Diagnostic challenges in alcohol use disorder and alcoholic liver disease

Alcohol use disorders represent a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical manifestations that have been defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5. Excessive alcohol intake can lead to damage of various organs, including the liver. Alcoholic liver disease includes different injuries ranging from steatosis to cirrhosis and implicates a diagnostic assessment of the liver disease and of its possible complications. There is growing interest in the possible different tools for assessing previous alcohol consumption and for establishing the severity of liver injury, especially by noninvasive methods.

Land use and landscape pattern change: a linkage to the construction of the Qinghai-Xizang Highway

Based on digital land use data from 1995 to 2000 and road data, the land use and landscape changes of Golmud, Qumaleb and Zhidoi are studied on a macro-scale. Land use and landscape changes in highway buffer zones and city expansion are special subjects. A new formula is used to define the exact degree of dynamic land use. To adequately define land use and landscape pattern changes, the buffer zones, illustrating the changes at different distances from the road, are recognized with ArcGIS 8.1 software. Prominent changes took place in land use and landscape patterns from 1995 to 2000, and the area of built-up land increased by 323.8%. The comprehensive degree of dynamic land use is 2.25, and the degree of dynamic land use of built-up land is the highest, followed by cultivated land. Woodland has the lowest value. The used degree index of land resources declined by 38.8 from 1995 to 2000. Landscape changed dramatically which influenced ecological processes immensely. Different from the corridor effect of other traffic routes, the corridor effect of this section of road is not obvious and its “point” radiation effect can be easily seen. The expanding range of Golmud City is confined to a 3 km buffer, while for Wudaoliang, it is 1 km. No land use change happened in the Nanshankou buffer.

Electrogastrography: Poor correlation with antro-duodenal manometry and doubtful clinical usefulness in adults

AIM: To investigate if there is a correlation between electrical activity measured by electrogastrography (EGG) and contractile activity of the stomach as measured by antroduodenal manometry (ADM). We also studied whether the underlying motility disorder could be predicted from EGG parameters. METHODS: We compared 21 parameters measured from EGG with 8 parameters measured from ADM. The ability of EGG to identify the underlying diagnosis was tested by comparing EGG parameters for each diagnosis group against other patients. The study comprised recordings from 148 patients and 125 females. Their median age was 45 (range 17-76) years. RESULTS: We found few and weak correlations between EGG and ADM. Specifically the correlation between parameters reflecting the response to meal was poor (r = -0.07, P = 0.39). The discriminatory power of EGG for underlying motility disorder was also low. Patients with slow transit constipation (STC) showed a lower postprandial power in normogastric (3.7 ± 0.5 vs 4.0 ± 0.5) and tachygastric (3.5 ± 0.4 vs 3.7 ± 0.4) regions, a lower percentage of time with normogastria [87.2 (56.5-100)% vs 95.7 (0-100)%], and a higher percentage of time with tachygastria [9.3 (0-33)% vs 3.5 (0-100)%] and bradygastria [1.8 (0-20)% vs 0 (0-17.1)%]. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome had a higher percentage of time with normogastria [96.5 (62.5-100)% vs 93.3 (0-100)%] and a less unstable dominant frequency as measured by the instability coefficient [15 (3-77) vs 24 (2-72)]. CONCLUSION: EGG and ADM seem to measure different aspects of gastric motor activity but cannot show a spatial correlation. The diagnostic value of EGG is poor, but EGG may have some value for the identification of patients with STC.

