Processing Technology and Quality of Low-fluoride Brick tea

In order to promote the quality of brick tea and reduce its fluoride content, the fluoride contents in leaves of 25 tea varieties at the .stage of one bud and five leaves were determined by the method of fluodde-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that the fluodde contents in the 25 varieties were in the range of 181.92-345.06 mg/kg, end the fluoride content in ＇Zhongcha 302＇ was the lowest. Based on traditional production process of brick tea, 3 new low-fluoride brick tea production processes with ＇Zhongcha 302＇ as the raw material at the stage of one bud and five leaves were constructed. The fluoride content, physicochemical in- dex, sensory end main chemical contents in the brick tea samples were determined. The best processing process of Iow-fluodde brick tea was process 3, which included aldng, fixing, rolling, second fixing, second roiling, sun-drying, pile-fermentation, steaming, pile-fermentation, drying and shaping into brick by vapor treating. The re- sults showed that the fluoride content and physicochemical index of the brick tea sample of the third low-fluoride brick tea production process accorded with National Standard GB/T 9833.4-2013. The sensory evaluation of the brick tea sample was better than that of brick tea manufacture by the traditional process. The water extract, tea polyphenols, amino acids, caffeine and water-soluble sugar in the brick tea sample increased by 9.41%, 36.39%, 26.94%, 27.23% and 15.29%, respectively. Low-fluodds bdck tea could be produced by selecting low fluoride tea varieties, controlling the tondemess of fresh leaves, and optimizing the processing technique.

Raman spectroscopy as process analytical tool in downstream processing of biotechnology

Downstream processing or product recovery plays a vital role in the development of bioprocesses.To improve the bioprocess efficiency,some unconventional methods are much required.The continuous manufacturing in downstream processing makes the Process Analytical Technologies(PATs)as an important tool.Monitoring and controlling bioprocess are an essential factor for the principles of PAT and quality by design.Spectroscopic methods can apply to monitor multiple analytes in real-time with less sample processing with significant advancements.Raman spectroscopy is an extensively used technique as an analytical and research tool owing to its modest process form,non-destructive,non-invasive optical molecular spectroscopic imaging with computer-based analysis.Generally,its application is essential for the analysis and characterization of biological samples,and it is easy to operate with minimal sample.The innovation on various types of enhanced Raman spectroscopy was designed to enhance the Raman analytical technique.Raman spectroscopy could couple with chemometrics to provide reliable alternative analysis method of downstream process analysis.Thus,this review aims to provide useful insight on the application of Raman spectroscopy for PAT in downstream processing of biotechnology and Raman data analysis in biological fields.

A comprehensive review of bioactive compounds and processing technology of sesame seed

Sesame seeds are promulgated as traditional high-quality edible oil crops,rich in lipid(40–65%),protein(19–35%),and bioactive compounds.The review starts with bioactive components(fatty acid,tocopherol,phytosterol,sesamin,sesamolin,and sesamol)of sesame seeds.It considers processing techniques for extracting oil(aqueous extraction and pressing)from seeds.Novel technologies,such as enzyme-assisted aqueous,supercritical CO_(2),and microwave-assisted solvent extraction,are also discussed.The methods of utilization of sesame seed cake are also analyzed.In the future,the processing technology of sesame seed will be further developed in the direction of improving comprehensive utilization rate to meet new consumption demand.

Investigation of the processing technology and mechanism of Kansui radix by licorice based on response surface methodology and integrative pharmacology

Background:The herbs should be processed by different methods before use,and the efficacy and toxicity of Chinese herbal medicines may change,which may enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity after processing.Gansui(Kansui radix)is a common clinical herbal medicine,and there are considerable changes in its toxicity and efficacy after processing.Gaocao(Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizome)has a detoxifying effect.Methods:Using the contents of euphorbiadienol and the alcohol-soluble extract of Glycyrrhizae radix-processed Kansui radix as evaluation indexes,response surface methodology was used to optimize the processing technology of Kansui radix by exploring the effects of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount,frying temperature,and frying time on the processing technology of Kansui radix.Meanwhile,response surface software was used to analyze experimental data to determine the processing parameters of Kansui radix by Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma.Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine is used to analysis the potential ingredients of Kansui radix and verify the potential ingredients by western blotting.Results:The technology of Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui radix was optimized for the Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-addition amount of 27%,frying temperature of 180℃,and frying time of 11 min.The network pharmacology analysis revealed that Kansui radix could cause kidney,liver,and heart injury by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Kansui radix at high or low dose could decrease the ratio of p-AKT/AKT while Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma-processed Kansui could increase it.Conclusion:The model established by response surface methodology is relatively accurate and can predict the contents of euphorbiadienol and alcohol extract of processed Kansui radix.The toxic effects and its mechanism of action of Kansui radix and processed Kansui radix on kidney,liver,and heart,from the perspective of systems biology,have provided scientific evidence to its clinical application.

