Optimized operation scheme of flash-memory-based neural network online training with ultra-high endurance

With the rapid development of machine learning,the demand for high-efficient computing becomes more and more urgent.To break the bottleneck of the traditional Von Neumann architecture,computing-in-memory(CIM)has attracted increasing attention in recent years.In this work,to provide a feasible CIM solution for the large-scale neural networks(NN)requiring continuous weight updating in online training,a flash-based computing-in-memory with high endurance(10^(9) cycles)and ultrafast programming speed is investigated.On the one hand,the proposed programming scheme of channel hot electron injection(CHEI)and hot hole injection(HHI)demonstrate high linearity,symmetric potentiation,and a depression process,which help to improve the training speed and accuracy.On the other hand,the low-damage programming scheme and memory window(MW)optimizations can suppress cell degradation effectively with improved computing accuracy.Even after 109 cycles,the leakage current(I_(off))of cells remains sub-10pA,ensuring the large-scale computing ability of memory.Further characterizations are done on read disturb to demonstrate its robust reliabilities.By processing CIFAR-10 tasks,it is evident that~90%accuracy can be achieved after 109 cycles in both ResNet50 and VGG16 NN.Our results suggest that flash-based CIM has great potential to overcome the limitations of traditional Von Neumann architectures and enable high-performance NN online training,which pave the way for further development of artificial intelligence(AI)accelerators.

Research on Training Needs,Training Transfer,and Training Effectiveness of In-Service Teachers in Local Normal Colleges

This study aims to understand the in-service training needs,training transfer,and training effectiveness of teachers in local normal universities in China,while also proposing a continuous professional development plan for teachers.Descriptive research methods were employed,with questionnaires serving as the primary data collection tool.The survey revealed that the educational background of teachers in local normal universities is characterized by an unreasonable distribution of academic qualifications,with a shortage of teachers holding postgraduate and higher degrees.Additionally,the training effectiveness for female teachers was found to be lower than that of male teachers.There is a lack of personalization in training needs,which tends to be more generalized.The transfer effect of training is moderate,and there is a need for further enhancement at the behavioral level of training effectiveness.A continuous professional development plan for teachers has been formulated to improve training effectiveness and promote professional development.

Teacher Training and Strategic Management in Chinese Universities

This study adopts a descriptive research method to comprehensively and deeply investigate the current situation of teacher training and the implementation of strategic management in Chinese colleges and universities.Through the collection and analysis of relevant literature,combined with fieldwork and interviews,it reveals the intrinsic connection and influence mechanism between the two.In the investigation of the relationship between teacher training and strategic management in Chinese universities,the participants comprise teachers from three universities in China.The findings provide theoretical support and practical guidance for optimizing the training system of college and university teachers and enhancing the efficacy of strategic management.

Analysis of the Feedback on Teacher Training in an Affiliated Hospital in Shaanxi Province

Objective:This article aims to deeply analyze the feedback on teacher training in an affiliated hospital,so as to clarify the current needs and situation of teacher training and provide a scientific basis for further optimizing the teacher training system.Methods:The current situation and needs of teacher training in the affiliated hospital were collected by designing and distributing Tomato Form questionnaires on the DingTalk platform.The questionnaire adopted a percent-point system,all of which were indeterminate multiple-choice questions.Results:The average age of the clinical teachers participating in the survey was 40.44±7.85 years old,with an average teaching length of 4–10 years.The results showed that 60.20%of teachers think that the amount of teacher training in an affiliated hospital is sufficient;91.10%of teachers think that the factors affecting training conflict with working hours;97.96%of teachers believe that the training time has an impact on the training effect;81.63%of teachers prefer online training;51.53%of teachers tend to arrange training time on working days;33.16%of teachers tend to train once a month;17.78%of teachers prefer to receive training on clinical theoretical courses and practical teaching norms and skills content.Conclusion:Based on the above survey results,we propose to build a comprehensive management mechanism for teacher training,including improving the access,training,and assessment mechanism for clinical teachers,and adjusting and optimizing the training program according to actual needs.At the same time,an effective communication platform should be built to promote the deep integration of teaching and practice and enhance social recognition,so as to comprehensively improve the teaching quality and medical service of the hospital.

The Role of Secondary School Teacher Training in Their Teaching Practices-A Secondary Publication

This work aims to analyze the effect exerted by the initial and continuous training of secondary school teachers in France on their teaching practices.For this,we carried out a secondary analysis of data from the TALIS survey(Teaching and Learning International Survey),conducted in 2013 in 34 countries,including France.In particular,we focus on practices related to the teaching methods used,classroom management,how to communicate,and the evaluative practices of teachers.In support of binary logistic regression models,we showed that the variables related to initial training play a weak role,and even exert a negative effect on certain pedagogic practices,leading to a reflection on the renovation of this training.On the other hand,our analyses highlighted the greater weight played by certain continuing education actions.