Technetium-99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin lung perfusion scan for diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome: A prospective study comparing brain uptake and whole-body uptake

BACKGROUND Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an arterial oxygenation defect induced by intrapulmonary vascular dilatation (IPVD) in the setting of liver disease and/or portal hypertension.This syndrome occurs most often in cirrhotic patients(4%-32%) and has been shown to be detrimental to functional status,quality of life,and survival.The diagnosis of HPS in the setting of liver disease and/or portal hypertension requires the demonstration of IPVD (i.e.,diffuse or localized abnormally dilated pulmonary capillaries and pulmonary and pleural arteriovenous communications) and arterial oxygenation defects,preferably by contrast-enhanced echocardiography and measurement of the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient,respectively.AIM To compare brain and whole-body uptake of technetium for diagnosing HPS.METHODS Sixty-nine patients with chronic liver disease and/or portal hypertension were prospectively included.Brain uptake and whole-body uptake were calculated using the geometric mean of technetium counts in the brain and lungs and in the entire body and lungs,respectively.RESULTS Thirty-two (46%) patients had IPVD as detected by contrast-enhancedechocardiography.The demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients with and without IPVD were not significantly different with the exception of the creatinine level (0.71±0.18 mg/dL vs 0.83±0.23 mg/dL;P=0.041),alveolararterial oxygen gradient (23.2±13.3 mmHg vs 16.4±14.1 mmHg;P=0.043),and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (81.0±12.1 mmHg vs 90.1±12.8 mmHg;P=0.004).Whole-body uptake was significantly higher in patients with IPVD than in patients without IPVD (48.0%±6.1%vs 40.1%±8.1%;P=0.001).The area under the curve of whole-body uptake for detecting IPVD was significantly higher than that of brain uptake (0.75 vs 0.54;P=0.025).The optimal cut-off values of brain uptake and whole-body uptake for detecting IPVD were 5.7%and 42.5%,respectively,based on Youden’s index.The sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of brain uptake> 5.7%and whole-body uptake> 42.5%for detecting IPVD were23%,89%,and 59%and 100%,52%,and 74%,respectively.CONCLUSION Whole-body uptake is superior to brain uptake for diagnosing HPS.

The study of complex focussing acoustic field of a convex phased array probe used in ultrasonic diagnostic B-scanner

This paper reports a study of complex focussing acoustic fields of a convex phased array probe widely used in ultrasonic diagnostic B-scanner. The time delay necessary for electronic focussing and for geometric focussing of complex focussing is given. By means of Helmholtz's integral formula, the expressions of acoustic fields were obtained for the electronic focussing and complex focussing.With Simpson's numerical integral, a great deal of computations was carried out with an 86 / 330 computer. By means of using different parameters, an optimum focal range and beam width of a 4 sequences electronic and complex focussing acoustic system was selected. With an EUB-40 ultrasound diagnostic B-scanner produced by the Hitachi company, the lateral focussing acoustic field and lateral resolution in an echoic tank were photographed by latticing method and the experimental result is consistent with the theory.

Comparison of diagnostic value of TIRADS,BSRTC,BRAF^(V600E) mutation detection and their combined use in differentiating thyroid nodules

Objective To compare the diagnostic efficiency of the thyroid imaging reporting and data system(TIRADS),the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology(BSRTC)and BRAFV600Edetection,and their combined use in the differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules.Methods One hundred

蓝色染料和核素方法在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结定位活检中的应用比较

目的 探讨蓝色染料和核素方法在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结定位活检中的可靠性、准确性和临床应用价值。方法 运用异硫蓝或99Tc硫胶体结合术中γ探头或联合两种方法对6 1例腋淋巴结阴性的乳腺癌病人进行前哨淋巴结定位活检。结果 前哨淋巴结定位活检总成功率为95 .1% (5 8/ 6 1) ,2例假阴性,假阴性率7.7% ,敏感性92 .3% ,前哨淋巴结预测区域转移准确率96 .6 % ,特异性10 0 .0 %。单用蓝色染料方法的成功率88.2 % ,假阴性率12 .5 % ,敏感性87.5 % ,准确率93.3% ;单用放射核素结合术中γ探头,成功率为95 .2 % ,假阴性率11.1% ,敏感性88.9% ,准确率95 .0 % ;两种方法联合,成功率10 0 .0 % ,无假阴性,敏感性10 0 .0 % ,准确率10 0 .0 %。结论 前哨淋巴结定位活检在乳腺癌中能很好反映腋淋巴结转移状况,对指导乳腺癌腋淋巴结清扫的必要性和合理性有极大的应用价值。蓝色染料和核素探测两者相互补充。

