This study investigates the identity of English for Specific Purposes(ESP)teachers within the dynamic landscape of shifts in public English teaching positioning.Adopting a mixed-methods approach,qualitative and quanti...This study investigates the identity of English for Specific Purposes(ESP)teachers within the dynamic landscape of shifts in public English teaching positioning.Adopting a mixed-methods approach,qualitative and quantitative analyses were employed to explore the complexities of ESP teacher identity construction and adaptation.Qualitative findings revealed key themes including strong professional identity grounded in specialized expertise,the impact of changing educational policies and curriculum reforms,and the importance of cultural competence and intercultural communication.Quantitative analysis of survey data indicated high levels of job satisfaction among ESP teachers,with significant correlations between variables such as professional development participation,perceived efficacy in technology integration,and self-perceptions of identity as ESP educators.展开更多
This paper aims to explore how the study of sociolinguistics can benefit teachers,particularly in the context of teaching English as a Foreign Language(EFL)in China.The article will first examine how sociolinguistic k...This paper aims to explore how the study of sociolinguistics can benefit teachers,particularly in the context of teaching English as a Foreign Language(EFL)in China.The article will first examine how sociolinguistic knowledge can reshape teachers’perceptions of“English,”focusing on aspects such as English varieties,World Englishes,and Chinese English.Following that,the article discusses the necessity of rethinking current practices in English language teaching,including the nativeness paradigm and the concept of communicative competence based on a reconceptualized view of“English.”Additionally,the discussion will focus on how teachers,informed by sociolinguistic awareness of non-native teachers’identities and teacher agency,can address and resolve existing challenges in EFL teaching.Finally,the article will conclude by summarizing the key issues discussed and highlighting the significance of studying sociolinguistics for language practitioners in China.展开更多
The concept of New Liberal Arts,a multidisciplinary combined integrator with Chinese values at its core,has brought new challenges to the teaching methods and professional development of higher-level English teachers....The concept of New Liberal Arts,a multidisciplinary combined integrator with Chinese values at its core,has brought new challenges to the teaching methods and professional development of higher-level English teachers.Based on the evolving professional development process of higher vocational English teachers in the context of the New Liberal Arts,this article analyzes how English teachers can integrate multidisciplinary knowledge and adopt advanced educational technology in the teaching process.On this basis,it discusses the role of teachers’professional development in enhancing students’learning ability,such as through deepening disciplinary understanding,adopting innovative teaching strategies,and implementing personalized teaching.At the end of the article,based on a variety of pedagogical theories,we put forward suggestions,including continuous professional training,interdisciplinary cooperation,and the application of innovative teaching techniques,which are mainly aimed at helping higher vocational English teachers get rid of the dilemma of the new situation,adapt to the needs of the new liberal arts education as soon as possible,and then effectively improve students’abilities.展开更多
Under the online teaching model,the evaluation literacy of college English teachers has become one of the critical factors affecting students’learning effects[1].This study uses a self-compiled questionnaire to inves...Under the online teaching model,the evaluation literacy of college English teachers has become one of the critical factors affecting students’learning effects[1].This study uses a self-compiled questionnaire to investigate the current status of evaluation literacy of college English teachers under the online teaching model from four aspects:evaluation awareness,evaluation knowledge,evaluation ability,and evaluation ethics.The results show that college English teachers’overall evaluation literacy level is relatively high,but there are areas for improvement.Based on the survey results,suggestions are put forward to improve teachers’evaluation literacy,such as changing teaching concepts and increasing self-reflection;strengthening training and learning to enhance professional development awareness;conducting cooperative research and emphasizing team strengths.展开更多
The two main communications between the teacher and students in the classroom teaching are teachers' verbal and nonverbal behavior. The teachers teach students knowledge in words and convey a large amount of infor...The two main communications between the teacher and students in the classroom teaching are teachers' verbal and nonverbal behavior. The teachers teach students knowledge in words and convey a large amount of information using nonverbal behavior. These nonverbal behavior exert a subtle influence on the students, thus affect the classroom teaching. The English teachers' classroom nonverbal behavior in a higher vocational college in Gansu province was investigated through questionnaires. The results indicate that the teachers' behaviors affect the different aspects of students and then influence the effectiveness of teaching on English classroom teaching in higher vocational college.展开更多