A Survey on the Evaluation Literacy of College English Teachers Under the Online Teaching Mode

Under the online teaching model,the evaluation literacy of college English teachers has become one of the critical factors affecting students’learning effects[1].This study uses a self-compiled questionnaire to investigate the current status of evaluation literacy of college English teachers under the online teaching model from four aspects:evaluation awareness,evaluation knowledge,evaluation ability,and evaluation ethics.The results show that college English teachers’overall evaluation literacy level is relatively high,but there are areas for improvement.Based on the survey results,suggestions are put forward to improve teachers’evaluation literacy,such as changing teaching concepts and increasing self-reflection;strengthening training and learning to enhance professional development awareness;conducting cooperative research and emphasizing team strengths.

Research on Innovative Training of Localized STEM Teachers Grounded in Shared Commitment

The high-quality development of a country driven by talent necessitates comprehensive and practical STEM(Science,Technology,Engineering,and Mathematics)education.The goal of localizing STEM education is to cultivate comprehensive innovative technology talents that meet the needs of the new era.STEM teachers play a core role in this concept,and the quality of teacher training directly determines the development trend of STEM education and the quality of future talents in the country.Therefore,based on the current situation and existing problems in STEM teacher training,the shared commitment to“high-quality STEM teacher training”is employed as a guiding principle,highlighting the role of various elements in the STEM teacher training process.The practical path for STEM teacher training is proposed from four aspects:top-level design goal orientation,resource integration to solve supply imbalance,curriculum construction to improve the teaching system,and sustainable development to enhance professional ability.This study hopes to provide guidelines for innovative training of localized STEM teachers in China.

基于Online-GRU信道预测的星上自适应功率控制方法

针对传统卫星功率控制方法存在资源浪费、时延长的问题,提出一种基于在线-门控循环单元(Online-GRU)信道预测的星上自适应功率控制方法,通过在线训练更新网络参数来解决离线预测算法存在的累积误差的问题。仿真结果表明,提出的在线训练算法比离线算法预测精确度提升了38.30%,相比在线-长短期记忆网络(Online-LSTM)节约了63.21%的训练时间;提出的自适应功率控制方法比固定发射功率的方法节约了55.74%的发射功率;同时,相比基于地面定时反馈信道状态的自适应功率控制方法具备更好的鲁棒性。

LDAS&ET-AD:Learnable Distillation Attack Strategies and Evolvable Teachers Adversarial Distillation

Adversarial distillation(AD)has emerged as a potential solution to tackle the challenging optimization problem of loss with hard labels in adversarial training.However,fixed sample-agnostic and student-egocentric attack strategies are unsuitable for distillation.Additionally,the reliability of guidance from static teachers diminishes as target models become more robust.This paper proposes an AD method called Learnable Distillation Attack Strategies and Evolvable Teachers Adversarial Distillation(LDAS&ET-AD).Firstly,a learnable distillation attack strategies generating mechanism is developed to automatically generate sample-dependent attack strategies tailored for distillation.A strategy model is introduced to produce attack strategies that enable adversarial examples(AEs)to be created in areas where the target model significantly diverges from the teachers by competing with the target model in minimizing or maximizing the AD loss.Secondly,a teacher evolution strategy is introduced to enhance the reliability and effectiveness of knowledge in improving the generalization performance of the target model.By calculating the experimentally updated target model’s validation performance on both clean samples and AEs,the impact of distillation from each training sample and AE on the target model’s generalization and robustness abilities is assessed to serve as feedback to fine-tune standard and robust teachers accordingly.Experiments evaluate the performance of LDAS&ET-AD against different adversarial attacks on the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a robust precision of 45.39%and 42.63%against AutoAttack(AA)on the CIFAR-10 dataset for ResNet-18 and MobileNet-V2,respectively,marking an improvement of 2.31%and 3.49%over the baseline method.In comparison to state-of-the-art adversarial defense techniques,our method surpasses Introspective Adversarial Distillation,the top-performing method in terms of robustness under AA attack for the CIFAR-10 dataset,with enhancements of 1.40%and 1.43%for ResNet-18 and MobileNet-V2,respectively.These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method in enhancing the robustness of deep learning networks(DNNs)against prevalent adversarial attacks when compared to other competing methods.In conclusion,LDAS&ET-AD provides reliable and informative soft labels to one of the most promising defense methods,AT,alleviating the limitations of untrusted teachers and unsuitable AEs in existing AD techniques.We hope this paper promotes the development of DNNs in real-world trust-sensitive fields and helps ensure a more secure and dependable future for artificial intelligence systems.