乳腺99Tc^m-MIBI闪烁显像和X线摄影诊断乳腺癌的临床价值比较研究

目的评估乳腺专用伽玛显像(breast specific gamma imaging,BSGI)在乳腺癌探查中作为乳腺X线辅助的诊断能力。方法回顾性分析因乳腺结节/肿块住院的169例女性患者的BSGI和乳腺X线显像结果,并与病理学检查结果作对照。结果169例188个病灶中,86例91个病灶为乳腺恶性肿瘤,83例97个病灶为乳腺良性病变。BSGI有8个病灶为假阴性,其中6个病灶的肿瘤与正常组织的放射性计数比值(lesion to normal tissue ratio,L/N)<1.4,26个病灶为假阳性(24个病灶L/N>1.5)。良、恶性组间比较显示,乳腺恶性肿瘤组L/N为(2.62±1.35),高于良性病灶组的(1.61±0.36),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。乳腺X线显像假阴性和假阳性病灶各23个病灶。BSGI检查的敏感度和阴性预测值分别为91.2%和90.0%,高于乳腺X线检查的74.7%和76.3%(均P<0.05)。BSGI与乳腺X线检查的特异度(73.2%vs 76.3%)和阳性预测值(76.1%vs 74.7%)相近。BSGI和乳腺X线检查结合使敏感度、准确度和阴性预测值又有所增加,分别为93.4%、82.4%和92.1%。结论在乳腺癌诊断中,与乳腺X线检查比较,BSGI显示出更高的敏感度、准确度和阴性预测值。BSGI作为功能性显像方法和辅助手段可以在评估乳腺癌中起重要作用。

^(99)Tc^m-MIBI SPECT/CT显像的不同本底对孤立性肺结节诊断效能的影响

目的探讨行99 Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT断层显像时选取不同本底对孤立性肺结节诊断效能的影响。方法回顾性分析38例患者的孤立性肺结节,根据病理结果将其分为恶性组和良性组;分别选取病灶对侧肺野(DL)及对侧软组织为本底,计算病灶/本底(L/N)最大计数值(MAX)以及平均计数值(MEAN),比较良恶性病灶组间差异并采用受试者工作特性(ROC)曲线评价不同本底对鉴别诊断良恶性病灶的效能。病灶大小和病理学分级与L/N比值关系采用Spearman进行相关性分析。结果以对侧肺野及对侧软组织作为本底,良恶性组间L/N MAX以及MEAN的差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,以对侧肺野或对侧软组织作为本底,即L/DL-MAX、L/DLMEAN、L/NST-MAX、L/NST-MEAN的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.73、0.78、0.80、0.86,两两比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。病灶大小及恶性病灶病理分级与病灶L/N比值均无明显相关性(P均>0.05)。结论采用99 Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT断层显像鉴别诊断肺结节时,对侧肺野及对侧软组织均可作为本底进行L/N比值计算。以对侧软组织为本底的平均值计算L/N比值略显优势,灵敏度及特异度均较高,可提供稳定、效能高的诊断结果。

