Status quo, Problems and Development Strategies of Crop Scientific and Technical Innovation in Hunan Province

Based on status quo and existing problems of Hunan crop science and technology innovation, the research proposed ＂three orientations＂, including seeking, grasping and highlighting orientations, and ＂six projects＂ for solving the issues. It is recommended to improve multiple cropping index.

The measure and decision of technical risk in the development of naval vessels

The risks in development of navy vessels were explored, The resources of technical risk in the design and development of vessels were mentioned, It was pointed that technical risk dominated the other risk components. Based on the writers＇ understanding and experience from risk analysis and risk ,nanagement to the development of a navy vessel, four measure indexes of technical risk were presented. The decision criteria and the rules corresponding to the indexes were estahlished by the statistic information,

Enhance Technical Innovation to Realize Sustainable Development Of China's Refining Industry

China’s refining industry needs to energetically improve its international competitiveness to realize the continuous development in the new century. It involved many aspects of the issues such as crude resource strategy, modern management of enterprises, industry system and mechanism, enterprise structural regulation, human resource mechanism and technical innovation. The auther brings forward some suggestions and countermeasures on product quality, deep upgrading, refining chemical integration, IT and fuels substitute technology as well as the development strategy on how to improve technical innovation force and strengthen technology development.

MAN Development and Technical Solutions

This paper describes the major problems that Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)is facing and presents basic requirements of the next generation MAN.It presents four technical solutions:SDH,Ethernet, Resilient Packet Ring and WDM Multiservice Platform.Based on the analysis of these solutions,it is concluded that the above technologies should be used together and different technologies should be employed under different circumstances to make an integrated solution for MAN,while SDH multiservice will play a center role in the near future.

A Foreign-Oriented Economic Entity——Wenzhou Economic and Technical Development Corporation

Located at 30 Lucheng Road, Wenzhou, the Wenzhou Economic and Technical Development Corporation(WETDC) was founded in September 1985. It was granted of self-operational rights for imports and exports by the former Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade in November 1992. The corporation is a special composite foreign trade company, integrating

Langfang Economic and Technical Development Zone

The Langfang Economic and Technical Development Zone is situated at the entry/exit of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Expressway, with a designed area of 14 sq km. The first-stage construction in the zone will cover an area of 2.2 sq kms. The zone is 40 kms away from Beijing, 60 km from Tianjin, 105 kms from Tianjin New Harbour, and only six kms from Langfang Railway Station. Telecommmunications facilities in the zone are connected with a 10, 000-line programme-controlled telephone switchboard imported by the city from Canada, 500-line long-distance automatic telephone equipment, and

Wuhu Economic and Technical Development Zone

Located in the southeast of AnhuiProvince, beside the Yangtze River, and atthe west verge of the Yangtze Delta, Wuhu isan open riverside city approved by the state,and a port opening to foreign ships,performing a link function in the generalstrategy of the Yangtze River, with Shanghaias the head and three gorges as the pillar. The Wuhu Economic and TechnicalDevelopment Zone, approved by the StateCouncil is the key point to developingWanjiang and responding Pudong. With aplanned area of 10 sq km, the zone is close

Review on Technical Characteristics and Development Laws of Solid Launch Vehicles

Solid-propellant and liquid-propellant launch vehices have their own characteristics,both playing an im-portant role in space transportation systems of space powers.This paper reviews and summarizes the development history of solid-propellant launch vehicles,and analyzes their technical characteristics including multiple stages,large payloads,complex separation,diverse operation modes,fast response,and mission adaptability as well as unique ad-vantages in launch activities.This paper analyzes and proposes four development laws for solid-propellant launch vehi-des,including improving comprehensive performance,infusing heritage with innovation,unitization and seriation,and optimizing power systems.Finally,this paper proposes the opportunities and challenges faced by solid-propellant launch vehicles based on market demands.

The Development Mechanism and the Technical Characteristics of the Modern Cutting Technology

The development mechanism and mode and the new technical characteristics of the modern cutting technology are studied and analyzed. It is presented that to speed up the development of cutting technology and fully use the good-quality technical resource of cutting tool have the significant meaning for construction of powerful manufacturing industry of China.