The issue of improving the efficiency of college English teaching and learning has long puzzled our educators and English teachers.There are many ways to help the solving of the problem,but in China,where English is m...The issue of improving the efficiency of college English teaching and learning has long puzzled our educators and English teachers.There are many ways to help the solving of the problem,but in China,where English is mainly taught in classroom,the teacher is a very important factor to influence the result of English teaching.In order to solve the problem,the teacher must know exactly what roles he should play in the process of teaching and make some changes in his old teaching methods.展开更多
Reflecing teaching is an effective way for college English teachers' autonomous development, college English teachers must concern about it. There are some Some specific ways of reflecting teaching for college Eng...Reflecing teaching is an effective way for college English teachers' autonomous development, college English teachers must concern about it. There are some Some specific ways of reflecting teaching for college English teachers, such as: Teaching journals, Surveys and questionnaire, Lesson reports, Audio or video recording of lesson, Observation. If these ways can be involved in the daily teaching, college English teachers' ability will be improved greatly.展开更多
English teaching is a big project in China,whenever we teach English,we transmit western cultures,when taking in the essence of western culture,students also receive the bad things of western culture.Besides,because o...English teaching is a big project in China,whenever we teach English,we transmit western cultures,when taking in the essence of western culture,students also receive the bad things of western culture.Besides,because of learning English,many students know less and less about their own culture and are not interested in learning it.So there is a clash between Chinese cul ture and western culture.So English teachers face a problem:what is their cultural identity in English teaching?Based on the anal ysis of the necessity,demerits and clash of English language and culture teaching,this paper attempts to discuss about teachers’cultural identity in teaching English.展开更多
Ideal interactions between teachers and students are indispensible for the improvement of the College English teaching.Therefore,this paper tries to find out some effective measures to establish ideal interactions bet...Ideal interactions between teachers and students are indispensible for the improvement of the College English teaching.Therefore,this paper tries to find out some effective measures to establish ideal interactions between teachers and students in College English teaching based on the analysis of the status-quo of the interactions between teachers and students and the emphasis of the necessity of ideal interactions between teachers and students,hoping it can be beneficial to promoting the College English teaching.展开更多
The study examined the status of senior secondary schools’students’achievement in Civic Education and English Language in Osun State.It also investigated the Civic Education and English Language teachers’characteri...The study examined the status of senior secondary schools’students’achievement in Civic Education and English Language in Osun State.It also investigated the Civic Education and English Language teachers’characteristics in the state and determined the teaching styles of Civic Education and English Language teachers in the study areas and finally assessed the influence of teachers’characteristics and teaching styles on students’achievement in secondary schools Civic Education and English Language.The study adopted Discriminant Analysis.The study sample consisted of 600 senior secondary school students,30 Civics teachers,and 30 English Language teachers that were selected using multi-stage sampling procedure.Four instruments were constructed and validated before use.Three research questions were asked and answered while one hypothesis was tested and verified.The results among others showed that more than 50%of the students that participated in the study had high status of achievement in Civic Education while more than 40%of English Language students that participated in the study had low status of achievement.The study also showed that teachers’characteristics pertinent to both Civic Education teachers and English Language teachers were,effective discipline skills(Civics,M=1.20,SD=0.407;English,M=1.40,SD=0.498)and good communication with parents(Civics,M=1.43,SD=0.504;English,M=1.40,SD=0.498).In addition,there was significant influence of teachers’characteristics and teaching styles on students’achievement in Civics and English Language in senior secondary schools(X^2(2)=16.37,p<0.05).The study concluded that teachers’characteristics and teaching styles are major determinants of students’achievement in Civic Education and English Language.展开更多
The present paper is an analysis of problems in college English teaching from the perspective college English teachers and their coping strategies.The four major problems concerning vocabulary-oriented teaching method...The present paper is an analysis of problems in college English teaching from the perspective college English teachers and their coping strategies.The four major problems concerning vocabulary-oriented teaching method,collective lesson preparation,on-line and off-line resources and college English teachers’comprehensive abilities are introduced and analyzed and corresponding coping strategies are offered.展开更多
With the deepening of global economic integration, the internationalization of education has become the trend of education development in the world. The paper intends to study on foreign teachers' teaching validity f...With the deepening of global economic integration, the internationalization of education has become the trend of education development in the world. The paper intends to study on foreign teachers' teaching validity from English majors' students' perspective. The essay mainly adopts the classroom observation method to directly observe foreign teachers' classroom. In addition, the paper used the questionnaire and interview method for the English major students to get the first-hand feedback information to explore the existing problems of foreign teachers and then puts forward some suggestions.There are there parts in this paper. The first part is introduction of background and significance, and then it mainly analyzes performance of English majors from the present situation of the foreign teachers' class, and finally solves some common problems in classroom teaching.展开更多