^(99m)Tc-NOET与^(201)T1心肌显像在冠心病诊断中的对比研究

目的： 比较９９ｍＴｃＮＯＥＴ（ＮＯＥＴ：Ｎ乙氧基Ｎ乙基氨荒酸钠）和２０１Ｔ１ 心肌显像在冠心病（ＣＨＤ） 诊断中作用。方法：ＣＨＤ组：２３ 例，其中冠脉造影１４ 例；对照组：８ 例，其中冠脉造影２ 例。所有对象均进行９９ｍＴｃＮＯＥＴ及２０１Ｔ１ 运动—再分布ＳＰＥＣＴ显像。结果：①运动及再分布显像的心肌节段的放射性摄取一致性分别为２６９／２７９（９６．４％ ， Ｋ ＝ ０．８９ ±０．０６） 和２６０／２７９（９３．２％ ，Ｋ＝０．７９±０．１８） ，一致性极好。②在本研究中，９９ｍＴｃＮＯＥＴ心肌显像诊断ＣＨＤ的敏感性和特异性分别为９１．３％ 、８７．５％ ，而２０１Ｔ１ 分别为８６．９％ 、８７．５ ％ 。９９ｍＴｃＮＯＥＴ和２０１Ｔ１ 显像诊断冠脉病变的敏感性和特异性分别为７１．４％ 、８５．０％ 和７５．０％ 、８５．０％ ，两者比较均无显著性差异。③再分布心肌节段一致性达８０％ 。结论：９９ｍＴｃＮＯＥＴ心肌显像在冠心病上的作用与２０１Ｔ１ 相似；两种显像剂在正常心肌内动力学基本相似，但灌注异常的心肌节段有一定差异，机理不详，可能是两者生物行为不同所致。

99Tcm-MIBI乳腺专用伽玛显像在乳腺Paget病中的临床应用价值

目的探讨乳腺Paget病(breast Paget′s disease,BPD)患者99m锝-甲氧基异丁基异腈(technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile,99Tcm-MIBI)乳腺专用伽玛显像(breast specific gamma imaging,BSGI)检查的特征及其临床应用价值。方法收集7例由组织病理学证实的女性BPD患者,平均年龄51.3岁,初次治疗前行99Tcm-MIBI BSGI、乳腺超声(ultrasonography,US)、乳腺X线摄片(mammography,MMG,6例)和乳腺MRI(4例)检查以进行诊断评估。回顾性复习患者的临床资料和99Tcm-MIBI BSGI显像特征,计算BSGI探查BPD及同时存在的乳腺癌的敏感度,并与US、MMG和MRI的结果比较。结果在7例BPD患者中BSGI探查到6个位于乳头/皮肤的小圆形(5例)或小片状放(1例)射性摄取增高影。其中4个考虑为恶性(敏感度为57.1%),2个考虑为乳头生理性摄取,1个乳头/皮肤部位未见异常。US仅探查到1个乳头皮下低回声(敏感度为14.3%),余6个超声未见异常。6例行MMG检查的患者均未发现乳头/皮肤病灶。4例乳腺MRI检查者中发现2个乳头恶性病灶(敏感度为50.0%)。对于6个同时并存的乳腺癌病灶,BSGI、 US和MMG的敏感度均为66.7%,MRI的敏感度为50.0%(2/4)。结论 99Tcm-MIBI BSGI可以探查到BPD患者乳头/皮肤具有增殖活性的恶性病灶,为BPD的诊治决策提供重要信息。

^(99)Tc^m-HL91乳腺肿瘤乏氧显像与^(99)Tc^m-MIBI显像的对比研究

目的探讨99 Tcm-4,9二氮3,3,10,10四甲基十二烷2,11二酮肟(99 Tcm-4,9-diaza-3,3,10,10-tetramethyldodecan 2,11-dione dioxime,99Tcm-HL91)乳腺肿瘤乏氧显像诊断乳腺肿瘤的可行性及其在乳腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值。方法选择触诊发现乳腺肿块患者52例,共55个病灶,所有病灶均经术后病理证实。根据病理结果将病灶分为良性组19个病灶和恶性组36个病灶。所有病例均行99Tcm-HL91乏氧显像,其中34例患者共37个病灶行99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈(99Tcm-methoxyisobutylisontrile,99Tcm-MIBI)显像。用肉眼和半定量分析法对结果进行分析。结果 (1)肉眼判断:99Tcm-HL91显像诊断乳腺癌的敏感度、特异性、准确性分别为94.4%、78.9%、89.1%;99Tcm-MIBI显像诊断敏感度、特异性、准确性分别为88.0%、75.0%、83.8%。2种方法检测敏感度和特异性差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。(2)半定量分析:99Tcm-HL91平面显像1、3、6小时恶性组T/N比值分别为1.36±0.34、1.49±0.38、1.57±0.38,均高于良性组(均P<0.01);99Tcm-MIBI平面显像5分钟、1小时、3小时恶性组T/N比值分别为1.33±0.35、1.29±0.22、1.18±0.15,均高于良性组(均P<0.01)。结论99Tcm-HL91乳腺肿瘤乏氧显像诊断乳腺癌有较高的敏感度和特异性,对乳腺肿瘤鉴别诊断有较高的价值。

