partly mediated by microglia, is a key focus in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2(SHP2), encoded by PT...Reducing the secondary inflammatory response, which is partly mediated by microglia, is a key focus in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2(SHP2), encoded by PTPN11, is widely expressed in the human body and plays a role in inflammation through various mechanisms. Therefore, SHP2 is considered a potential target for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases. However, its role in secondary inflammation after spinal cord injury remains unclear. In this study, SHP2 was found to be abundantly expressed in microglia at the site of spinal cord injury. Inhibition of SHP2 expression using siRNA and SHP2 inhibitors attenuated the microglial inflammatory response in an in vitro lipopolysaccharide-induced model of inflammation. Notably, after treatment with SHP2 inhibitors, mice with spinal cord injury exhibited significantly improved hind limb locomotor function and reduced residual urine volume in the bladder. Subsequent in vitro experiments showed that, in microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, inhibiting SHP2 expression promoted M2 polarization and inhibited M1 polarization. Finally, a co-culture experiment was conducted to assess the effect of microglia treated with SHP2 inhibitors on neuronal cells. The results demonstrated that inflammatory factors produced by microglia promoted neuronal apoptosis, while inhibiting SHP2 expression mitigated these effects. Collectively, our findings suggest that SHP2 enhances secondary inflammation and neuronal damage subsequent to spinal cord injury by modulating microglial phenotype. Therefore, inhibiting SHP2 alleviates the inflammatory response in mice with spinal cord injury and promotes functional recovery postinjury.展开更多
The endoplasmic reticulum,a key cellular organelle,regulates a wide variety of cellular activities.Endoplasmic reticulum autophagy,one of the quality control systems of the endoplasmic reticulum,plays a pivotal role i...The endoplasmic reticulum,a key cellular organelle,regulates a wide variety of cellular activities.Endoplasmic reticulum autophagy,one of the quality control systems of the endoplasmic reticulum,plays a pivotal role in maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis by controlling endoplasmic reticulum turnover,remodeling,and proteostasis.In this review,we briefly describe the endoplasmic reticulum quality control system,and subsequently focus on the role of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy,emphasizing the spatial and temporal mechanisms underlying the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy according to cellular requirements.We also summarize the evidence relating to how defective or abnormal endoplasmic reticulum autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.In summary,this review highlights the mechanisms associated with the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy and how they influence the pathophysiology of degenerative nerve disorders.This review would help researchers to understand the roles and regulatory mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum-phagy in neurodegenerative disorders.展开更多
背景:常见的退行性骨骼疾病,如骨关节炎、骨质疏松症和椎间盘退变,其具体的发病分子机制目前尚未明确,可能涉及内质网应激。目前,关于内质网应激在这些常见骨骼疾病发病机制中的系统作用和相关治疗进展的研究较为有限。目的:综述内质网...背景:常见的退行性骨骼疾病,如骨关节炎、骨质疏松症和椎间盘退变,其具体的发病分子机制目前尚未明确,可能涉及内质网应激。目前,关于内质网应激在这些常见骨骼疾病发病机制中的系统作用和相关治疗进展的研究较为有限。目的:综述内质网应激在常见的退行性骨骼疾病中的作用,深入探讨这些疾病的分子机制并提供新的防治思路和视角。方法:检索2000-2024年相关文献,以“内质网应激,骨骼疾病,未折叠蛋白反应,骨关节炎,骨质疏松症,椎间盘退变,自噬,凋亡,铁死亡,焦亡”为中文检索词检索中国知网、万方、维普数据库;以“endoplasmic reticulum stress,bone disease,unfolded protein response,osteoarthritis,osteoporosis,intervertebral disc degeneration,autophagy,apoptosis,ferroptosis,pyroptosis”为英文检索词检索PubMed、Web of Science数据库。排除重复和较陈旧的文献,共115篇文献符合纳入标准。结果与结论:①内质网应激在细胞生理调节中具有双重效应。轻度的内质网应激有助于促进成骨分化和细胞外基质合成,然而持续过度的内质网应激则会导致细胞死亡。②内质网应激诱导的细胞自噬、凋亡等与骨关节炎、骨质疏松症、椎间盘退变密切相关。③衰老、药物不良反应、代谢紊乱、钙平衡失调、不良生活习惯等多种原因可导致内质网应激的长期激活,从而引起骨重塑紊乱、软骨损伤、髓核细胞死亡等病理表现,最终导致骨关节炎、骨质疏松和椎间盘退变的发生。④对引发内质网应激的相关机制进行干预,有望在预防和治疗骨关节炎、骨质疏松症和椎间盘退变等常见退行性骨病方面发挥作用。展开更多
文摘In the intricate landscape of healthcare,vicarious liability looms large,shaping the responsibilities and actions of healthcare practitioners and administrators alike.Illustrated by a poignant scenario of a medication error,this article navigates the complexities of vicarious liability in healthcare.It explains the legal basis and ramifications of this theory,emphasizing its importance in fostering responsibility,protecting patient welfare,and easing access to justice.The paper explores the practical effects of vicarious responsibility on day-to-day operations,leadership practices,and decision-making processes via the eyes of senior consultants,junior doctors,and hospital administrators.Through comprehensive insights and real-world examples,it underscores the imperative of fostering a culture of accountability,communication,and quality care to navigate the intricate web of liabilities inherent in modern healthcare.