Based on the questionnaires and interviews on 19 college English teachers of a university in Beijing, the paper discusses college English teachers' beliefs. Through the analysis of research results, the paper focuses...Based on the questionnaires and interviews on 19 college English teachers of a university in Beijing, the paper discusses college English teachers' beliefs. Through the analysis of research results, the paper focuses on the following questions: (1) What are the core beliefs of college English teachers? (2) What influence will the teachers' beliefs exert on teaching behaviors? (3) Will the teachers' beliefs change? If the answer is YES, how will they change and what is the source of the changes? The exploratory results and findings can help college English teachers realize the importance of teachers' beliefs, through which can help them improve their teaching practices and foster their professional development.展开更多
With the rapid development of modern technology and all-round reform in national college English teaching,Internet-Based teaching mode has become a new trend of college English teaching.Therefore,in the new teaching m...With the rapid development of modern technology and all-round reform in national college English teaching,Internet-Based teaching mode has become a new trend of college English teaching.Therefore,in the new teaching mode,the teacher should turn an inculcator into an instructor,facilitator and participant in teaching;a passive user of textbook into a dominant and modeler of courses;a planner of teaching specific tasks into an organizer of teaching process,a helper and shepherd of learning knowledge.展开更多
Teacher and learner beliefs have been found to play an important role in EFL teaching and learning.The present em pirical study explores a group of college teachers'and students'beliefs about English teaching ...Teacher and learner beliefs have been found to play an important role in EFL teaching and learning.The present em pirical study explores a group of college teachers'and students'beliefs about English teaching by using questionnaire.The statisti cal result shows that teachers and students have divergent views about many issues in English teaching.展开更多
English teachers in China are aware that what kind of English teaching method should be employed to improve student 's linguistic acquisition and that communicative competence becomes more and more important.In En...English teachers in China are aware that what kind of English teaching method should be employed to improve student 's linguistic acquisition and that communicative competence becomes more and more important.In English teaching,teachers always make it possible for students to be more often in contacts with the English language,thus creating an atmosphere of learning English language.Help students to jump over the gap between only reading English loudly and speaking English fluently.Here I will show the importance of the teachers ' role in English teaching and their applies in oral English teaching.展开更多
At present, one of the important tasks of the ongoing college English teaching reform is to reform the traditional teaching mode,establishing the computer-based multimedia English teaching model. Based on the construc...At present, one of the important tasks of the ongoing college English teaching reform is to reform the traditional teaching mode,establishing the computer-based multimedia English teaching model. Based on the constructivist theory and the second language acquisi-tion theory, teachers who adopt the new teaching model should play multiple roles to maximize the teaching effect, being not only thecourse designer, organizer, but also the guide, helper and facilitator in the process of teaching students to construct knowledge and be en-gaged in classroom activities as well.展开更多
This paper concerns itself with a task-oriented approach to the pre-service teacher education in the Classroom of English Teaching Methodology (ETM). We attempt to use an explicit theoretic framework to guide the pr...This paper concerns itself with a task-oriented approach to the pre-service teacher education in the Classroom of English Teaching Methodology (ETM). We attempt to use an explicit theoretic framework to guide the practice of ETM classroom in teacher education. The basic assumption is that we can use methodology which we use in teaching language, and apply those techniques and methods to train student teachers. By this approach the student teachers can adopt a research orientation to their own classrooms and their own teaching, an inquiry-based and discovery-oriented approach to learning is greatly emphasized, and they also can form the habit of generating theories and hypotheses and reflecting critically on teaching.展开更多
It is believed by both educationalists and policy makers that qualified native speaker English teachers with sound educational background and training play an important role in EFL teaching in China.But research on th...It is believed by both educationalists and policy makers that qualified native speaker English teachers with sound educational background and training play an important role in EFL teaching in China.But research on the attitudes of Chinese university students towards native English teachers has rarely been conducted.This paper aims to investigate the students'perceptions of their own experience in the native speaker teachers'classrooms and identify the students'attitudes towards native speaker English teachers.The conclusion suggests that native speaker teachers use the communicative approach in teaching,and they are also aware of the cultural difference in class and willing to adapt either culturally or pedagogically.The Chinese students have positive attitudes towards native English teachers and would like to work with them for some courses.Meanwhile,they also agree that Chinese teachers of English play an important role,and they need teachers from both cultures.展开更多