Impact of Regional Development on Carbon Emission: Empirical Evidence Across Countries

Global warming is recently an urgent issue worldwide. The increase of carbon emissions induced by human economic activi- ties has become a major driving force behind global climate change. Thus, as a matter of social responsibility, reasonable carbon con- straints should be implemented to ensure environmental security and sustainable development for every country. Based on a summary of studies that examined the relationship between carbon emissions and regional development, this paper shows that human activity-led carbon emission is caused by the combination of several influencing factors, including population size, income level, and technical pro- gress. Thus, a quantitative model derived from IPAT-ImPACT-Kaya series and STIRPAT models was established. Empirical analysis using multivariate nonlinear regression demonstrated that the origins of growing global carbon emission included the increasing influ- encing elasticity of the population size and the declining negative effect of technical progress. Meanwhile, in context of classification of country groups at different income levels, according to the comparison of fluctuating patterns of the influencing elasticity, technical progress was found as the main factor influencing carbon emission levels in high-income countries, and population size might he the controlling factor in middle-income countries. However, for low-income countries, the nonlinear relationship between carbon emission and its influencing factors was not significant, whereas population growth was identified as an important potential driving force in future carbon emissions. This study can therefore provide a reference for the formulation of policies on carbon constraints, especially to de- velop more efficient carbon mitigating policies for countries at different income levels.

Development Status and Research Prospect of Mustard Vegetables Industry

The present study set its research background in the scientific develop- ment at present and in the future, the actual production needs, and the goal of building a bigger and stronger mustard industry. On the basis of a comprehensive and systematic investigation and a scientific analysis of the development status of mustard industry, especially the technical bottlenecks and problems constraining the industrialized production of mustard in south China, the present study proposed spe- cific research ideas, prospects, suggestions and measures accordingly. It was hoped to provide powerful technical support to promote the industrialized, healthy and sus- tainable development of the mustard industry in south China, and be of practical im- plications for the enrichment of people＇s ＂vegetable baskets＂ and the restructuring of the vegetable industry.

Development of the theory and technology for low permeability reservoirs in China

The development theories of low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs are refined, the key development technologies are summarized, and the prospect and technical direction of sustainable development are discussed based on the understanding and research on developed low-permeability oil and gas resources in China. The main achievements include:(1) the theories of low-permeability reservoir seepage, dual-medium seepage, relative homogeneity, etc.(2) the well location optimization technology combining favorable area of reservoir with gas-bearing prediction and combining pre-stack with post-stack;(3) oriented perforating multi-fracture, multistage sand adding, multistage temporary plugging, vertical well multilayer, horizontal and other fracturing techniques to improve productivity of single well;(4) the technology of increasing injection and keeping pressure, such as overall decreasing pressure, local pressurization, shaped charge stamping and plugging removal, fine separate injection, mild advanced water injection and so on;(5) enhanced recovery technology of optimization of injection-production well network in horizontal wells. To continue to develop low-permeability reserves economically and effectively, there are three aspects of work to be done well:(1) depending on technical improvement, continue to innovate new technologies and methods, establish a new mode of low quality reservoir development economically, determine the main technical boundaries and form replacement technology reserves of advanced development;(2) adhering to the management system of low cost technology & low cost, set up a complete set of low-cost dual integration innovation system through continuous innovation in technology and management;(3) striving for national preferential policies.

Progress and development directions of stimulation techniques for ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs

By reviewing the development history of stimulation techniques for deep/ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs,the new progress in this field in China and abroad has been summed up,including deeper understanding on formation mechanisms of fracture network in deep/ultra-deep oil and gas reservoir,performance improvement of fracturing fluid materials,fine stratification of ultra-deep vertical wells,and mature staged multi-cluster fracturing technique for ultra-deep and highly deviated wells/horizontal wells.In light of the exploration and development trend of ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs in China,the requirements and technical difficulties in ultra-deep oil and gas reservoir stimulation are discussed:(1)The research and application of integrated geological engineering technology is difficult.(2)The requirements on fracturing materials for stimulation are high.(3)It is difficult to further improve the production in vertical profile of the ultra-deep and hugely thick reservoirs.(4)The requirements on tools and supporting high-pressure equipment on the ground for stimulation are high.(5)It is difficult to achieve efficient stimulation of ultra-deep,high-temperature and high-pressure wells.(6)It is difficult to monitor directly the reservoir stimulation and evaluate the stimulation effect accurately after stimulation.In line with the complex geological characteristics of ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs in China,seven technical development directions are proposed:(1)To establish systematic new techniques for basic research and evaluation experiments;(2)to strengthen geological research and improve the operational mechanism of integrating geological research and engineering operation;(3)to develop high-efficiency fracturing materials for ultra-deep reservoirs;(4)to research separated layer fracturing technology for ultra-deep and hugely thick reservoirs;(5)to explore fracture-control stimulation technology for ultra-deep horizontal well;(6)to develop direct monitoring technology for hydraulic fractures in ultra-deep oil and gas reservoirs;(7)to develop downhole fracturing tools with high temperature and high pressure tolerance and supporting wellhead equipment able to withstand high pressure.