文摘The development of neurodegenerative diseases is closely related to the disruption of central nervous system homeostasis.Microglia,as innate immune cells,play important roles in the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis,injury response,and neurodegenerative diseases.Lactate has been considered a metabolic waste product,but recent studies are revealing ever more of the physiological functions of lactate.Lactylation is an important pathway in lactate function and is involved in glycolysis-related functions,macrophage polarization,neuromodulation,and angiogenesis and has also been implicated in the development of various diseases.This review provides an overview of the lactate metabolic and homeostatic regulatory processes involved in microglia lactylation,histone versus non-histone lactylation,and therapeutic approaches targeting lactate.Finally,we summarize the current research on microglia lactylation in central nervous system diseases.A deeper understanding of the metabolic regulatory mechanisms of microglia lactylation will provide more options for the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
基金supported by the Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Province University, No.2023AH040394 (to TY)Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center Leading Medicine and Frontier Technology Research Institute Project, No.2023IHM01073 (to TY)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province, Nos.2308085QH258 (to JW), 2008085MH246 (to TY)。
文摘Reducing the secondary inflammatory response, which is partly mediated by microglia, is a key focus in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2(SHP2), encoded by PTPN11, is widely expressed in the human body and plays a role in inflammation through various mechanisms. Therefore, SHP2 is considered a potential target for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases. However, its role in secondary inflammation after spinal cord injury remains unclear. In this study, SHP2 was found to be abundantly expressed in microglia at the site of spinal cord injury. Inhibition of SHP2 expression using siRNA and SHP2 inhibitors attenuated the microglial inflammatory response in an in vitro lipopolysaccharide-induced model of inflammation. Notably, after treatment with SHP2 inhibitors, mice with spinal cord injury exhibited significantly improved hind limb locomotor function and reduced residual urine volume in the bladder. Subsequent in vitro experiments showed that, in microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, inhibiting SHP2 expression promoted M2 polarization and inhibited M1 polarization. Finally, a co-culture experiment was conducted to assess the effect of microglia treated with SHP2 inhibitors on neuronal cells. The results demonstrated that inflammatory factors produced by microglia promoted neuronal apoptosis, while inhibiting SHP2 expression mitigated these effects. Collectively, our findings suggest that SHP2 enhances secondary inflammation and neuronal damage subsequent to spinal cord injury by modulating microglial phenotype. Therefore, inhibiting SHP2 alleviates the inflammatory response in mice with spinal cord injury and promotes functional recovery postinjury.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.92049120 and 81870897STI2030-Major Projects,No.2021ZD0204001+6 种基金Guangdong Key Project for Development of New Tools for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autism,No.2018B030335001the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20181436the National Major Scientific and Technological Special Project for Significant New Drug Development,No.2019ZX09301102the Discipline Construction Program of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,No.XKTJ-TD202003Sino-German Cooperation Mobility Programme,No.M-0679the Science and Technology Project of Suzhou,No.SKY2022161Research Project of Neurological Diseases of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Medical Center,No.ND2023A01(all to QHM)。
文摘The endoplasmic reticulum,a key cellular organelle,regulates a wide variety of cellular activities.Endoplasmic reticulum autophagy,one of the quality control systems of the endoplasmic reticulum,plays a pivotal role in maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis by controlling endoplasmic reticulum turnover,remodeling,and proteostasis.In this review,we briefly describe the endoplasmic reticulum quality control system,and subsequently focus on the role of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy,emphasizing the spatial and temporal mechanisms underlying the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy according to cellular requirements.We also summarize the evidence relating to how defective or abnormal endoplasmic reticulum autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.In summary,this review highlights the mechanisms associated with the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy and how they influence the pathophysiology of degenerative nerve disorders.This review would help researchers to understand the roles and regulatory mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum-phagy in neurodegenerative disorders.
文摘背景:常见的退行性骨骼疾病,如骨关节炎、骨质疏松症和椎间盘退变,其具体的发病分子机制目前尚未明确,可能涉及内质网应激。目前,关于内质网应激在这些常见骨骼疾病发病机制中的系统作用和相关治疗进展的研究较为有限。目的:综述内质网应激在常见的退行性骨骼疾病中的作用,深入探讨这些疾病的分子机制并提供新的防治思路和视角。方法:检索2000-2024年相关文献,以“内质网应激,骨骼疾病,未折叠蛋白反应,骨关节炎,骨质疏松症,椎间盘退变,自噬,凋亡,铁死亡,焦亡”为中文检索词检索中国知网、万方、维普数据库;以“endoplasmic reticulum stress,bone disease,unfolded protein response,osteoarthritis,osteoporosis,intervertebral disc degeneration,autophagy,apoptosis,ferroptosis,pyroptosis”为英文检索词检索PubMed、Web of Science数据库。排除重复和较陈旧的文献,共115篇文献符合纳入标准。结果与结论:①内质网应激在细胞生理调节中具有双重效应。轻度的内质网应激有助于促进成骨分化和细胞外基质合成,然而持续过度的内质网应激则会导致细胞死亡。②内质网应激诱导的细胞自噬、凋亡等与骨关节炎、骨质疏松症、椎间盘退变密切相关。③衰老、药物不良反应、代谢紊乱、钙平衡失调、不良生活习惯等多种原因可导致内质网应激的长期激活,从而引起骨重塑紊乱、软骨损伤、髓核细胞死亡等病理表现,最终导致骨关节炎、骨质疏松和椎间盘退变的发生。④对引发内质网应激的相关机制进行干预,有望在预防和治疗骨关节炎、骨质疏松症和椎间盘退变等常见退行性骨病方面发挥作用。