This paper aims to take 20 Haikou XX Middle School English teachers as research subjects to investigate their language awareness by a questionnaire.According to the data,it can be seen that they seldom apply linguisti...This paper aims to take 20 Haikou XX Middle School English teachers as research subjects to investigate their language awareness by a questionnaire.According to the data,it can be seen that they seldom apply linguistic knowledge in classroom teaching.Their phonetic appearances are poor and pay too much attention to grammar teaching.Also,they rarely teach social cultural knowledge during teaching.And they still have a teacher-centered teaching concept.In case of enhancing their language awareness,teachers should change the tendency of paying too much attention to grammar and vocabulary knowledge,prevent the tendency of excessive emphasis on imitation,and advocate the learning model which combines language knowledge teaching and skills training.What’s more,teachers should cultivate students’cultural awareness and combine language and culture in teaching English.Finally,teachers should establish a student-centered teaching concept,and help students develop positive emotions to learn English.展开更多
基金China Association for Non-Government Education’s 2023 Annual Planned Project(School Development Category)“Identity Study of ESP Teachers in the Context of Shifts in Public English Teaching Positioning”(CANFZG23039)。
文摘This study investigates the identity of English for Specific Purposes(ESP)teachers within the dynamic landscape of shifts in public English teaching positioning.Adopting a mixed-methods approach,qualitative and quantitative analyses were employed to explore the complexities of ESP teacher identity construction and adaptation.Qualitative findings revealed key themes including strong professional identity grounded in specialized expertise,the impact of changing educational policies and curriculum reforms,and the importance of cultural competence and intercultural communication.Quantitative analysis of survey data indicated high levels of job satisfaction among ESP teachers,with significant correlations between variables such as professional development participation,perceived efficacy in technology integration,and self-perceptions of identity as ESP educators.
文摘This paper aims to explore how the study of sociolinguistics can benefit teachers,particularly in the context of teaching English as a Foreign Language(EFL)in China.The article will first examine how sociolinguistic knowledge can reshape teachers’perceptions of“English,”focusing on aspects such as English varieties,World Englishes,and Chinese English.Following that,the article discusses the necessity of rethinking current practices in English language teaching,including the nativeness paradigm and the concept of communicative competence based on a reconceptualized view of“English.”Additionally,the discussion will focus on how teachers,informed by sociolinguistic awareness of non-native teachers’identities and teacher agency,can address and resolve existing challenges in EFL teaching.Finally,the article will conclude by summarizing the key issues discussed and highlighting the significance of studying sociolinguistics for language practitioners in China.
文摘The concept of New Liberal Arts,a multidisciplinary combined integrator with Chinese values at its core,has brought new challenges to the teaching methods and professional development of higher-level English teachers.Based on the evolving professional development process of higher vocational English teachers in the context of the New Liberal Arts,this article analyzes how English teachers can integrate multidisciplinary knowledge and adopt advanced educational technology in the teaching process.On this basis,it discusses the role of teachers’professional development in enhancing students’learning ability,such as through deepening disciplinary understanding,adopting innovative teaching strategies,and implementing personalized teaching.At the end of the article,based on a variety of pedagogical theories,we put forward suggestions,including continuous professional training,interdisciplinary cooperation,and the application of innovative teaching techniques,which are mainly aimed at helping higher vocational English teachers get rid of the dilemma of the new situation,adapt to the needs of the new liberal arts education as soon as possible,and then effectively improve students’abilities.
文摘Under the online teaching model,the evaluation literacy of college English teachers has become one of the critical factors affecting students’learning effects[1].This study uses a self-compiled questionnaire to investigate the current status of evaluation literacy of college English teachers under the online teaching model from four aspects:evaluation awareness,evaluation knowledge,evaluation ability,and evaluation ethics.The results show that college English teachers’overall evaluation literacy level is relatively high,but there are areas for improvement.Based on the survey results,suggestions are put forward to improve teachers’evaluation literacy,such as changing teaching concepts and increasing self-reflection;strengthening training and learning to enhance professional development awareness;conducting cooperative research and emphasizing team strengths.