An Interview-Based Study of the Factors Influencing the Quality of Professional Training of Science Education Graduates

The proposal of the strategy of developing the country through science education has clarified China’s demand for the development of the science and education industry and the cultivation of science and education talents,and the birth of Science Education majors is an important link in the cultivation of scientific literacy.Based on the grounded theory,we interviewed three Science Education graduates from a university and coded the interview data by using NVivo 12.0 to find eight important factors affecting their professional training and employment choices.The factors are“social factors,”“individual career choice factors,”“campus resources,”“employment advantages,”“professional self-development,”“teacher factors,”“planning for further education and employment,”and“student motivation.”This study analyzes the interaction between the influencing factors,constructs a theoretical model of the influencing factors of the quality of Science Education professional training,explores the problems of the training process of Science Education majors and employment dilemmas,and puts forward corresponding suggestions.

Reading Loss in Arabic Language During COVID-19 in the UAE and Proposed Solutions:The Perspectives of Primary-Grade Arabic Language Teachers

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions in the field of education worldwide,including in the United Arab Emirates.Teachers and students had to adapt to remote learning and virtual classrooms,leading to various challenges in maintaining educational standards.The sudden transition to remote teaching could have a negative impact on students’reading abilities,especially in the Arabic language.To gain insight into the unique challenges encountered by Arabic language teachers in the UAE,a survey was conducted to explore their assessment of teaching quality,student-teacher interaction,and learning outcomes amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.The results of the survey revealed a significant decline of student reading abilities and identified several major issues in online Arabic language teaching.These issues included limited interaction between students and teachers,challenges in monitoring students’class participation and performance,and challenges in effectively assessing students’reading skills.The results also demonstrated some other challenges faced by Arabic language teachers,including a lack of preparedness,a lack of subscription to relevant platforms,and a lack of resources for online learning.Several solutions to these challenges are proposed,including reevaluating the balance between depth and breadth in the curriculum,integrating language skills into the curriculum more effectively,providing more comprehensive teacher professional development,implementing student grouping strategies,utilizing retired and expert teachers in specific content areas,allocating time for interventions,and improving support from both teachers and parents to ensure the quality of online learning.

Critically Evaluate Foreign Language Teachers Training in Culture and Intercultural Communication

The aim of foreign language teaching in the contemporary is to develop foreign language talents who own intercultural competence.Thus,it is necessary to improve teachers’cultural quality and intercultural awareness.The paper explores some relevant training courses on culture and intercultural awareness,and discusses the deficiency of these courses.

Training Teachers for Extensive Reading Programmes

It has been suggested that the success of an ER project can largely rely on several elements,such as the selection of appropriate materials,establishment of management system,workshop for training teachers. Among those,teachers play an indispensable role due to the fact that it is the teachers who are capable of turning conceptions into actions,who get students engaged and bridge and gap between the goals of the programme and the reality in classroom. This paper is an attempt to outline a detailed picture to demonstrate how to offer effective training courses which can enable teachers to play"multiple roles"to make great contribution to the development of an ER project.

Evaluation of Nutrition and Physical Activity Knowledge, Attitudes, Self Efficacy and Behaviors in Teachers and Children after Implementation of the “Healthy Active Kids” Online Program in Australian Elementary Schools

The aims were to examine change in nutrition and physical activity knowledge, self efficacy and attitudes in a cohort of 23 teachers and 304 year 5 and 6 children after the “Healthy Active Kids” online program and to assess any behavioral change in children’s self reported nutrition and physical activity behaviors and investigate the predictors of nutrition knowledge gain in teachers and children. Results found significant (p < 0.0001) increases in teacher and student knowledge of the five food groups;key nutrients provided by each food group, The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating;food labelling laws, identification of common names for fats, sugars and salts on food labels, food proportions on the Healthy Food Plate and the level and percentage of water in the human body and human brain. Teacher attitudes towards the importance of nutrition and diet and self efficacy related to teaching nutrition in class improved (p < 0.01). The final regression model for predictors of the dependent variable, knowledge gain in students was R = 0.53, Adjusted R square = 0.28 (F = 4.76, p < 0.01) indicating that 28% of the variation in knowledge gain was predicted by the negative (low) Time 1 knowledge. Changes to eating habits reported by children were “drinking more water each day” (89.1%) and “eating foods from the five food groups each day” (76.2%);“sharing information about food labels with your family” (52.4%);“reading food labels when you go shopping” (50.0%);“changing what is on your dinner plate each night” (44.2%);“vegetables that you eat now that you didn’t eat before” (42.1%) and “fruits that you eat now” (39%). Results suggest that the development of basic nutrition knowledge is still very important for both teachers and students, but that other factors such as self efficacy, empowerment and skill development also contribute to nutrition behavior change in children.