^(99m)Tc-MIBI脑SPECT对脑胶质瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨^(99m)Tc-MIBI脑显像对脑胶质瘤的诊断价值。方法对59例脑胶质瘤患者、9例正常人、6例脑脓肿患者进行^(99m)Tc-MIBI脑SPECT显像。判断病灶有无异常摄取并根据感兴趣区(ROI)计算肿瘤/非肿瘤比值(T/NT),计算^(99m)Tc-MIBI脑显像对脑胶质瘤诊断的灵敏度、特异性、准确率。T/NT比值在胶质瘤、脑脓肿及正常组之间的比较采用t检验。结果59例脑胶质瘤患者中,51例显像为阳性,诊断灵敏度86.4%、特异性66.7%、准确率82.4%。15例非胶质瘤受检者有5例阳性。脑胶质瘤组T/NT比值为2.6±1.2,明显高于正常组的1.1±0.2(t=3.6199,P<0.001)和脑脓肿组的1.5±0.5(t=2.1327,P<0.05)。结论用^(99m)Tc-MIBI脑SPECT诊断脑胶质瘤灵敏度高,可以有效地鉴别良恶性病变。

^(99m)Tc-HL91乏氧显像与^(99m)Tc-MIBI亲肿瘤显像诊断肺肿瘤的对比分析

目的 :评价 99m Tc- HL 91乏氧显像和 99m Tc- MIBI亲肿瘤显像诊断肺癌的临床价值。方法 :70例肺肿瘤患者行 99m Tc- HL91乏氧显像和 99m Tc- MIBI亲肿瘤显像两项检查 ,对比分析诊断效能和半定量分析结果。结果 :99m Tc- HL91乏氧显像和 99m Tc- MIBI亲肿瘤显像诊断肺癌的灵敏度、特异性和准确率分别为 91.1%、10 0 %、94 .3%和 84 .4 %、76 .0 %、81.4 %。半定量分析结果明显高于 99m Tc- MIBI亲肿瘤显像。两种显像结合诊断肺癌的灵敏度、特异性和准确率分别为95 .6 %、10 0 %、97.1%。结论 :99m Tc- HL91乏氧显像诊断肺癌有较高的临床价值 ,结合 99m Tc- MIBI亲肿瘤显像可进一步提高诊断的准确性。

肺肿瘤^(99m)Tc-MDP显像、CT、纤支镜、肿瘤标志物对比研究

目的 探讨 99m Tc羟基亚甲二磷酸 (MDP) SPECT显像 (MDPSI)、CT、纤支镜 (FB)和肿瘤标志物 (TM)检查诊断肺癌的临床价值。方法 对 6 3例经病理证实的肺肿瘤患者和 10例正常对照进行早期 (5 min) MDPSI,CT、FB和TM检查 ,以病理为标准比较分析诊断效能。结果 肺癌对99m Tc MDP的摄取明显高于良性病灶和正常对照 ,以摄取比值 >1.8为判断标准 ,MDPSI诊断肺癌的灵敏度、特异性和准确率分别为 90 .2 %、90 .9%和 90 .4 % ;CT、FB和 TM分别为 92 .2 %、6 3.6 %和 83.6 %、6 3.9%、10 0 %和 6 9.0 %、6 6 .7%、6 8.2 %和 6 7.1% ;MDPSI和 CT联合诊断肺癌的灵敏度、特异性和准确率分别为 96 .1%、95 .5 %和 95 .9%。结论 MDPSI对肺癌的诊断有较高的临床价值 ,与