文摘The two main communications between the teacher and students in the classroom teaching are teachers' verbal and nonverbal behavior. The teachers teach students knowledge in words and convey a large amount of information using nonverbal behavior. These nonverbal behavior exert a subtle influence on the students, thus affect the classroom teaching. The English teachers' classroom nonverbal behavior in a higher vocational college in Gansu province was investigated through questionnaires. The results indicate that the teachers' behaviors affect the different aspects of students and then influence the effectiveness of teaching on English classroom teaching in higher vocational college.
文摘The issue of improving the efficiency of college English teaching and learning has long puzzled our educators and English teachers.There are many ways to help the solving of the problem,but in China,where English is mainly taught in classroom,the teacher is a very important factor to influence the result of English teaching.In order to solve the problem,the teacher must know exactly what roles he should play in the process of teaching and make some changes in his old teaching methods.
文摘Reflecing teaching is an effective way for college English teachers' autonomous development, college English teachers must concern about it. There are some Some specific ways of reflecting teaching for college English teachers, such as: Teaching journals, Surveys and questionnaire, Lesson reports, Audio or video recording of lesson, Observation. If these ways can be involved in the daily teaching, college English teachers' ability will be improved greatly.
文摘English teaching is a big project in China,whenever we teach English,we transmit western cultures,when taking in the essence of western culture,students also receive the bad things of western culture.Besides,because of learning English,many students know less and less about their own culture and are not interested in learning it.So there is a clash between Chinese cul ture and western culture.So English teachers face a problem:what is their cultural identity in English teaching?Based on the anal ysis of the necessity,demerits and clash of English language and culture teaching,this paper attempts to discuss about teachers’cultural identity in teaching English.
文摘Ideal interactions between teachers and students are indispensible for the improvement of the College English teaching.Therefore,this paper tries to find out some effective measures to establish ideal interactions between teachers and students in College English teaching based on the analysis of the status-quo of the interactions between teachers and students and the emphasis of the necessity of ideal interactions between teachers and students,hoping it can be beneficial to promoting the College English teaching.
文摘The study examined the status of senior secondary schools’students’achievement in Civic Education and English Language in Osun State.It also investigated the Civic Education and English Language teachers’characteristics in the state and determined the teaching styles of Civic Education and English Language teachers in the study areas and finally assessed the influence of teachers’characteristics and teaching styles on students’achievement in secondary schools Civic Education and English Language.The study adopted Discriminant Analysis.The study sample consisted of 600 senior secondary school students,30 Civics teachers,and 30 English Language teachers that were selected using multi-stage sampling procedure.Four instruments were constructed and validated before use.Three research questions were asked and answered while one hypothesis was tested and verified.The results among others showed that more than 50%of the students that participated in the study had high status of achievement in Civic Education while more than 40%of English Language students that participated in the study had low status of achievement.The study also showed that teachers’characteristics pertinent to both Civic Education teachers and English Language teachers were,effective discipline skills(Civics,M=1.20,SD=0.407;English,M=1.40,SD=0.498)and good communication with parents(Civics,M=1.43,SD=0.504;English,M=1.40,SD=0.498).In addition,there was significant influence of teachers’characteristics and teaching styles on students’achievement in Civics and English Language in senior secondary schools(X^2(2)=16.37,p<0.05).The study concluded that teachers’characteristics and teaching styles are major determinants of students’achievement in Civic Education and English Language.
文摘The present paper is an analysis of problems in college English teaching from the perspective college English teachers and their coping strategies.The four major problems concerning vocabulary-oriented teaching method,collective lesson preparation,on-line and off-line resources and college English teachers’comprehensive abilities are introduced and analyzed and corresponding coping strategies are offered.
文摘With the deepening of global economic integration, the internationalization of education has become the trend of education development in the world. The paper intends to study on foreign teachers' teaching validity from English majors' students' perspective. The essay mainly adopts the classroom observation method to directly observe foreign teachers' classroom. In addition, the paper used the questionnaire and interview method for the English major students to get the first-hand feedback information to explore the existing problems of foreign teachers and then puts forward some suggestions.There are there parts in this paper. The first part is introduction of background and significance, and then it mainly analyzes performance of English majors from the present situation of the foreign teachers' class, and finally solves some common problems in classroom teaching.