Composition,Processing Technology and Property of Ceramic Die Materials Containing Rare Earth Additives

Development and application of new ceramic die materials is one of the important topics in the field of die research. The composition, processing technology, mechanical property and engineering performance of the ceramic materials such as cermet, ZTA, TZP, TZP/Al2O3, TZP/TiC/Al2O3, PSZ and Sialon, etc., with rare earth yttrium, lanthanum and cerium, and so on working as additives, were investigated and analyzed in the present study. Problems existed in the research and application of rare earth ceramic die materials were discussed. Rare earth additives can effectively improve the mechanical property and engineering performance of ceramic die materials. Thus, it will have further perspectives of wider application. More attention should be paid in the future to the toughening and strengthening of the ceramic die materials, the adding forms and kinds of rare earth elements and acting mechanisms of rare earth additives in ceramic die materials.

Optimization of Processing Technology for Roasted Licorice with Water by Orthogonal Method

[Objectives]To optimize the processing technology for roasted licorice with water.[Methods]Through the orthogonal experimental design,taking the water added,moistening time,frying temperature and frying time as the factors,and the content of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhizic acid as the evaluation index,the processing technology for roasted licorice with water was optimized.[Results]The best processing technology of licorice was as follows:Pure licorice slices were mixed with water and moistened for 3 h,and then fried at 160℃for 6 min.20 kg of water was added to every 100 kg of licorice.[Conclusions]The best processing technology for roasted licorice with water was established,laying a foundation for the research and application of roasted licorice with water and its preparation.

Correlation Analysis of Processing Technology,Physical Parameters and Chemical Components during Plain Stir-baking of Trichosanthis Radix

[Objectives]To explore the correlation of processing technology,physical parameters and chemical components during plain stir-baking of Trichosanthis Radix.[Methods]Based on mixture uniform experiment design,the Trichosanthis Radix was prepared by plain stir-bake method.Delphi method was used to evaluate and select the highest-scoring processed product for measuring physical parameters.UV spectrophotometry was used to determine the contents of starch and polysaccharide.The correlation and linear regression model of processing technology,physical parameters and chemical components were established with the aid of SPSS 26.0[Results]After processing by plain stir-bake method,the relative density and chromaticity showed a decreasing trend in the processed products of Trichosanthis Radix,the oxidation value,hydroscopic rate and swelling decreased firstly and then increased,and pH increased firstly and then decreased.The content of total starch decreased,the content of polysaccharide increased,and there was a negative correlation between them.There was a significant positive correlation between temperature and oxidation value,swelling and hydroscopic rate,hydroscopic rate and polysaccharide,and there was a significant negative correlation between relative density and hydroscopic rate or polysaccharide,total starch and hydroscopic rate or swelling.The linear relation model between processing technology and physical parameters and chemical components was r2>0.9.[Conclusions]After processing by plain stir-bake method,the physical parameters of Trichosanthis Radix changed,and there may be mutual conversion between total starch and polysaccharides.To a certain extent,physical parameters can be used to evaluate the quality of processed products of Trichosanthis Radix.This study is expected to provide a reference for research on quality evaluation of processed products of traditional Chinese medicine.

Study on Processing Technology for Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix by Bean Curd

[Objectives] The aim was to explore the best parameters for processing Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix by bean curd. [Methods] Orthogonal test( L_(16)(4~3)) was designed to investigate the optimal soaking time,decocting time and bean curd proportion for processing Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix by bean curd. The contents of monoester alkaloids and diester-alkaloids were measured as the evaluation indexes. [Results]The contents of monoester alkaloids were 0. 11%,0. 07%,0. 062% and 0. 048% respectively under the four levels of soaking time,were0. 081%,0. 066%,0. 074% and 0. 067% respectively under the four levels of decocting time,and were 0. 070%,0. 072%,0. 080% and0. 073% respectively under the four levels of bean curd proportion. The content of diester-alkaloids was all below 0. 034%. The influence intensity of the three factors on the content of monoester alkaloids ranked as soaking time > decocting time > bean curd proportion. Under any of the above conditions,the content of diester-alkaloids was below the limit of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The content of diester-alkaloids was reduced obviously with the increased use of bean curd. [Conclusions] The optimum processing conditions for Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix were A_3B_3C_2,i. e.,soaking time of 6 d,decocting time of 5 h and bean curd proportion of 25%.