^（99m）Tc－MIBI心肌显像中肺摄取增高及其意义的探讨

本文从未经处理的心肌断层前位图像上测定了３５例正常人和１３０例心脏病患者的肺／心比值。结果表明，正常人运动心肌显像肺／左室心肌（Ｌ／ＬＶ）比值为０．３５３±０．０４７。以均值＋２Ｓ作为正常值上限时，心肌缺血和高血压病组分别有２４％和２０％的患者Ｌ／ＬＶ增高。心肌梗塞组，静息显像有５１．９％的患者Ｌ／ＬＶ增高。Ｌ／ＬＶ与ＬＶＥＦ之间呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．６１５，ｐ＜０．００１），Ｌ／ＬＶ增高者的ＬＶＥＦ明显低于比值正常者，提示测定肺部^（９９ｍ）Ｔｃ－ＭＩＢＩ的摄取可提供心功能障碍及其程度的资料。

^(99m)Tc-甲酯异丙基异腈心肌灌注单光子断层显像诊断冠心病的临床研究

本文利用^(99m)Tc-甲酯异丙基异腈作为心肌灌注显像剂,对2例正常人、5例陈旧性心肌梗塞患者和4例心绞痛患者进行了14次心肌灌注单光子断层显像.结果2例正常人静息断层右室不显像,左室显像清晰,心肌放射性分布均匀.9例患者均见左室心肌放射性分布呈局限性或多发性稀疏或缺损.经与选择性冠状动脉造影、超声心动图、动态心电图和心电图运动试验等检查比较,表明该方法诊断心肌缺血或坏死与选择性冠状动脉造影具有高度一致性,且较超声心动图、动态心电图和心电图运动试验等敏感.

^(99m)Tc-MDP早期肺显像诊断肺肿瘤与纤支镜检的对比研究

目的 探讨99m Tc- MDP(亚甲基二磷酸盐 ) SPECT显像 ,诊断肺癌的临床价值。方法 对 6 3例经病理证实的肺肿瘤患者进行早期99m Tc- MDP显像 ,同期进行了纤维支气管镜 (FB)检查。以病理结果为标准 ,比较分析诊断效能。结果 肺癌对 99m Tc- MDP的摄取明显高于良性病灶 ,以摄取比值 >1.8为判断标准 ,MDP显像诊断肺癌的灵敏度和特异性分别为 84 .3%和 83.3% ;FB为 90 .2 %和 91.7%。MDP显像和 FB联合诊断肺癌的灵敏度、特异性分别为 96 .1%和95 .5 %。结论 MDP显像对肺癌的诊断和鉴别诊断有较高的临床价值 ,与 FB结合分析可进一步提高定性定位诊断肺癌的准确性。

运动^(99)锝心肌断层显象对冠心病诊断价值探讨

本文对90例冠心病运动^(99)锝-甲氧异丁异腈(^(99m)Tc-MIBI)心肌断层显象和心电图运动试验、二维超声心动图(2DE)进行比较,评价运动^(99m)=Tc-MIBI 心肌断层显象对冠心病的诊断价值。表明:对冠心病心肌缺血的诊断,前者优于后二者(P<0.01);心肌断层显象对冠心病心肌梗塞的后壁、前侧壁、心尖部定位诊断优于心电图(P<0.01);运动^(99m)Tc-MIBI 心肌断层显象对冠心病心绞痛诊断较敏感,对冠心病心肌梗塞定位诊断较全面,对冠心病心律失常型诊断较准确。