文摘Based on the questionnaires and interviews on 19 college English teachers of a university in Beijing, the paper discusses college English teachers' beliefs. Through the analysis of research results, the paper focuses on the following questions: (1) What are the core beliefs of college English teachers? (2) What influence will the teachers' beliefs exert on teaching behaviors? (3) Will the teachers' beliefs change? If the answer is YES, how will they change and what is the source of the changes? The exploratory results and findings can help college English teachers realize the importance of teachers' beliefs, through which can help them improve their teaching practices and foster their professional development.
文摘With the rapid development of modern technology and all-round reform in national college English teaching,Internet-Based teaching mode has become a new trend of college English teaching.Therefore,in the new teaching mode,the teacher should turn an inculcator into an instructor,facilitator and participant in teaching;a passive user of textbook into a dominant and modeler of courses;a planner of teaching specific tasks into an organizer of teaching process,a helper and shepherd of learning knowledge.
文摘Teacher and learner beliefs have been found to play an important role in EFL teaching and learning.The present em pirical study explores a group of college teachers'and students'beliefs about English teaching by using questionnaire.The statisti cal result shows that teachers and students have divergent views about many issues in English teaching.
文摘English teachers in China are aware that what kind of English teaching method should be employed to improve student 's linguistic acquisition and that communicative competence becomes more and more important.In English teaching,teachers always make it possible for students to be more often in contacts with the English language,thus creating an atmosphere of learning English language.Help students to jump over the gap between only reading English loudly and speaking English fluently.Here I will show the importance of the teachers ' role in English teaching and their applies in oral English teaching.
文摘At present, one of the important tasks of the ongoing college English teaching reform is to reform the traditional teaching mode,establishing the computer-based multimedia English teaching model. Based on the constructivist theory and the second language acquisi-tion theory, teachers who adopt the new teaching model should play multiple roles to maximize the teaching effect, being not only thecourse designer, organizer, but also the guide, helper and facilitator in the process of teaching students to construct knowledge and be en-gaged in classroom activities as well.
文摘This paper concerns itself with a task-oriented approach to the pre-service teacher education in the Classroom of English Teaching Methodology (ETM). We attempt to use an explicit theoretic framework to guide the practice of ETM classroom in teacher education. The basic assumption is that we can use methodology which we use in teaching language, and apply those techniques and methods to train student teachers. By this approach the student teachers can adopt a research orientation to their own classrooms and their own teaching, an inquiry-based and discovery-oriented approach to learning is greatly emphasized, and they also can form the habit of generating theories and hypotheses and reflecting critically on teaching.
文摘It is believed by both educationalists and policy makers that qualified native speaker English teachers with sound educational background and training play an important role in EFL teaching in China.But research on the attitudes of Chinese university students towards native English teachers has rarely been conducted.This paper aims to investigate the students'perceptions of their own experience in the native speaker teachers'classrooms and identify the students'attitudes towards native speaker English teachers.The conclusion suggests that native speaker teachers use the communicative approach in teaching,and they are also aware of the cultural difference in class and willing to adapt either culturally or pedagogically.The Chinese students have positive attitudes towards native English teachers and would like to work with them for some courses.Meanwhile,they also agree that Chinese teachers of English play an important role,and they need teachers from both cultures.
文摘This paper aims to take 20 Haikou XX Middle School English teachers as research subjects to investigate their language awareness by a questionnaire.According to the data,it can be seen that they seldom apply linguistic knowledge in classroom teaching.Their phonetic appearances are poor and pay too much attention to grammar teaching.Also,they rarely teach social cultural knowledge during teaching.And they still have a teacher-centered teaching concept.In case of enhancing their language awareness,teachers should change the tendency of paying too much attention to grammar and vocabulary knowledge,prevent the tendency of excessive emphasis on imitation,and advocate the learning model which combines language knowledge teaching and skills training.What’s more,teachers should cultivate students’cultural awareness and combine language and culture in teaching English.Finally,teachers should establish a student-centered teaching concept,and help students develop positive emotions to learn English.