South China University of fechnology Advanced Metallic Materials Research and Processing Technology Center

A dvanced Metallic Materials Research and Processing Technology Center was found in December 1998. As a unit under The College of Mechanical Engineering, the Center is an expansion of the former Cast and Composite Materials Research Group, which was found in the early eighties of last century. The Center is focusing in the basic and applied research, and development of advanced metallic materials and their processing technology. It also functions as an organization

Climatic and Environmental Characteristics of Beijing Based on Rapid Processing Technology of Urban Meteorological Big Data

The meteorological big data in Beijing area are typical multi-dimensional big data containing spatiotemporal characteristics,which have important research value for researches related to urban human settlement environment.With the help of computer programming and software processing,big data crawling,integration,extraction and multi-dimensional information fusion can be realized quickly and effectively,so as to obtain the data set needed for research and realize the target of visualization.Through big data analysis of wind environment,thermal environment and total atmospheric suspended particulate pollutants in Beijing area,it was found that the average wind speed in Beijing area decreased signifi cantly in recent 40 years,while the surface temperature increased signifi cantly;urban heat island effect was signifi cant,and the phenomenon of atmospheric suspended particulate pollution was relatively common.The spatial distribution of the three climatic and environmental data was not balanced and had signifi cant regularity and correlation.Improving urban ventilation corridors and improving urban ventilation capacity is a feasible way to improve urban heat island effect and reduce urban climate issues such as atmospheric particulate pollution.

《China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology》征订启事

China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology(中国炼油与石油化工)(ISSN 1008-6234;CN 11-4012/TE)创刊于1999年,季刊,是中国出版的炼油和石油化工方面的第一份英文期刊,由石油化工科学研究院主办,属综合(指导)类科技期刊,报道内容以中国国内信息为主,兼顾世界各地的重要科技动态。

Tsinghua University Tsinghua-TOYO Research and Development Center of Magnesium and Aluminum Alloys Processing Technology

Tsinghua-TOYO Research and Development Center of Magnesium and Aluminum Alloys Processing Technology was officially established between Tsinghua University and TOYO Machinery & Metal Co. on Feb. 26, 2002, which is a non-independent legal research organization located in Department of Mechanical Engineering of Tsinghua University. The center was equipped with one set of 650t automatic magnesium and aluminum alloys diecasting machine and necessary accessories including the melting furnaces for magnesium alloys and aluminum alloys, an accurate magnesium pump to transfer the magnesium alloys to the shot sleeve of the die casting machine, a die temperature controller, and data logging systems for cavity pressure and die temperature distributions, etc. The center is aimed to the research and development of magnesium and aluminum die casting process and their related technologies, and the main research contents include:

Hot Working Technology and HP Pulverizer -Two Major Sophisticated Processing Technology and Product in SHMP

Hot Working Technology SHMP is a production center of heavy duty castings and forgings in east region of China. Since the establishment of the plant in 1950s, through several generations’ exploration, development and innovation, SHMP now has been able to produce main castings and forgings for 300 MW

Exploring Nutritional Compositions,Volatile Compounds,Health Benefits,Emerging Processing Technologies,and Potential Food Products of Glutinous Rice:A Review

Glutinous rice(Oryza sativa var.glutinosa)stands out as one of the most popular rice varieties globally,amidst thousands of rice cultivars.Its increasing popularity is attributed to its rich nutritional compositions and health benefits.This review aims to summarize the nutritional compositions,volatile compounds,and health benefits of glutinous rice.Further,in-depth studies are necessary to explore the utilization of glutinous rice in enhancing processing technologies and developing new food products.Glutinous rice has been shown to possess numerous health benefits,including antioxidant activity,bioactive compounds,anti-cancer properties,anti-inflammatory effects,anti-diabetic potential,and cholesterol-lowering effects.Besides its nutritional compositions,the major volatile compounds identified in glutinous rice could serve as a functional food for human consumption.Emerging processing technologies related to glutinous rice are elaborated to improve the latest developments for incorporating them into various food products.

Application Strategy of Big Data Processing Technology in Intelligent Transportation

With the rapid development of China’s society and economy,the process of urbanization has been accelerated,and the transportation system has become more complicated,especially the frequent occurrence of traffic accidents,traffic congestions,and environmental pollution.In the context of the rapid development of Internet technology,digital technology,artificial intelligence technology,etc.We apply them to traffic management as effective ways to improve China’s traffic operation management.Based on big data processing technology,this paper discusses its application strategy in intelligent transportation,in hope of serving as a reference.