Assessment of global solar resource development

With the increasing severity of environmental problems,many countries have set energy transition targets to promote the realization of the Paris Agreement.There has been a global consensus on utilizing solar energy resources as alternatives to conventional sources to support this energy transition.In this regard,analyzing the“location,”“quantity,”and“quality”of global solar energy resources will not only assist an individual country to efficiently utilize these resources but also promote the realization of large-scale intercontinental resource utilization and complementation.This study established the basic database,model methods,and platform tools for global solar energy assessment,Then,a global solar energy resource assessment was conducted,which included the theoretical reserves(TRs),technical installed potential capacity(TPIC),and average development cost(ADC).A comparative analysis of the assessment results for all continents was also performed.After that,based on big data analysis and geographic information system(GIS)calculations,the distribution characteristics of the global solar power TPIC were calculated with the two core indicators,namely the capacity factor and ADC.Furthermore,a data-driven quantitative evaluation of the refined development potential of solar energy resources was performed.Finally,the reasonableness and coincidence analysis of the resource assessment results were verified using data from global and specifically Chinese photovoltaic(PV)bases.

Study on Technical Measures of Romashkino Oil Field after Entering Ultra-High Water Cut Stage

Romashkino oil field has large oilfield area, small formation dip, many reservoir layers, wide oil-water transition zone and complicated sedimentary environment. Since development, 3 overall development plannings and adjustments of individual block have been established. This achieves a high oil production. However, the recoverable reserves of major oil layer with high production become smaller and smaller and the water cut increases over time, the production ability of oil layer decreases. The development status of oil layer of mining siltstone, oil-water transition zone and oil layer with upswept injected water cannot be changed under present dilute well network condition, because there is no reinforced measurement to water well. This results the low oil production of Romashkino oil field. In order to improve oil production rate and reach the designed oil recovery, Romashkino oil field has been implemented many added cuttings since development. Resent researches about Romashkino oil field show: in later oilfield development stage, sidetrack and lateral drilling horizontal wells technology is very reasonable;formation hydraulic fracturing technology has been widely used in recent years;in tertiary oil recovery, sweep efficiency and flooding efficiency related technologies have been taken. This offers reference and guidance for the effective and reasonable oil field development in later period.

Development characteristics, models and strategies for overseas oil and gas fields

Based on about 20 years of accumulated experience and knowledge of oil and gas field development in overseas countries and regions for China's oil companies, the development features, ideas, models and plan designing strategies of overseas oil and gas fields were comprehensively summarized. Overseas oil and gas field development has ten major features, such as non-identity project resource, diversity of contract type, complexity of cooperation model, and so on. The overseas oil and gas field development aims at the maximization of production and benefit during the limited contract period, so the overseas oil and gas field development models are established as giving priority to production by natural energy, building large-scale production capacity, putting into production as soon as possible, realizing high oil production recovery rate, and achieving rapid payback period of investment. According to the overseas contract mode, a set of strategies for overseas oil and gas field development plans were made. For tax systems contracts, the strategy is to adopt the mode of "first fat and then thinner, easier in the first and then harder", that is, early investment pace, production increase rate, development workload and production were decided by the change of tax stipulated in the contract. For production share contracts, the strategy is to give priority to high production with a few wells at a high production recovery rate to increase the cost-oil and shorten the period of payback. For technical service contracts, the strategy is that the optimal production target and workload of the project were determined by the return on investment, so as to ensure that the peak production and stable production periods meet the contract requirements.