The Effect of Life Skills Training on the Mental Health and Level of Resilience among Teachers of Normal Students and Teachers of Exceptional Students in Zahedan

This is an experimental study conducted on two groups of control and experimental using pretestposttest design, applying psychological intervention on the study sample. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of collective education life skills on mental health and resilience of teachers in Zahedan. The population of the study included all teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students in Zahedan, among which 60 teachers at normal schools and 20 teachers at exceptional schools were selected and placed in two groups of experimental and control, respectively. Initially, members of the experimental group were taught 10 basic life skills in 10 2-hour sessions. Mental health and resilience questionnaires were distributed and gathered before and after the training sessions. Results indicated the positive effect of life skills training on mental health of teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students, which meant that the more the life skills training to teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students, the lower their mental health scores would be. Results also indicated the positive effect of life skills training on resilience of teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students, which meant that the more the life skills training to teachers at schools with normal students and teachers at schools with exceptional students, the higher their resilience scores would be.

An Effective Online Collaborative Training in Developing Listening Comprehension Skills

The COVID-19 outbreak severely affected formal face-to-face classroom teaching and learning.ICT-based online education and training can be a useful measure during the pandemic.In the Pakistani educational context,the use of ICT-based online training is generally sporadic and often unavailable,especially for developing English-language instructors’listening comprehension skills.The major factors affecting availability include insufficient IT resources and infrastructure,a lack of proper online training for speech and listening,instructors with inadequate academic backgrounds,and an unfavorable environment for ICT-based training for listening comprehension.This study evaluated the effectiveness of ICT-based training for developing secondary-level English-language instructors’listening comprehension skills.To this end,collaborative online training was undertaken using random sampling.Specifically,60 private-school instructors in Chakwal District,Pakistan,were randomly selected to receive online-listening training sessions using English dialogs.The experimental group achieved significant scores in the posttest analysis.Specifically,there were substantial improvements in the participants’listening skills via online training.Given the unavailability of face-to-face learning during COVID-19,this study recommends using ICT-based online training to enhance listening comprehension skills.Education policymakers should revise curricula based on online teaching methods and modules.

Online split-and-merge expec tation-maximization training of Gaussian mixture model and its optimization

This paper presents a new online incremental training algorithm of Gaussian mixture model （GMM）, which aims to perform the expectation-maximization（EM） training incrementally to update GMM model parameters online sample by sample, instead of waiting for a block of data with the sufficient size to start training as in the traditional EM procedure. The proposed method is extended from the split-and-merge EM procedure, so inherently it is also capable escaping from local maxima and reducing the chances of singularities. In the application domain, the algorithm is optimized in the context of speech processing applications. Experiments on the synthetic data show the advantage and efficiency of the new method and the results in a speech processing task also confirm the improvement of system performance.

Airway management training program for nurses via online course in COVID-19 preparedness

BACKGROUND Nursing officers are an integral component of any medical team.They participate in taking care of basic airway management and assist in advanced airway management,specifically amidst the current coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.AIM To assess the efficacy of a standardized web-based training module for nurses in preparedness to fight against COVID-19.METHODS The training was held in three sessions of 1 h each,consisting of live audio-visual lectures,case scenarios,and skill demonstrations.The sequence of airway equipment,drug preparation,airway examination,and plans of airway management was demonstrated through mannequin-based video-clips.RESULTS Pre-and post-test scores as well as objective structured clinical examination scores were analyzed using Student’s t-test and the Likert scale was used for feedback assessment.It was found that the mean score out of the total score of 20 was 8.47±4.2 in the pre-test,while in the post-test it was 17.4±1.8(P value<0.001).The participants also felt self-reliant in executing the roles of airway assistant(63.3%)and drug assistant(74.3%).Fear of self-infection with COVID-19 was also high,as 66%of participants feared working with the patient’s airway.CONCLUSION Amidst this COVID-19 emergency,when the health care systems are being persistently challenged,training of nursing staff in the safe conduct of airway management can ensure delivery of life-saving treatment.

The Effect of a Proposed Training Program Based on the Reflective Model on the Teachers＇ Reading Practices in Mafraq

This study aimed at investigating the effect of a proposed EFL （English as a Foreign Language） training program on the teachers＇ reading practices in Mafraq. This program was developed by the researcher according to the ninth-grade EFL teachers＇ needs. The participants of the study were 20 ninth-grade females EFL teachers who represented the experimental and control groups （10 teachers in each group）. They were randomly chosen from 10 schools in the Northwestern Badia Directorate of Education. To achieve the purposes of the study, the researcher designed a needs analysis questionnaire, a training program, a pre and post observation checklist, and a pre and post received knowledge test for teachers. Proper statistical analysis was used to analyze the results of the research questions. The results of the study showed that teachers were in need to be trained on 20 reading comprehension practices to be able to teach reading comprehension effectively. Besides, there were statistically significant differences at the level of （a = 0.05） between the means scores of the ninth-grade teachers＇ performance of the control and experimental groups on the post observation checklist and on the post received knowledge test in favor of the experimental group due to the training program.