Flexible Fixture Design for the Top and End Surface Processing of NP2_NP4 Cylinder Heads

This paper focuses on the design of fixtures for NP2 and NP4 cylinder heads on a horizontal machining center of flexible machining automatic lines.It began with an analysis of the diagrams of part processing and working procedure which formed the basis for the design of the processing technology scheme,a selection of suitable machine tools,and the setting of processing parameters.Fixtures tailored to the chosen machine tools were then designed to meet the processing requirements.Additional aspects of the project included the design of part drawings,calculation of working time quota,design of auxiliary guides,support clamping,and hydraulic circuits,all aimed at fulfilling practical production requirements.

Elbow precision machining technology by abrasive flow based on direct Monte Carlo method

The investigation was carried out on the technical problems of finishing the inner surface of elbow parts and the action mechanism of particles in elbow precision machining by abrasive flow.This work was analyzed and researched by combining theory,numerical and experimental methods.The direct simulation Monte Carlo(DSMC)method and the finite element analysis method were combined to reveal the random collision of particles during the precision machining of abrasive flow.Under different inlet velocity,volume fraction and abrasive particle size,the dynamic pressure and turbulence flow energy of abrasive flow in elbow were analyzed,and the machining mechanism of particles on the wall and the influence of different machining parameters on the precision machining quality of abrasive flow were obtained.The test results show the order of the influence of different parameters on the quality of abrasive flow precision machining and establish the optimal process parameters.The results of the surface morphology before and after the precision machining of the inner surface of the elbow are discussed,and the surface roughness Ra value is reduced from 1.125μm to 0.295μm after the precision machining of the abrasive flow.The application of DSMC method provides special insights for the development of abrasive flow technology.

The Rice Processing Industry in Nepal: Constraints and Opportunities

A rice mill survey covering diverse rice processing companies in terms of their milling output, type of technology and year of establishment was conducted to understand the current situation of the rice milling industry and to identify enablers and barriers to its growth in Nepal. Coarse rice varieties dominate Nepal’s rice processing industry, with a 42% share by total weight, followed by medium rice (34%) and fine varieties (less than 7%). Polished white rice (Arwa) was the dominant rice type in Nepal in the survey, followed by parboiled and steamed rice. The price and profit margins increased from coarse to fine rice varieties and from Arwa to parboiled and steamed rice. The cost of milling also followed a similar trend. The rice milling industry in Nepal largely influences the adoption or non-adoption of any specific type of rice variety by dictating specific brands in the market and this has important implications for rice research and development. The rice processing industry of Nepal was unable to compete with the Indian rice milling industry because of: 1) low profit margins due to the high cost of rice production and procurement, 2) a lack of economies of scale, 3) a lack of milling technologies for long and extra-long and steamed rice in the country and a lack of investment to modernize rice milling technology, and 4) unavailability of paddy throughout the year locally. Millers were willing to upgrade their rice milling technology to include high throughput parboiling, steamed rice as well as long and extra-long grain rice. This will be a strategic decision in counteracting the ever-increasing rice imports in Nepal. We believe that the findings of the study will be vital for formulating an appropriate rice research, development and rice processing strategy for Nepal to achieve food and nutritional security and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Development and Processing of Millettia speciosa Instant Tea

This paper analyzed the effect of raw material crushing fineness,cooking time,ethanol content during ethanol precipitation and other factors on the preparation of raw material extract from Millettia speciosa Champ. instant tea. The raw materials of Millettia speciosa Champ.,Philippine flemingia root and radix fici simplicissimae were crushed into 10 mesh or finer powder,and cooked for 60 min. During ethanol precipitation,the ethanol content was about 50% to 70%,standing 12 h. The ophiopogon root was cooked in 1∶ 15 boiling water for 45 min,and chrysanthemum was leached for 45 min with 1∶ 20 demineralized water at 80 ℃. After concentration,preparation and spray drying,the finished Millettia speciosa Champ. instant tea was created. The detection of each product index indicated that Millettia speciosa Champ. instant tea had good taste and flavor,and there were no heavy metals,harmful substances and excessive microbes,thereby showing that the raw material of Millettia speciosa Champ. instant tea was selected reasonably,the mixture ratio was rational,and the processing technology was of some security,stability and maturity,which provided a theoretical basis for its development and application.